Bungwe la United States loyang'anira malamulo a boma ndi limodzi la makhoti amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse, komabe ntchito zake za tsiku ndi tsiku zidakali chinsinsi kwa nzika zambiri. Ilo lokhazikitsidwa pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo, limagwira ntchito monga woyang'anira womalizira wa lamulo la boma ndi woyang'anira ufulu walamulo. Mosiyana ndi makhoti a boma, amene amasamalira mikangano ndi malamulo a boma, makhoti a boma, amasamalira nkhani zimene zikukhudza dziko lonse lapansi / kuchokera ku malamulo apamwamba a kutetezera ufulu wa ku chisankho ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Chitsogozochi chimapereka kusanthula koonekera bwino, kwa zinenero za makhoti a boma, mmene amalinganizidwira, ndi chifukwa chake ntchito yawo ili yofunika pa ntchito ya dziko la United States. Kaya ndinu wophunzira, mtsogoleri, kapena nzika ya boma yosamala, kapena nzika yomvetsa bwino mfundo ya boma imeneyi ya ku United States.

Malamulo Olamulira Khoti Lalikulu

Mphamvu yoperekedwa ndi makhoti a boma siimakhala yachibadwa; imaperekedwa mwachindunji ndi United States Constitution. Opanga malamulo, akutsata zokumana nazo zawo pansi pa ulamuliro wa Briteni, anazindikira kufunika kwa oweruza odziimira paokha kuti atumikire monga kuyang'anira nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Iwo anakhazikitsa ufulu umenewu m'Chigawo III, kupanga nthambi yachiweruzo yolingana ndi Congress ndi Wolamulira. Chigawo chimenechi chimafufuza mizu ya malamulo a boma ya judiary ndi lamulo la maziko a kupenda koweruza kopeka kokhala ndi ulamuliro umene umapatsa makhoti ulamuliro wawo.

Nkhani III ndi Kulengedwa kwa Nthambi Yoweruza

Mfundo III ya Malamulo ndi yachidule kwambiri pokhazikitsa nthambi ya boma. Imaika mphamvu ya boma ya United States mu "Khoti limodzi lalikulu, ndi m'makhoti otsika monga Congress nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi angaike. Chigamulo chimenechi chopepuka chinalenga Bwalo Lalikulu ndi kukhazikitsa Nyumba za Malamulo za boma. Oweruza anasunga mwadala lamulo lodziimira paokha pokhapokha pa chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko mwa kupatsa oweruza aumoyo wonse (kuyesa "Kusamala Bwino ndi kuletsa kuchepetsedwa kwa malipiro awo pamene ali m'manja. Chikalatachi chinakonzedwa kutsimikizira kuti oweruza angapange zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi malamulo, popanda kuopa kubwezera kwa Pulezidenti kapena ufulu. Mpatuko, m'kalata [Alvilton:] ndi "Factive" yotchuka kwambiri, ngakhale kuti chiteteze chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yaikulu, iye sanatetezere ufulu wa kuthamalamulo.

Mfundo Yachikhalidwe ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

Malamulo sapatsa makhotiwo mphamvu yolengeza malamulo popanda lamulo. Komabe, mphamvu yofunika kwambiri imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba lomwelo m'nkhani yotchuka ya . [FLT][FLT] [1] Marbury v. Madison [[FLT]] [183] [183]. Mkachitidwe umenewu, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anatsimikizira kuti "nditse chigawo ndi gulu lachiweruzo kulongosola lamulo. Kulamulira kukhazikitsa lamulo la [[FLT:]. [[FLT] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [1], umene umalola mabwalo a boma kuwonongeka kwa Mabungwe, Pulezidenti, kapena maboma kutsutsana ndi mphamvu imeneyi. Kukhazikitsa lamulo lolamulira lamulo logwira ntchito ndi logwira ntchito mpikisano, ndipo silinanso lamulo loletsa lamulo loletsa lamulo lolamulira.

