Chiyambukiro Chake: Mmene Lamulo la Dziko Lina la Australia Limasinthira Ufulu wa Othaŵa Kwawo Kutsidya la Zisumbu za Pacific

Udindo wa dziko la Australia ndi kulemera kwa chuma zimaipanga kukhala mphamvu yaikulu m'chigawo cha Pacific. Zigamulo zake za malamulo akunja . Makamaka zokhudza kulamulira malire ndi maulamuliro a kopulumukira ndi [1] zili ndi zotulukapo zazikulu, zosayembekezeredwa, za ufulu ndi ubwino wa othaŵa kwawo ndi ofunafuna kopulumukira ochitidwa ku maiko a Pacific Island. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Australia yakhala yoletsa kusamuka kwake kwa anansi onga Nauru, Papua New Guinea (PNG), ndi Tuvalu, kupanga uto wocholoŵana wa malamulo, wachifundo, ndi zitokosokoso. Kuzindikira zimenezi kumafuna kupenda mizu ya mbiri yakale ya kufikira Australia, ziyambukiro za anthu zinawona panthaneti, ndi zochita za madera ozungulira zimene zingaumbitse tsogolo la othaŵa kwawo ku Pacific.

Pamaziko ake, kuswa malamulo achilendo a Australia ndi ufulu wa othaŵa kwawo ku Pacific kuli nkhani ya mphamvu ya dziko. Zisumbu za Pacific, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma olamulira, zimagwira ntchito m'zandale zadziko mosonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi chithandizo cha Australia, malonda, ndi mayanjano a chisungiko. Pamene Canberra asintha kaimidwe kake . Kulimbana ndi kuletsa kokhwima kapena njira zachifundo zokulirapo. Kufalikira kwa mphamvu kuzungulira chigawocho, sikumakhudza anthu okha amene anagwidwa mwachindunji komanso nsalu ndi mabwalo a anthu a maiko opezekapo.

Mbiri Yakale: Kulephera Kusunga Zinthu M’mphepete mwa Nyanja

Malo amakono a lamulo la othaŵa a ku Pacific a Australia angalondoledwe chakumapeto kwa ma 1990 ndi kumayambiriro kwa 2000, pamene chiŵerengero cha ofunafuna kopulumukira omwe anafika ndi bwato chinawonjezereka. Poyankha, Australia inayambitsa “Pacific Solution” pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu John Howard, kutumiza zombo panyanja ndi kutumiza anthu awo ku malo osungirako a Nauru ndi Manus Island (Papua New Guinea). Njira imeneyi inali yofuna kuletsa kufika kwa mtsogolo mwa kuchotsa chisonkhezero chilichonse cha kuchita maulendo aunyinji waupandu aupandu, komanso inachotsa mokhutiritsa mathayo alamulo a Australia pansi pa Msonkhano wa Nauru ndi wothaŵa wa 1951 kwa awo amene anagwidwa kugombe.

Pazaka makumi aŵiri zotsatira, lamulolo linasintha koma linasunga nzeru yake yaikulu yoletsa. [FLT: 0] Komiti yokonza za kugombe inakhala mbali yachikhalire ya bungwe la Australia losungitsa anthu kusamuka, ngakhale kuti panali umboni wochuluka wa kuvulaza. Maboma a Australia omwe anapambana. Zotsatirapo za Ntchito ndi Coalition . Zinali zofunika kuteteza imfa m’nyanja ndi kuteteza malire a dziko. Komabe, mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo United Nations Human Rights Rights Common Rights Komiti, anatsutsa kwambiri mikhalidwe, kulephera kusungidwa kwa mankhwala, ndi kulephera kwa maganizo a anthu ogwidwa.

2013 Department Relation Macation Macation pakati pa Australia ndi PNG makonzedwewo anakhazikika, akumati wofuna kopulumukira aliyense angasamutsidwe kumeneko ndipo mwina adzapatsidwa malo a othaŵa ndi kubwereranso ku PNG kapena kubwerera kwawo. Zimenezi zinachititsa PNG kukhala malo osungira okhazikika kwa othaŵa a Australia kukana kulandira. Chigwirizano chofanana ndi Nauru chinatsatira, kupanga dongosolo lofanana kumene othaŵa kwawo analibe chitetezo chalamulo chimene akanakonda ku Australia.

