Table of Contents
Mawu Oyambirira
[1] Ife anthu a United States, mwa kukhazikitsa Union yoposa, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kutsimikizira kutha kwa banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza Universel, ndi kusungitsa Madalitso a Ufulu wathu ndi Mapindu athu, kuika ndi kukhazikitsa Malamulo a United States of America. [1]
Nkhani Zolembedwa M’mbiri: N’chifukwa Chiyani Mawu Oyambirira Analembedwa?
Khoma silinatuluke mumtondo. Articles ya Confederation , yovomerezedwa mu 1781, inasiya boma la dzikolo litakhala lofooka. Nyumba sikanatha kuletsa misonkho, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, kapena kukhazikitsa mapangano. Maboma anachita ngati mayiko odziimira okha. Mabomawo anasindikiza ndalama zawo ndi kuika zigaŵenga za m'makampani ndi za mkati mwawo pa chimodzi. M'chaka cha 1786, Supt's kutsutsa [[FLT: 3] kuvumbula kulephera kwa boma kuika pansi chipanduko chankhondo mu Massachusetts. Atsogoleri onga James Mas Macepine ndi Hamilk anaitanidwa kuti msonkhanowo akonzekere, koma linatsatira: U.
Opanga mafaelo anasonkhana ku Philadelphia mu 1787 ndi cholinga cha kukhazikitsa boma lapakati logwira mtima kwambiri . Pregedge, yolembedwa ndi Gouverneur Morris, inawonjezedwa kulongosola chifukwa boma latsopanoli linali kupangidwa ndi zimene linkafuna kukwaniritsa. Mosiyana ndi lamulo longopeketsa, Pregtion ya Lamulo imakhazikitsa zolinga zimene chikalata chonse chinakonzedwa kukwaniritsa.
Kuchotsa Mafupa Ochititsa Chidwi
“ Anthufe”
Tchulani mfundo imeneyi. Nkhani za Confederation zinayamba ndi “Kwa onse amene adzafikako,” ndi keyala yalamulo. Malamulo atsopano amayamba ndi “ Ife Anthu [1] . Kutsimikiza kuti ulamuliro umachokera kwa nzika, osati ku maboma kapena kwa mfumu. Mawuwa amasonyeza mfundo ya ulamuliro , lingaliro lakuti boma lovomerezeka limafuna chivomerezo cha nzika.
Komabe “Anthu a mu 1787 anali osiyana ndi anthu onse. Akazi, akapolo a Aafirika, Eni America, ndi amuna opanda katundu analetsedwa kwambiri kusatengamo mbali m'zandale zadziko. Mawuwo anali olakalaka; kunatenga zaka mazana ambiri za kulimbana ndi kusintha kwa malamulo kufutukula lonjezo la “Ife Anthu” kwa anthu ambiri. Komabe, mawuwo anayala maziko a magulu apatsogolopo . Kuyambira kwa otsutsa ufulu wofanana ndi wa otsutsa boma akugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amakono kutsutsa malamulo osalungama.
Federalists ananena kuti “Ife Anthu” tinagwirizanitsa dzikolo, pamene kuli kwakuti Anti-Fedalist anadandaula kuti likathetsa chizindikiritso cha boma. Kulolerana pakati pa mphamvu ya dziko ndi boma kumaloŵa m'Malamulo onse, koma chinenero cha Presary imaika anthu pamalo auyang’aniro.
“ Kuti apange Chigwirizano changwiro chokulirapo”
Nkhani za Confederation zinatcha mgwirizanowo “mwapang'onopang'ono, koma sunali wangwiro. Mawuwo“ anali angwiro kwambiri” amavomereza kulephera kwa Nkhanizo ndi kufunika kwa kuwongolera. Opanga mafream anafunafuna mgwirizano umene ungathe kusamalira kugaŵana kwa mkati, kusagwirizana kwa chuma, ndi ziwopsezo zakunja pamene akusunga mabomawo kukhala magawo atanthauzo. Opambana [a] kulolera [malamulo oimira molingana m'Nyumba ndi kuimira boma lofanana mu Nyumba ya malamulo] ndi malingana mu [FLT:] [FLT] [2] "3] [atatu] kulolera anthu aukapolo monga mafanizidwe atatu-ifafa a munthu woimira ndi kulipira msonkho) anachitidwa kukhala oyenerera bwino kwambiri.