Kumvetsetsa Bwalo la Milandu la Boma

Justition .JURIST ili liwu lalamulo kaamba ka ulamuliro wa khoti kumva ndi kugamula mlandu. Khoti la boma silingangomva mlandu uliwonse woperekedwa ku mlanduwo; liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wapamwamba pa mkanganowo. Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma amalongosola malire a ulamulirowu. Kumvetsetsa ndi sitepe loyamba m'kugamula mlandu wa khoti la boma kapena khoti. United States imayendetsa dongosolo la khoti , kutanthauza makhoti a boma ndi makhoti a boma omwe alipo kumbali ndi mbali ya mbali, limodzi ndi mbali yakeyake, ndi mbali zake za udindo. Makhoti a boma ayang'nkhani za malamulo, pamene akugwira milandu, milandu ya boma, ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana, ndi milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo a boma.

Kuzengedwa Mlandu kwa Funso la Federal

Njira yolunjika kwambiri ya ku bwalo lamilandu la boma iri ku kupyolera ku mapangano a boma. Pansi pa U.S.C. ^ 1331 [makhoti a boma], ali ndi ulamuliro woyambirira pa machitidwe onse a boma oyambitsidwa pansi pa malamulo, malamulo, kapena mapangano a United States. Ngati chinenezo cha woweruza wa boma chigamulo cha kuswa lamulo la boma (monga malamulo a chivomezo, malamulo a malo, kapena malamulo a malo okhalako) kapena makonzedwe apadera a malamulo a malamulo (monga ngati malamulo Oyamba kapena Olamulira Achinayi), mlanduwo ungaikidwe m'khoti ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, mlandu wonsewo uku uku uku uku uku ukukuswa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa lamulo la boma ndi kufunafuna munthu wachinayi, ungaphatikize mlandu ndi kufunsa mlandu wa lamulo, ngakhale pamtengo wa lamulo.

Kuzengedwa Chilango Kosiyanasiyana

Makhoti a Federal angamvenso milandu yozikidwa pa kusiyanasiyana kwa magulu ophatikizidwa. Pansi pa . [FLT] 28 U.S.C. 7632 , ulamuliro wa mitundu umakhalapo pamene mikhalidwe iŵiri ikumana: (1) nzika za maiko osiyanasiyana (kapena U.S. ndi dziko lachilendo kapena dziko), ndi (2) ndalama za mkangano zoposa $75,000 [maboma osiyanasiyana]. Cholinga cha kugaŵikana mitundu ndiyo kupereka boma la osakhala ankhondo kunja kwa dziko la boma limene lingayang'anizana ndi chiŵeru cha boma lolamulidwa ndi gulu lakwawo. Ngati woyendetsa galimoto ali woyendetsa galimoto wokhudzidwa ndi ngozi yowopsa ku Zambia, ndi kuyerekezera kuyendetsa mabwalo amilandu a boma a California.

Chilango Chotheratu

Kwa mbali zina zapadera za lamulo, makhoti a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wogaŵika , kutanthauza makhoti a boma okha amene angamve mitundu imeneyi ya milandu. Makhoti a boma alibe ulamuliro pa nkhani zimenezi. Magawo aakulu a ulamuliro wa boma wapadera amaphatikizapo:

  • Bankruptic: Milandu yonse ya kulephera kubweza mlandu imasamaliridwa ndi makhoti apadera a kulephera kubweza ngongole amene ali mabungwe a boma.
  • Admiralty ndi Maritime: Milandu yokhudza ngozi, mapangano, kapena kuvulala pamadzi okhoza kuwonongeka (mabwinja, mitsinje yaikulu, ndi nyanja zazikulu) imagwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma.
  • Kusintha, Copyright, ndi Trademark: Mbali zimenezi za lamulo la chuma cha anthu anzeru zimalamulidwa ndi malamulo a boma, ndipo chotero makhoti a boma okha ndiwo angamve milandu yogwirizana.
  • Cases Against the United States: Boma la boma silingaikidwe mlandu m'bwalo la boma popanda chilolezo chake. Masuti ambiri otsutsana ndi boma la boma kapena mabungwe ake ayenera kubweretsedwa m’khoti la boma.
  • Upandu wa Aberedi: Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti a boma amasamalira milandu ya upandu yochuluka, milandu imene imaswa malamulo a boma (monga ngati kuba m’banki, kugulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa m’dziko, ndi chinyengo cha makalata) amazengedwa mlandu m’khoti la boma lokha.