Kaamba ka ndandanda yatsatanetsatane ya zochitika zimenezi, Refugee Council ya Australia [1] imapereka kufikiridwa kofikirika kwa zigawo za Pacific Solution ndi mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko umene unaichirikiza.

Mtengo wa Anthu: Kuswa Ufulu ndi Mavuto a M’madera

Zolephera pa Kutetezeredwa Mwalamulo ndi Mchitidwe Woyenera

Chimodzi cha ziyambukiro zachindunji za lamulo la Australia pa othaŵa ku Pacific chakhala kutha kwa njira ya kulowa m'malamulo oyenera. Ofuna Asylum anasamutsidwira ku Nauru kapena ku Manus Island adayang'anizana ndi dongosolo la la la labyrinth kumene anali ndi mpata wochepa wa kupereka zofuna zawo. Chithandizo chalamulo chinali chosoŵa, ndipo makhoti a Australia analibe ulamuliro pa malo akutali a Pacific. Chotulukacho chinali dongosolo limene, malinga ndi [[FLT: 0] Human Rights Watch [1], anasiya anthu m'dera loyera lalamulo la ku Australia [1], lomwe linagaŵiritsidwa mokwanira pansi pa lamulo la Australia kapena kutsimikizira chitetezo kwa nyumba za dziko la olandira alendo.

Othaŵa kwawo ambiri anatha zaka zambiri m’ndende popanda kutsimikiza mtima komaliza kwa malo awo. Mwachitsanzo, Nauru, nyumba zalamulo za boma zinayesayesa kuyendetsa zinthu zambiri, kuchititsa kuchedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Ngakhale atazindikiridwa monga othaŵa kwawo pansi pa Msonkhano wa 1951, anthu ambiri anakhalabe otsekerezedwa chifukwa zosankha za malowo zinali zochepa kapena zopandako. Khoti Lapamwamba la PNG pomalizira pake linalengeza kuti malo a Manus Island Subritual asure mu 2016, likhale la kutsekedwa kwake, koma zimenezi zinatsogolera kusamutsira kosokoneza kwa othaŵa kwawo kumudzi kumene kunalibe mautumiki ofunikira kwa zaka zambiri.

Kudwala ndi Maganizo

Mikhalidwe ya mkati mwa zipatala za ku gombe yalembedwa bwino ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala ndi atolankhani. Chronic kuchulukitsa, kusoŵa malo achinsinsi, ukhondo wauve, ndi kusakwanira kwa kupezeka kwa akatswiri a zaumoyo kunachititsa vuto la maganizo. Malipoti ochokera ku Nhlangano wa zamankhwala wa Australian [1] Oona za matenda a maganizo adasonyeza kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika maganizo, vuto lapambuyo pa kupsinjika maganizo, ndi kudzipatula kwa anthu ogwidwa ndi nkhondo. Kudzipatula kwa anthu kwapatula kwapatali ndi banja, chichirikizo chalamulo, ndi anthu ambiri kunawonjezera zotsatirapo zimenezi.

Ku Nauru, kubwereza kwa boma la Australia kwa 2018 (“Moss Review”) anapeza kuti ana amene anali m'ndende anaonetsedwa“ matenda a maganizo oopsa, [1] kuphatikizapo malingaliro odzipha. Mosasamala kanthu za zimenezi, Australia anapitiriza kusamutsira mabanja ku chisumbuchi kufikira 2019, pamene mwana womalizira anachotsedwa pansi pa chitsenderezo cha maiko. Kwa achikulire, vuto la maganizo linapitirizabe: ambiri anamasulidwa kundende ya Nauru adasokonezeka maganizo kwambiri, popanda kupatsidwa mpata wokwanira wopereka uphungu kapena maprogramu ogwirizanitsa anthu.

Anthu othaŵa kwawo anali ochepa kwambiri ndipo anali ndi njira zochepa zothandizira anthu ovutika maganizo.