Mawu ameneŵa anasonyezanso kuti akukhulupirira kuti mgwirizanowo udzapitiriza kusintha. Siunafune kuti zinthu zikhale bwino nthawi yomweyo. Mfundo imeneyi yathandiza kuti malamulo asinthe zinthu m’njira zosiyanasiyana.
“ Chilungamo cha ku Estabrique”
Chilungamo, m'lingaliro la oweruza, chinatanthauza dongosolo la malamulo oyenera ndi opanda tsankho. Pansi pa Nkhanizo, panalibe khoti lamilandu la dzikolo, lomwe linali lomaliza la milandu, kaŵirikaŵiri linkatsogolera ku malamulo otsutsana. Malamulo anapanga chigamulo cha judicary [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] ndi [FLT] khoti lapamwamba], lopatsidwa mphamvu yothetsera mikangano pakati pa maboma, lomasulira lamulo la boma, ndi kutsimikizira kuvomereza kutsutsana kwake. [[FLT:] Chigamulo cha [[2] Chigamulo cha] cha chinakhazikitsa makhoti a pansi, ndi [FLD] Makhoti] Malamulo oweruza milandu.
“ Chilungamo cha ku Ethiopia” chimatanthauzanso chitetezero cholingana pansi pa lamulo , lingaliro limene silingafotokozedwe mokwanira kufikira Paramende la 14 itayamba kuvomerezedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni. Pereja ya kuitanira kaamba ka chilungamo yagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi ufulu wa anthu kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu, kuvota, ndi chigamulo chaupandu. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) , Bwalo linatchula kufunika kwa mwaŵi wophunzitsa wofananawo monga mbali ya lamulo loyenerera chilungamo.
“ Kubereka kwa Pabanja kwabwino kwambiri”
Alimi a Massachusetts, olemetsedwa ndi ngongole ndi misonkho, anatsekera makhoti ndi kuopseza zida za boma. Boma la dzikolo linalibe asilikali kapena ndalama zoti liyankhe. Maboma anagawikana. Kupandukako kunathetsedwa ndi gulu la asilikali lolipiriridwa mwachinsinsi, koma chochitikacho chinakhutiritsa ambiri kuti boma lamphamvu kwambiri linali lofunikira kusungitsa bata.
“ Mtendere wa pakati pa " ukusonya ku mtendere ndi bata m'malire a dziko. Malamulo anapatsa Konsoli ya mphamvu ya kuitana gulu lankhondo “kuswa Malamulo a Union, kutsendereza kusokonezeka ndi kuchotsa zitsutso” (Atucle I, Chigawo 8). Ilo linaletsanso maboma kuloŵerera m'nkhondo popanda chivomerezo cha dzikolo. Pambuyo pake, [FLT: 0] Act yopereka ufulu wa 1807 anapatsa pulezidenti ulamuliro wa kutumiza asilikali a boma kuti abwezeretse chigwirizano pakati pa pempho la bungwe lake lolamulira kapena wolamulira amene amakhalabe akutsutsana pogwiritsira ntchito ufulu wa anthu ndi kutsutsa.
Kubala sikuli chabe kusamvana; ndiko kukhalapo kwa dongosolo lalamulo ndi la ndale zadziko limene lingathetse mikangano popanda chiwawa. Chigogomezero cha Pregedge pa bata la m’banja chimagogomezera kufunika kwa boma lokhoza kusunga mtendere pamene limalemekeza ufulu wa anthu.
“ Zolinga za chitetezo cha onse”
Dziko latsopanolo linawopsezedwa ndi maulamuliro a ku Ulaya, makamaka Britain ndi Spain, amene anali adakali ndi gawo ku North America. Nkhani za Confederation zinatsala pang’ono kutha kutha kutha kutha ntchito: panalibe gulu lankhondo loima, panalibenso sitima zankhondo zolankhula, ndipo panalibe njira yolimbikitsira ntchito zankhondo. Malamulo anathetsa zimenezo mwa kupatsa Congress mphamvu yokhazikitsa ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kusungitsa asilikali ankhondo, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kupanga malamulo a asilikali.
Mawu akuti “chitetezero cha anthu wamba” amatanthauza kuti chitetezo ndi udindo wogawikana. Sichiri cha mayiko kapena zikondwerero zaumwini; ndi chinthu cholipiridwa ndi okhoma misonkho ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma. Mawu ameneŵa ndi maziko a dongosolo lankhondo la dziko, kuyambira ku Dipatimenti ya Defense mpaka ku Service System. Nkhani za ndalama zotetezera, kuloŵerera kwa asilikali, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zikupitirizabe kukhazikitsa chikalata cha Pregeat kukonzekera kutetezera kwa onse.