Malamulo Autsogoleri Apamwamba a Khoti Lamilandu Lalikulu

Khoti la boma lalinganizidwa m'mabungwe omveka bwino, apamwamba atatu. Mapangidwe onga a mapiramidi amatsimikizira kuti milandu isamaliridwe bwino m'miyezo yambiri, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba liima pa nsonga monga ulamuliro womalizira pa lamulo la boma.

Makhoti Achigawo a ku United States: Chiŵerengero cha Kuzenga Mlandu

Chigawo cha makhoti a boma la pyramid chili ndi [[FL:0]94. Makhoti achigawo alionse ali ndi makhoti ambiri. Awa ndi makhoti amilandu a boma. Maboma alionse ali ndi ngakhale khoti limodzi lachigawo, ndi maboma aakulu monga California, New York, ndi Texas ali ndi mabwana ambiri ngati anayi. Khoti lililonse lili ndi nyumba ya khoti yoikidwa, ndipo ambiri ali ndi oweruza ambiri. Makhoti a boma ndiwo kumene mlandu wa boma uyambira. Mabungwe a milandu a boma (amene amasankhidwa, mboni zimachitira umboni pansi pa lumbiro, ndipo umboni wa kuthupi umaperekedwa. Woweruza mmodzi wa chigawo chimodzi amayang'anira mlandu, kutsimikizira kuti kutsatira kumbuyo kwa Federal Revicences of and Civil Procul. Mlaul Procure, milandu yopanda mlandu wa a khotilo, kapena wogamula mlandu wa mlandu wa chiŵero. Oweruza chigamulo cha chigamulo. Omwecho amaperekedwa ndi ovomerezedwa ndi oweruza. Oweruzawo. Oweruzawo.

Makhoti a Zipilo a ku United States: Chigawo Choyamba cha Apilo

Mlingo wachiŵiri wa dongosolo la boma unapangidwa ndi Makhoti a Zifunsiro , omwe amadziŵikanso monga Court Courts . Gulu limene limataya mlandu waukulu m'bwalo la boma kaŵirikaŵiri lili ndi kuyenera kwa kugamula mlandu ku bwalo lamilandu la Apilo. Khoti la Apilo silimaweruzanso mlandu watsopano. M’malo mwake, gulu la oweruza atatu limapenda mbiri yolembedwa ya bwalo lamilandu, kuphatikizapo umboni, ndi kulongosola kwalamulo kwa oweruzawo amene apanga chiŵeruzo. Oweruzawo kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsidwa nthaŵi yaifupi ku bwalo lamilandu. Nkhani zapakhoti. [FFFF: [3], ndi zigawo za m’chigawo chakunja la chigawo chakumanja, ndi la chigawo chakumbuyo: [FF], ndi lakuwonjezera kugawa kwa chigawo chakumbuyo kwa chigawo chakumbuyo kwa , kugamula kwa chigawo chaku: [F.F.NU.

Khoti Lalikulu la United States: Arbiter Womaliza

Pachimake cha chigamulo cha boma pali Bwalo lamilandu la United States , lokhala ku Washington, D.C. Lili ndi Malungamo asanu ndi anayi: Chilungamo chimodzi ndi Asanu ndi atatu Ogwirizana. Mosiyana ndi Mabwalo a A apilo, Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi ufulu, kutanthauza kuti ndi mlandu uti umene ungamvedwe. Chaka chilichonse, Khoti limalandira zifunsinsi za 7,000 kufikira 80, mapemphotho a [[FLT:] [FFFF:3] [FFFFO] [irtaririrose m'nkhani zake zazikulu za lamulo loperekedwa ndi lamulo loperekedwa ndi lamulo lowonjezerekalo. [mafuna kuti mlanduwone], koma limavomereza ndi kubwereramonso kwa malingaliro ake onse a malingana ndi malingana ndi malingana a malingana ndi malingana a malingana ndi malingana a malingana a malingana a malingana a malingana a milandu ambiri. Khotimeti: [Ftmose.NU.

