Chiyambi: Chitsekerero cha Ulamuliro wa America

Malamulo a macheke ndi kulinganiza sinthanthi yandale chabe; ndi njira yogwirira ntchito ya boma la United States. Inapangidwa kuletsa mphamvu m'chinthu chimodzi, dongosololi limakakamiza lamulo, mabwana, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo kugawana ulamuliro ndi kutsekerana. Popanda macheke ndi mayeso, kakonzedwe ka democracy ya Amereka kakhoza kugwa kukhala kankhalwe kapena chipwirikiti. Kumvetsetsa mmene dongosololi limagwirira ntchito kwa nzika iriyonse, monga momwe limayambukirira mwachindunji mmene malamulo amachitidwira, kusungidwira, kusungidwira, ndi kumasulira. Kupenda kumeneku kufalikira m'mizu ya mbiri yakale, ma a ma a ma a a a a a opaleshoni, mavuto amakono, ndi kufunika kwa machekero ndi malingana m’zaka za zana la 21.

Opanga malamulo, ogwiritsira ntchito malingaliro andale zaka mazana ambiri, adapanga boma kumene kulakalaka kulaka chikhumbo. Monga momwe James Madison analembera mu [FLT: 0] Federalist No. 51 , "Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma lofunikira . Dongosolo la mayeso ndi zipilala ndi liri njira yothandiza imene imaletsa atsogoleri aumunthu kulephera ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha. Ili njira yolimba, kaŵirikaŵiri yofuna kugalamuka ndi chipangano cha boma.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera ku Roma Wakale Kupita ku Chidziŵitso

Lingaliro la kugaŵa mphamvu zandale kuletsa autocracy n’lozama. Rome Republic inapanga malamulo osanganiza ndi oimira boma, a senate, ndi misonkhano yotchuka, iliyonse yoyang'ana ina. Komabe, chisonkhezero chanzeru kwambiri pa oyambitsa Aamereka chinali wafilosofi wachifalansa Montesquieu, amene 1748 amagwira ntchito Mzimu wa Malamulo [ anatsutsa kuti ufulu unafunikiritsa kusiyanitsa malamulo, mkulu, mkulu, ndi ntchito za chiweruzo. Iye anachenjeza kuti, "Pamene malamulo a boma ndi mphamvu zapamwamba agwirizana mu munthu kapena mtu wa , palibe ufulu."

John Locke anathandiziranso kwambiri, kuchirikiza kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nyumba ya malamulo ndi mkulu wa ntchito, ngakhale kuti anachepetsa atsatiri a jaji . Oyambitsa a ku America anagwirizanitsa malingaliro ameneŵa ndi zokumana nazo zawo ndi maphunziro a mbiri ya Briteni . kuphatikizapo Magna Carta (1215) ndi Bill of Rights (1689) ndi ku England Bill of Rights .

Msonkhano wa Malamulo ndi Mapepala a Oyang’anira Mafuko

Pa Convention ya Constitution ya 1787, nthumwizo zinatsutsana kwambiri ponena za mmene angalinganizire mphamvu. Virginia Plan ndi New Jersey zinaimira masomphenya. Pamapeto pake adapanga nyumba ya malamulo ya mayayamul, mkulu mmodzi, ndi jaji yaumwini. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ndi John Jay anachinjiriza kapangidwe kameneka m'mapepala a Olemba mabuku , makamaka woyang'anira No. 47, 48, ndi 51. Madison anafotokoza kuti kuikidwa kwa mphamvu m'manja a "kunganenedwe bwino lomwelo la ulamuliro wankhanza."

Dongosolo limene analinganiza silinali kusiyanitsa kotheratu maulamuliro koma kulekanitsa kwapang'ono ndi ulamuliro wogaŵikana. Nthambi iriyonse iri ndi njira yokanizira kuloŵerera kwa ena. Mwachitsanzo, prezidentiyo angakhoze kukhazikitsa lamulo, koma Congress angaletse zimenezo. Khoti Lapamwamba lingalengeze malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo, koma pulezidenti amaika zigamulo za lamulo ku chitsimikizo cha Khoti. Kakonzedwe kogwirizana kumeneku ndiko maziko a macheke ndi kulinganiza.