Kupsinja Magulu a Adani ndi Andale

Lamulo lachilendo la ku Australia silinayambukire kokha othaŵa kwawo a ku Australia komanso linasinthanso mkhalidwe wa ndale ndi wa anthu a pa chisumbu cha Pacific. Kulandira malo osungirako a Australia kunabweretsa chithandizo cha ndalama ndi chisamaliro cha mitundu yonse, komanso kunawasuliza ndi mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu ndi anthu a m’madera ena. Ku Nauru, kubwera kwa antchito akunja (alonda, omasulira, omasulira) kunasintha chuma chakumaloko ndi kuyambitsa kusagwirizana ndi anthu a m’dzikolo amene anaona kuti ntchito zawo za boma zinali kuikidwa pa otsendereza. Ku PNG, , chigawo cha Manus Island chinakhala malo otsutsa akwawo, ndi eni malo ndi atsogoleri a chitaganya akufunsa uchifumu wa malo osungidwa ndi ogwira ntchito achilendo.

Ndiponso, mapangano ogwirizana ndi maboma amene anali ndi malamulo amene anali ndi mphamvu zochepa zowasintha. Nauru ndi PNG sanathe kumasula ogwidwa kapena kusintha njira zoyendera popanda kusokoneza unansi ndi Canberra. Kudalira kumeneku kunachepetsa kukhoza kwawo kuchirikiza miyezo ya ufulu wa anthu imene mwina ikanakhala itagwiritsidwa ntchito. United Nations Special Rapporteur pa ufulu wa anthu wa kusamuka, pa lipoti [FLT:] 2017, lofotokoza kuyendetsa kwa gombe la Australia monga kuswa mapangano a mitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo Msonkhano wa Augantring, ndi kuti wolandira malowo anali ogwirizana ndi kuswa malamulo ameneŵa.

Zimene Zachitika Posachedwapa: Kodi Kusinthana kwa Zinthu Kapena Malonda N’kovuta?

Chilumba cha Manus ndi Chisinthiko cha Nauru

Kusintha kwakukulu kwa zinthu m’zaka zaposachedwapa kunali kutsekedwa kwa malo osungirako anthu a pa chilumba cha Manus mu 2017, mogwirizana ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba la PNG. Othaŵa kwawo anasamutsidwira ku malo oyendera ndipo kenaka kukakhala ku malo osungirako anthu ku Port Moresby, koma mikhalidwe inakhalabe yosalimba. Ambiri anasoŵa pokhala, chakudya chokwanira, ndi ziwopsezo za chiwawa kuchokera kwa nzika za kumaloko zimene zinagwirizana ndi upandu. Pofika 2022, Australia inakhalanso ndi chiŵerengero cha othaŵa a ku United States omwe anali atatsalabe kumbuyo, koma mazana ambiri anatsalabe ku PNG ndi mtsogolo mosatsimikizirika. Panthaŵiyi, Nauru anachoka pamalo aakulu oyenderapo ku malo oyenderapo, ndi manambala otsika pambuyo pa kutumiza anthu atsopano mu 2014. Komabe, mabankiwo anapezekabe pa anthu ena a zaka zambiri.

Mu 2021, boma la Australia linalengeza kuti silidzagwiritsiranso ntchito njira yoyendera pagombe pa ofika a mabwato atsopano, mokhutiritsa kuvomereza kuti lamulolo lalephera kuletsa ntchito zozembetsa . Chiŵerengero cha mabwato chinali pafupi ndi 0 chiyambire 2014, osati chifukwa cha kuletsa, koma chifukwa cha nkhondo yoopsa ya kubwerera kumbuyo ndi mapangano a zigawenga ndi Indonesia. Komabe chilengezochi sichinathetse mwamsanga tsoka la anthu omwe anali kale ku Nauru kapena ku PNG.

Kodi Kugwirizana kwa Madera Ena Kapena Kudalirana Kwakhala Kowonjezereka?

Australia yawonjezera kugwirizana kwake kwa Pacific kupyolera m'malensi a chisungiko ndi chitukuko cha chigawo. 2018 Declaration ndi zotsatirapo za zisumbu za Pacific Forum zinagogomezera thayo limodzi la kuyang'anira kusamuka. Zomwe zinatanthauza kuti Australia inachirikiza kuyendera gombe ndi maprogramu a chisungiko ku Fiji, PNG, ndi Solomon Islands, kaŵirikaŵiri inalungamitsidwa monga kuletsa malonda a anthu ndi upandu wa dziko lonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti zoyesayesa zimenezi zinali ndi zoyenerera, zinalimbikitsanso lingaliro lakuti othaŵa kwawo ndi ofunafuna kopulumukirako anali chiwopsezo choyenera kuyang'anizana ndi chitetezo, mmalo mwa oyenerera kutetezera.