Njira ya Mlandu wa Madongosolo a Maboma

Kumvetsa bwino mlandu wochitidwa ndi boma kumathandiza kufotokoza bwino mbali zosiyanasiyana za bwalo lamilandu. Nkhani yapadera imayamba ku khoti la Alamu a ku United States, kumene mfundo zimagamulidwa kudzera m'kuweruza kapena kuulutsa mlandu (monga kuulutsa kwachidule). Ngati wolepherayo akhulupirira kuti kulakwa kwalamulo kunachitika, angalembe chikalata cha apilo. Kenaka mlanduwo umasamutsidwira ku bwalo lamilandu loyenerera la U.S. Khoti la Appeact. Khoti la Appea ndi kukambirana mlandu. Ngati mbali yaikulu ya khoti ikufuna kutsutsa chigamulo, angapemphe kuti chigamule mlanduwo chisacho chikhale chomaliza.

Mtundu Waukulu wa Milandu Yomwe Imamvedwa m’Khoti la Federal

Mabungwe a boma amalonda a boma amakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa ku America.

Ufulu wa Malamulo ndi Kumasulidwa kwa nzika

Makhoti a boma ndiwo kwenikweni amakhazikitsa ufulu wotsimikiziridwa ndi Bill of Rights ndi Geneth Amendment. Milandu yokhudza Kusintha Koyamba (ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, nyuzipepala, ndi msonkhano), Demendment Yachinayi (kuchinjiriza kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa), Demendment (kuyenera kuletsa kudzipha ndi njira zoyenerera), ndi malamulo a dziko omwe amalola anthu kulanda ufulu ndi chilango chachilendo) ndi mbali yaikulu ya bwalo lamilandu la boma losungira milandu. Nkhani zambiri za milandu imeneyi zimabweretsedwa pansi pa U.C.[193]

Milandu ya Apandu Ofanana

Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu yambiri ya upandu imachitikira m’khoti la boma, boma limaweruza milandu imene imaswa malamulo a boma.

  • Upandu wochitika pa malo a boma (mabwalo ankhondo, mapaki a dziko, nyumba za boma)
  • Maupandu amene amadutsa m’madera a boma (kuba, kuba m’mayiko ena, kuopa kuthawa kwawo)
  • Upandu wolinganizidwa, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (RICO), ndi malonda aakulu a mankhwala osokoneza bongo
  • Upandu, kuba chinsinsi, ndi chinyengo cha pakompyuta
  • Chinyengo cha m’matauni, chinyengo cha kubanki, ndi katangale wa anthu onse
  • Kusamuka
  • Uchigaŵenga ndi milandu ya upandu wa boma

Milandu imeneyi imafufuzidwa ndi mabungwe osungitsa malamulo a boma monga FBI, DEA, ATF, ndi Homeland Security, ndipo amaimbidwa mlandu ndi Attorney wa ku United States, amene amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Bungwe la Malamulo la chigawo chilichonse cha chiweruzo cha boma.

Mikangano ya Pachiŵeniŵeni Pansi pa Lamulo Lachigwirizano

Makhoti a boma amaweruza milandu yambiri yovuta ya anthu imene imaphatikizapo kumasulira ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo ndi malamulo a boma.

  • [[MLT: 0] Lamulo la Umboni: Specials and Exchange Commission (SEC) imatumiza masuti a anthu kaamba ka malonda ndi kuŵerengera. Oikitsa a makampani achinsinsi amalembanso milandu ya kalasi ya kachitidwe ka makampani otsutsana ndi makampani oswa malamulo a mapangano.
  • Lamulo lachikhalidwe: Milandu yotokosa ulamuliro wa EPA wa kulamulira mpweya woyera ndi madzi, kapena milandu yamseri yotsutsa oipitsa pansi pa malamulo onga Ceat Water Act, imamvedwa m’khoti la boma.
  • Lamulo la Umboni: [1] Dipatimenti ya Chiweruzo kapena zigaŵenga zaumwini zingaikire mlandu makampani kaamba ka machitachita a kulamulidwa kwa Mulungu mmodzi kapena kuphatikizana kosaloledwa pansi pa Sherman ndi Clayton Machitidwe.
  • Malo Ophunzitsa: Kuphwanya malamulo ndi zilolezo za kuletsa kulakwa ndizo mbali yaikulu ya chiŵembu cha boma, makamaka m'zopangapanga ndi makampani a zosangulutsa.