Nthambi Zitatu: Maulamuliro ndi Malongosoledwe Atsatanetsatane

Kuti munthu amvetse mmene macheke ndi kulinganizika kumagwira ntchito, choyamba ayenera kudziŵa mbali zosiyanasiyana ndi mphamvu za nthambi iliyonse, ndi ziŵiya zapadera zimene zili nazo kuti zichepetse ntchito zinazo.

Nthambi ya Malamulo (Mfumu)

Mfundo I ya Konsichushoni imaika malamulo onse a boma m'Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Nyumba ya malamulo imapanga malamulo, imalengeza nkhondo, imakweza ndi kupatsa ndalama, ndi kuyang'anira malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Koma mphamvu zake zimayesedwa ndi mkulu wa bungwe ndi jadiary. Nyumba yaikulu ya Malamulo imagwira ntchito pa nthambi zina zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kufufuza: Nyumba ingachotse akuluakulu a boma (kuphatikizapo pulezidenti ndi oweruza) kaamba ka "maupandu aakulu ndi olakwa . Nyumba ya Malamulo imachititsa kuzenga mlandu ndipo ikhoza kuchotsa ndunayo mwa kuvota aŵiri chitatu.
  • Kuvomereza ndi Kuvomereza: Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa pulezidenti (ziŵalo za kabinete, akazembe, oweruza a boma) ndi kulungamitsa mapangano ndi voti ya magawo aŵiri.
  • , kupoto : Congress ingapose chivomezi cha pulezidenti ndi ma triangs aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri.
  • Mphamvu ya Phindu: Congress imalamulira ndalama za boma ndipo ikhoza kululuza njira za mabwana a boma kapena mabungwe onse.
  • Unduna woloŵerera: Makomiti a kuweruza: angasunge mlandu, zikalata zapansi ndi mboni, ndi kufufuza zochita za nthambi zaudindo.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, pulezidenti angafufuze mfundo za m’Nyumba ya Malamulo mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo, ndipo oweruza angatsutse Nyumba ya Malamulo mwa kutsutsa malamulo kuti si ogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Nthambi Yotsogolera (Presidenti)

Mfundo yachiŵiri ya ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma mu pulezidenti, amene amasungitsa malamulo a boma, amalamula asilikali, amayendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kuika akuluakulu a boma. Maulamuliro aakulu a pulezidenti amayesedwa ndi Congress ndi makhoti. Mayeso a mkuluyo akuphatikizapo:

  • Veto Power: Pulezidenti angakanize ngongole zoperekedwa ndi Congress, ngakhale kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zingagonjetse.
  • Mphamvu ya Kukhazikitsa: Pulezidenti asankha oweruza a boma ndi maofesala akuluakulu, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira.
  • Pradon Power: Pulezidenti angapereke chikhululukiro ndi kubwezera maupandu a boma, kusiyapo ngati walephera. Imeneyi ndi cheke pa khoti, koma siingathetse chitsimikizo mwa kulephera.
  • Eductive Orders: Pamene kuli kwakuti sali mwachindunji m'Bungwe la Malamulo, mapresidenti amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kutsogolera mabungwe a boma. Makhoti angapereke malamulo amene amaposa ulamuliro wotsatira malamulo kapena malamulo alamulo.

Nthambi ya malamulo imafufuza mkulu kudzera m'kufufuza, kuyang'anira, ndi kuyendetsa bajeti. Oweruza angalengeze machitidwe a maulamuliro osagwirizana ndi lamulo, monga m'chochitika chosonyeza chizindikiro . Madison . [18,3], chimene chinakhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo pa zochita za maulamuliro apamwamba.

Nthambi ya Oweruza (Khoti Lalikulu ndi Makhoti Aang’ono)

Mfundo III imakhazikitsa nthambi yachiweruzo, imene imamasulira malamulo ndi kupendanso malamulo ake. Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo khoti lapamwamba koposa, ndipo zigamulo zake zimagwira ntchito pa makhoti ang'onoang'ono onse. Zida zazikulu za achiweruzo zoyendera nthambi zina ndi izi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Judicial Review: Mphamvu yolengeza malamulo, maofesala a akuluakulu, kapena zochita za boma zosakhala zalamulo. Izi zinakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison.
  • Sta aniguent preset: Makhoti amagamula zimene malamulo amatanthauza, kutsimikizira bwino lomwe ngati Congress ndi mkulu wa ntchito zaphonya ulamuliro wawo.
  • Mpumulo wopinga: [[Kuzenga:1] Makhoti angapereke malamulo akuletsa ntchito za akuluakulu a boma kapena malamulo kusakakamiza pamene milandu ikuyandikira.