Kumbali yopindulitsa, Australia wawonjezera ma visa ake achifundo kwa othaŵa kwawo ku Pacific Islands chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nyengo . [FLT:] Malo opatulidwa a Australia Labour Monility (PALM]) ndi [[FLM:1] ndi [FLT] Pacificial Transviation Visation [ Kusamuka kwachikhalire] kotsegulidwa kwa nzika za maiko a Pacific. Komabe, maprogramu ameneŵa amachotsa mwachindunji othaŵa kumaiko osakhala a Paccific amene anasoŵa m'chigawo cha Australia. Kusagwirizanako kuli: munthu wothaŵa nkhondo mu Afghanistan amene anagwidwa pafupi ndi Australia ndi Nauru anasamutsidwa kukafika ku Naburbu ku Australia kapena ku Australia.

Kupanikizika kwa Mayiko ndi Kutsutsana pa Nkhani Zosintha Zinthu M’banja

Kusuliza kwa United Nations, European Union, ndi mabungwe a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse kwawonjezeka. M’chaka cha 2023, Khoti la International Court of Justice (kudzera mwa malingaliro auchigamulo) ndi Komiti ya Zaufulu wa Anthu ya UN inatulutsa zimene zinapezedwa kuti Australia adaswa malamulo ake pansi pa pangano la International Paractive on Civil and Political Rights mwa kulephera kupereka mankhwala ogwira ntchito kwa ogwidwa m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Ngakhale zili choncho, boma la Australia latsutsa malamulo a chiwongoladzadzadzadza ndipo silinatsenso chiyembekezo cha kubwezera othaŵa kwawo m’banja.

Mkati mwa Australia, lingaliro la anthu lasintha pang'onopang’ono. Mabungwe a zamanja monga ngati [FLT: 0] Kaldor Centre for International Refugees Law akakamiza kuti pakhale kusintha kwa malamulo, akumati kubwerera ku gombe n’kosathandiza ndiponso n’kupanda chifundo. Mamembala ena a Palamente kuchokera ku bungwe la Labor Party ndi ma Greens achititsa kuti lamulo lithe, koma Liberal-Ural ndi chigawo cha Mgwirizano wa War caucus adakali odzipereka kukonza nyumbazo ngati ulendo wa nthaŵi zambiri wa panyanja. Monga chotulukapo, palibe kusintha kwakukulu kumene kuli pafupi, kusiya othaŵa kwawo m’zisumbu za Pacific kuti asunge.

Kodi Mtsogolomu Mudzakhala Ufulu Wochuluka Wotsutsa Lamulo la ku Pacific?

Kusamukanso Monga Mfungulo

Chifunitso cha mwamsanga chothandiza anthu ndicho kubwereranso kwa othaŵa kwawo osoŵa pakali pano ku Nauru ndi PNG. United States wagwirizana kuvomereza ena pansi pa makonzedwe a kusinthana, koma manambala ndi aang'ono. New Zealand yadzipereka kutenga othaŵa 150 chaka chilichonse kuyambira 2013, koma Australia yatseka kuopa kuti ipanga “khomo lapansi" limene likalimbikitsa othaŵa sitima ambiri kufika. Kusintha kwa boma kapena chitsenderezo cha atsamunda. Kusintha kwa makampani kapena njira ya kuwonjezera kwa makampani kuphatikizapo mitundu ya Pacific Island, New Zealand, Canada, ndi Australia kungapereke ntchito yogaŵira thayo yosatha kusoŵa ndi kumasula katundu pa maiko aang'ono olandira.

Kulankhulana Panyumba ndi Kuopsa

Ku Australia, Khoti Lalikulu silinagamulebe zoti anthu amene apezeka kuti ndi othaŵa kwawo koma sangabwezedwenso kudziko lawo. Ngati khotilo likaika malire a nthaŵi ya kundende, likakakamiza boma kaya kumasula anthu m’dera la Australia kapena kuti lipeze njira yothetsera vutolo. Panthaŵiyi, milandu ya m’makhoti a Nauru ikukhazikitsa pang’onopang’ono bungwe loti likhazikitse boma la Nauru kuti lipereke zinthu zabwino kapena kulola othaŵa kwawo kusamuka mwaufulu.