N’zofunika kwambiri kuti mawuwa aoneke pambali pa mawu akuti “general Welfare,” akusonyeza kuti chitetezo ndi ubwino n’zogwirizana.
“ Yambani ndi Chitukuko Chachisawawa”
Mawu ameneŵa akhala amodzi a opikisana kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku America. Alexander Hamilton adatsutsa kuti kumasulira kwakukulu [1] kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingagwiritsire ntchito ndalama pa chifuno chirichonse chimene chimathandiza ubwino wa onse, kuphatikizapo kuwongoleredwa kwa mkati, maphunziro, ndi kuchilikiza maindasitale. Jahobos Madison adalingalira mopereŵerapo, kutsimikiza kuti mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito kaamba ka ubwino wa onse ikhale yokhazikiridwa ku mphamvu zimene zikutsatiridwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8.
Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, lingaliro lopapatiza linagaŵiridwa. Koma mkati mwa New Dec [FT:1] ya ma 1930, Bwalo Lapamwamba linayamba kuvomereza kumasulira kokulira, kulola Congress kupanga Social Security, inshuwalansi ya ulova, ndi maprogramu ena a boma pansi pa kulipira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Mu Hering v. Davis (37) , Khotilo linachirikiza Social Security Act , kunena kuti “kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa onse" kunali nkhani ya kugawa kwa bungwe la Congress.
Lerolino, mawu akuti “kugwirizanitsa ndi Welfare” akutchulidwa m'makambitsirano onena za za zaumoyo, maziko, maphunziro, ndi malamulo a zachuma. Siimapereka mphamvu zopanda malire . Kuwononga ndalama kumafuna kuti ndalama za boma zikhale kaamba ka“ kayendetsedwe ka zinthu” osati phindu lakwawo kapena laumwini . Koma kumalola boma kusamalira mavuto a dziko kupyolera mwa maprogramu a zaumoyo. Chinenero cha Pregedge chikutikumbutsa kuti chifuno cha boma chimaphatikizapo kuwongolera ubwino wa nzika zake.
“ Tidzisungire Madalitso a Ufulu ndi Ufulu Wathu”
Liberty inali mfuu yosonkhezera Chipanduko cha ku America. Olemba malamulo anamvetsetsa kuti ufulu ukanatayika ngati boma likhala lankhanza kapena ngati mgwirizanowo usweka. “Madalitso” akusonyeza kuti ufulu uli mphatso yoyenera kutetezeredwa, osati chilolezo cha kusakhazikika. Chiyambi cha Chingelezi chimausungitsa kaamba ka “ife ndi mbadwa zathu,” kupanga ufulu wa kudzisungira kwapambuyo pa badwo.
Malamulo oyambirira anatetezera ufulu wina . Awa anafuna machinjirizo otsimikizirika a habeas corpus, chiletso cha mapepala a wowalemba ndi malamulo ena a pambuyo pake, kuzenga mlandu ndi oweruza . Koma sanaphatikizepo lamulo la ufulu. Kusiya kumeneku kufupifupi kuchotsedwa kwa matanthwe. Anti-Fedalist inafuna chitetezo choonekeratu kaamba ka kulankhula, kusindikiza, chipembedzo, ndi zoyenera zina. Chotulukapo chinali BY of Rights [ (zikalata khumi zoyambirira), kuvomerezedwa mu 1791. Kuletsa ukapolo, kutsimikiziridwa kofanana, kusungidwa kowonjezereka kwa ufulu wosankha, ndi ufulu wowonjezereka.
“ Poster” imasonyeza kuti opanga mafomuwo anali kuganiza za mibadwo yamtsogolo. Iwo anafuna kuti ana awo ndi adzukulu akhale mu ufulu. Malingaliro oyembekezera asonkhezera Aamereka kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, kufutukula demokrase, ndi kutetezera malamulo a malamulo oletsa ziwopsezo zonse ziŵiri zachilendo ndi za m'banja. Nkhondo ya , ufulu wa akazi, ndi kulingana kwa ukwati [ onsewo ali ozikidwa pa lonjezo la Preging ya ufulu wa zidzukulu.