Chigamulo cha jaji chimapendedwa ndi nthambi zina: Nyumba za malamulo zingachotse oweruza, zingasinthe ulamuliro wa makhoti a boma (ngakhale si ulamuliro woyamba wa Khoti Lalikulu), ndipo zingapereke zigamulo za lamulo kuti zisinthe mafotokozedwe achiweruzo. Pulezidenti amaika oweruza, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imatsimikizira. Kuika kumeneku kuli kugamula kwakukulu pa kudziimira kwa lamulo.

Mmene Maseŵerowo Amathandizira

Kumvetsa mmene zinthu zimagwirira ntchito kumathandiza nzika kuona mmene zinthu zikugwirira ntchito.

Mtundu wa Veto ndi Kuwononga

Chiyambire George Washington, mapresidenti adapanga zikwi za ndalama. Maveto ambiri amachirikizidwa chifukwa chakuti kupambana kumafuna kutchuka kwapamwamba. Mwachitsanzo, Prezidenti Franklin Roosevelt rhite 635 adalemba ndalama zapepala, zimene 9 okha anali ndi matenda. Pulezidenti Barack Obama adawononga ndalama 12; Msonkhano wapamwamba woposa. Donald Trump ventode 10 pact; Congress pronect imodzi (National Defense Religivice Act). Theveto ndi woyang'anira wamphamvu kwambiri, koma chiwopsezo cha mphamvu ya gulu lankhondo kaŵirikaŵiri.

Kudzikweza Monga Chida cha Malamulo

Kufufuza ndi kuyang'anira komaliza kwa akuluakulu a boma ndi a judiary . Nyumbayo yasintha mapresidenti atatu: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clinton (1998), ndi Donald Trump (tice, 2019 ndi 2021). Palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu ndi Khoti, koma njirayo ikhoza kuumba khalidwe landale. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon adasiya kutsutsa ndi kutsimikiza. Oweruza a Federal anachotsedwa kaŵirikaŵiri, monga Woweruza Walter Nixon (1986). Mphamvu yotsutsa mphamvuyo siigwiritsidwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri, koma ingathe kuletsa khalidwe loipa lalikulu.

Kupenda Chiweruzo Kuchitidwa

Kupenda koweruza kuli mwinamwake kupenda kofunika koposa. Khoti Lapamwamba lagonjetsa mazana ambiri a malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Zitsanzo zosadziŵika zimaphatikizapo Plavery v. Ferguson[FLT]] [1896]] kuchirikiza kuchotsa (pambuyo pake kugwedezeka), [FLT , [FLT] v. [1954] kumaliza sukulu, [[FLT:] Rioev . [[FLT:] v.)) kutetezera kuchotsa mimba, ndi [FLT'v8] kuchirikiza chigamulo cha Indust.[9]

Njira Yodziŵira ndi Kutsimikizira

Manduna a Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi oweruza a boma, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira ndi voti yochuluka. Zimenezi zakhala zogaŵa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama adalamulira Merrick Garland mu 2016; Khoti la Republican lolamulira linakana kuweruza. Pulezidenti Trump adasankha mwachipambano oweruza atatu (Neil Gorrath, Brett Kavataugh, Amy Coney Barrett), kuchotsa kulinganizika kwa khotilo. Pulezidenti Joe Biden Brown mu 2022. Mchitidwe umenewu umatsimikizira kuti palibe pulezidenti mmodzi amene angapange motsimikizirika (Neril Kavate; Kortia achita monga mayeso.

Zitokoso Zamakono ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti kupima ndi kulinganiza zinthu n’kofunika, sikuti n’kosathandiza.

Kutsekerezedwa ndi Boma

Pamene magulu osiyanasiyana alamulira nthambi zosiyanasiyana, thauding frock ikhoza kulepheretsa boma. Banki ya ma banki yachititsa kuti boma lizitseke, monga mu 2013 ndi 2018-2019. Otsutsa amanena kuti kupenda kwambiri kulepheretsa boma kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza. Oteteza amayankha kuti kutsendereza kuli bwino kuposa kupondereza ndi mphamvu zololera. Komabe, kukwera kwa kayendedwe a dziko kwachititsa kulolera movutikira, kutsogolera ku Chivomezo cha Boma Chivomerezo cha Boma] chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimadalira pa 20%. Dongo la .