Kutentha kwa Nyengo Ndiponso Kuyenda Kwabwino kwa M’dera la Pacific

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumachititsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi moyo m’chigawo cha Pacific. Kusiyana pakati pa “othawa kwawo” ndi“ osamukira kumayiko ena ku Australia kungasokoneze kwambiri moyo wa anthu osamuka chifukwa cha chithandizo cha madera otentha / posachedwa, kuchepetsa ngozi, ndi njira zogwirira ntchito. Kusintha kwa kagwiridwe ka ntchito kukhoza kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chachikulu cha mmene kasamaliridwe ka anthu onse othaŵa kwawo m’deralo. Njira yosonyeza ufulu wa anthu amene asamukira m’dzikolo, kaya afike motani, ingakhale njira yofunika kwambiri. Koma ngati Australia ikupitiriza kuyendetsa nyanja ya Pacific kudzera pa wailesi yachitete, njira yoteteza anthu ovutika kwambiri idzakhalapobe.

Ntchito ya Maboma a Zilumba za Pacific

Atsogoleri ena a Pacific, makamaka pulezidenti wakale wa Nauru Baron Waqa, anachirikiza malowa monga chisonyezero cha ubwenzi ndi Australia. Koma mawu atsopano, monga aja ochokera ku Fiji ndi Kiribati, akhala akukayikira ngati malo osungirako anthu akugwirizana ndi ufulu wawo. Ngati Pacific ikufuna mikhalidwe yabwino kapena kukana kuyambitsanso mapangano, Australia adzakakamizidwa kuzoloŵera. Zimenezi zingafunikire kugwirizana kwenikweni osati kugwirizanitsa ndi makonzedwe a malonda.

Kumaliza: Udindo wa ku Australia ndi Kuuchirikiza M’chigawo

Lamulo la ku Australia lasintha kwambiri ufulu wa othaŵa kwawo ku zisumbu za Pacific . Ndilo chizindikiro chodziŵika ndi kumangidwa, kusoŵa bwino kwa milandu, ndi kuvutika maganizo. Kukonza kwa pagombe, pamene kuli kwakuti kunalinganizidwa kuletsa kusamuka kosakhazikika, kwatayitsa anthu ogwidwa mkati mwake ndi maiko olamulidwa amene anakhala oimira malire a Australia. Mosasamala kanthu za kusintha kwa zinthu pa Manus Island, ziŵerengero zochepetsedwa ku Nauru, ndi kuwonjezera mgwirizano wa chigawocho, kutsala kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu othaŵa kwawo m’dzikolo.

Kupita patsogolo, Australia ali ndi mphamvu zonse ziŵiri za kulimba mtima ndi thayo la makhalidwe kutsogolera malo a chigawo amene amaika chitetezo chakumbuyo pa kuletsa. Zimenezi zingaphatikizepo kugwirizana kwenikweni kwa uchifumu ndi kudalirana, chisamaliro cha thanzi chokwanira ndi kuchirikiza kwalamulo kwa anthu amene adakali m’chigawocho, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa kuwona anthu akuyendayenda monga osunga ufulu mmalo mwa ziwopsezo. Zisumbu za Pacific, kumbali yawo, zikupitirizabe kulinganiza bwino pakati pa ulamuliro ndi kudalirana, koma chidaliro chawo chomakulakula cha malamulo a boma chimapereka lingaliro lakuti iwo sadzakhalabe olandira malamulo a Australia kwamuyaya.

Nkhani ya othaŵa kwawo ku Pacific si ya ku Australia chabe, koma ya za kulimba kwa mphamvu ndi kulimba mtima kwa anthu amene athaŵa mikhalidwe yosalingalirika, koma kupezeka kuti aloŵa m’masamu a zandale za dzikolo amene sangawalamulire. Lamulo lotheratu la maiko a ku Australia lidzakhala ngati lingasinthe njira ya ulemu ndi kukhala mbali yake.