Federal Agency Review

Pansi pa Administrative Procedure Act (APA), anthu, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe amene akuvulazidwa ndi kachitidwe komaliza kapena chigamulo cha bungwe la boma angafunefune kuweruza m'khoti la boma. Zimenezi zimalola woweruza wa boma kugamula ngati bungwe (monga EPA, FCC, kapena Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi ya Anthu) likugwira ntchito mogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wake ndi Congresss ndi kutsatira njira zoyenerera. Imeneyi ndi njira yofunikira kuchititsa bungwe lalikulu la boma kuyankha ku lamulo.

Ntchito ndi Kuikidwa kwa Oweruza Achitetezo

Atcicle III oweruza a boma . .Kuphatikizapo oweruza a chigawo, oweruza a madera, ndi oweruza a Khoti Lapamwamba, amaikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Iwo amakhala ndi maofesi awo panthaŵi ya "Kukomera," kumene kwenikweni kumatanthauza kuti amatumikira moyo. Moyo uno uli mbali yofunika kwambiri yosungidwira kusungirira ufulu wachiweruzo. Woweruza amene safunikira kudandaula za kusankhidwanso kapena kuikidwanso kwa mapanganowo. Nthaŵi zambiri samaloledwa ndi Pricioti, makamaka m'nkhani zotsutsana ndi ndalengano kapena zikondwerero zamphamvu. Kugwirizana kwa oweruza kumakhala kwamphamvu kwambiri m'nthaŵi zamakono, monga momwe malingaliro a oweruza a kumasulira malamulo ndi malamulo a m'malamulo. Khoti la Russia silina lakuvomerezedwa ndi kutsimikizira kwakukulu, ndipo silina. Zoweruza zazikulu za ndale zandale za . [2] Zotsatira za kutsimikizira za kuwona kwa kukhulupirika kwa kukhulupirika kwa anthu: [2]

Chifukwa Chake Makhoti Aakulu Ali Ofunika kwa Nzika Zonse

Ntchito ya makhoti a boma iri ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji ndi chachikulu pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa Amereka. Chigamulo chimodzi kuchokera ku Khoti Lapamwamba chingathetse kuyanjana kwa anthu, ndale zadziko, ndi mkhalidwe wachuma wa dzikolo. Chigamulo cha Khoti mu [[FLT]] [[FLT]]. [FLT]B] v. [FLT]. [FLT]V]V] v [FLT]. [FLT] [2] [2] [2] [[3] [3] [] mu 1954] mu adatha kuloledwa kwa fuko m'masukulu a onse. [kalo lakwa] [FLT] [FLT] mu ulamuliro wakwawonse, kutsimikizira kwa chisankhoti cha chiwopsezo cha chisanja chakunja cha dziko lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja lakunja, kutetezera kwa anthu onse

Kumaliza: Nthambi Yofunika Kwambiri ya Dzikoli

Khoti la boma ndilo mbali yocholoŵana komanso yofunika kwambiri ya kuyesa ku America mu boma. Limapereka malo olinganizidwa ndi opanda tsankho othetsera mikangano ya malamulo ofunika kwambiri a dzikolo, kuyambira pa Konsichushoni mpaka ku bungwe lalikulu la malamulo a boma. Mwa kumvetsa ulamuliro, kayendetsedwe, ndi ntchito ya makhoti ameneŵa, nzika zingayamikire bwino ntchito ya khoti lalikulu lomwe limakonza ufulu wawo, kupenda mphamvu za nthambi zina ziŵiri, ndi kutsimikizira kuti United States ikukhalabe dziko lolamulidwa ndi malamulo. Kaya ndi mlandu wakomweko wokhudza upandu wa boma kapena chigamulo cha Supreme Court imene imaumba lamulo la dziko, ntchito ya makhoti a dzikolo imayambidwa m’chipangizo cha dziko lonse ndi chitsanzo cha dziko.