“ Ikani ndi kukhazikitsa Konsichushoni imeneyi”
Mawu omalizira ndi ntchito ya kulenga. “Ordain” amatanthauza lamulo lolemekezeka, lolemekezeka;“ kukhazikitsa” kumatanthauza kukhazikitsa kwachikhalire. Onse pamodzi, amalengeza kuti Anthu ndiwo magwero a ulamuliro wa Malamulo. Pregagege sati “malamulo oika" kapena“ Nyumba za Malamulo zikhazikitsa. Imanena kuti “Ife Anthu... timaika ndi kukhazikitsa. Zimenezi zinapanga Malamulo kukhala lamulo logwirizana pakati pa nzika, osati pangano pakati pa malamulo achifumu. [chigawa chachikulu chimene chinapanga ulamuliro wa America.]
Kuvomerezedwa kwa makwate kunasonyeza zimenezi. Mmalo movomerezedwa ndi malumbiro a boma, Malamulo anatumizidwa ku misonkhano yapadera yogwirizanitsa m'dziko lililonse. Misonkhano imeneyi inasankhidwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, kugogomezeranso uchifumu wotchuka. Chiyeneretso chakuti asanu ndi anayi mwa khumi ndi atatu amalamulira rayimizimu (m’malo mwa kusasintha boma latsopano. Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa, chinenero cha Pregnigation chinatanthauza kuti malamulo a dziko ] linkaimira lamulo la dziko [ART] [9] [9]), (Actlectle) pa maulamuliro onse ndi akuluakulu.
Chifukwa Chake Mawu Oyambirirawo Ali Ofunikabe
Khoti Lalikulu silinayambitse mphamvu zopitira. Khoti Lalikulu nthaŵi zonse lanena kuti silingagwiritsidwe ntchito monga chigamulo cha ufulu. M'gulu la United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp. (1936], Khoti linazindikira kuti kuyambitsa “kutchula zolinga za Malamulo,” koma mphamvu za Congress ziyenera kupezeka m’thupi la chikalatacho. Komabe Preggy imakhalabe chitsogozo chofunika chomasulira. Imapereka kagalasi imene ikhoza kuŵerenga lemba la Mpakediso, kuthandiza oweruza ndi nzika kumvetsa zolinga za opanga malamulo amene akufuna kukwaniritsa.
M'mikangano yamakono, mawu oyamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa za ntchito yoyenera ya boma. Ochirikiza boma lamphamvu akusonyeza “general Welfare” ndi“ chitetezo cha anthu. Achilikizi a ufulu wa maboma akugogomezera kuti kuyambitsa kunayamba ndi “Anthufe,” osati kuti“Ife Maboma,” ndi kuzindikira kuti Tenth Conflation ali ndi mphamvu zosungira boma kapena anthu. Pregnie imapezekanso m'malamulo [[[[FLT:]] ndi zigamu zalamulo, kumene opanga malamulo amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chake kulungamitsa malamulo atsopano.
Kupyola m’bwalo lamilandu, mawu oyambitsidwa ndi otchuka amatchedwa phwando. Ana a sukulu, ogwidwa mawu ndi andale zadziko, ndi kuikidwa m’nyumba za anthu. Zonulirapo zake zisanu ndi chimodzi “‘ kukhazikitsa, chilungamo, bata, kudzitetezera, ufulu, ufulu . Kumvetsetsa Pregedge kumatanthauza kumvetsetsa zimene Amereka amalakalaka kukhala, ngakhale pamene zalephera.
Mapeto: Masomphenya Okhalitsa
Chiyambi cha Malamulo ndi chigamulo chimodzi chokha, koma chimasonkhezera mzimu wa chikalata chonsecho. Chimatikumbutsa kuti boma silili mapeto mwa ilo lokha. Ndi chiŵiya chokwaniritsira zolinga zofanana. Oyambitsawo anadziŵa kuti “Chigwirizano changwiro kwambiri” sichingathe. Anapatsa mibadwo yamtsogolo maziko a kupitirizabe kumenyera chilungamo, bata, chitetezo, ndi ufulu.
Nthaŵi iriyonse pamene Aamereka atsutsana za ukulu wa boma, kuloŵerera m'zankhondo, malamulo a zachuma, kapena zoyenera za anthu, iwo akutsutsana ndi tanthauzo la mawuwo. Mawu ake ngofunika lerolino monga momwe analiri mu 1787. Mwakumvetsetsa chimene Pregedge imatanthauzadi, nzika zingagwirizanitse malingaliro oyambika ku zitokoso za demokrase yamakono .
Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani Screctal Archives ya Constitution , Cornell Information of the Canformation Institute ya Chiyambi cha [1], ndi [FLT] [FLT:] Jakodison's manotsi pa Convention ya Malamulo .