Kufuula kwa Mphamvu ya Prezidenti

Akatswiri ena amanena kuti nthambi ya akuluakulu yapeza mphamvu zoposa zimene amayambitsa. Kuwonjezeka kwa boma la boma, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi kudalira pa "kusaina mawu" (kumene mapresidenti akulengeza kuti sadzakakamiza mbali zina za lamulo) za boma ndi mayeso a zachiweruzo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama's Defered Action for Childencals (DACA) anali ntchito yaikulu imene Khoti Lapamwamba linaichirikiza komanso linasiya lilibe pangozi. Nthaŵi zina judiary anaipitira kumbuyo, monga mmene makhoti analensiti a Prezidenti Brump anatsekera ntchito yake yoyamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mphamvu zangozi.

Kodi Ndiyo Nyumba Yaufumu ya Ufumu?

Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, osuliza amada nkhaŵa kuti judia yakhala yamphamvu kwambiri. Kupenda kwachiweruzo kungagwetsere pansi malamulo oikidwa mwademokrase. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Obergefell v. Hodges [1] [2015] Kuvomereza ukwati wa ukazi umodzi wachimuna kunatamandidwa ndi ambiri koma kukusulizidwa kukhala wolakwa ndi ena. Mkangano wakuti kaya makhoti aperekezetsa kapena achitepo kanthu akuchita zinthu ukupitirizabe. Chitsimikizo chakhala chopanga chigamulo chakusintha cha nkhondo yolamulira malamulo a khoti.

Kudzilamulira Monga Chida cha Ndale

Kutsutsa kwakhala kogaŵanika kwambiri. Olemba mbiri a Pulezidenti Trump anali pafupi kutsagana ndi zipani, popanda kuchirikiza chigamulo cha bipartis. Zimenezi zikubutsa mafunso ngati kukana kuchitidwabe monga kuyang’anira chisembwere chachikulu kapena ngati akhala chida cha nthaŵi zonse cha nkhondo zandale. Oyambitsawo ankayembekezera kuti sazigwiritsa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri ndiponso kuti azigwirizana kwambiri.

Kuyerekezera: Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika Padziko Lonse

Dongosolo la U.S. silomwe latsatizana. Mademokrase ambiri ali ndi njira zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom, imadalira pa malamulo osalembedwa ndi kuphatikizana kwa mphamvu (akukhala m'Palamende) koma iyang'ana kupyolera mwa kupenda ndi Nyumba ya Ambuye. Malamulo a Jeremani amakhazikitsa bwalo la malamulo lolimba lomwe lingamenyetse malamulo, pamene woyang'anirayo amapimidwa ndi Bundestag ndi Bundestrat . Frine Republic imapereka mphamvu zazikulu za prezidenti, koma madongosolo a pulezidenti monga Brazil ndi Mexico amafufuza mofanana ndi U. S. Ngakhale kuti pali mitundu yofanana ndi ya boma lamphamvu. Understatest iyi imasonyeza kugawa kwa kulekana kwa ku America.

Kulimbitsa Mapeketi ndi Kulinganiza Mtsogolo

Dongosolo la macheke ndi kulinganiza silinalinganizike; liyenera kutetezeredwa ndi kuyengedwa. Maphunziro a ChiBIC ali ofunika kwambiri: nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa mmene boma limagwirira ntchito bwino kuŵerengera atsogoleri. Kufufuza kwa Media kumachita monga kupenda kwamwaŵi, kuvumbula nkhanza. Mabungwe a anthu, kuchokera ku Chivomezi cha Chivomezi pa Khoti la Olamulira, ndi kusintha kwa ndawala kuyenera kusungitsa kachitidwe kake ka Justice [[FLT:] Brentan' ka kutsendereza ndi kuchirikiza malire a lamulo la malamulo a . Masinthidwe onga ngati malamulo a Supreme Courts, malamulo omveka bwino pa malamulo a za boma, ndi malamulo okonza zinthu zachuma, koma ayenera kusungitsako kulephera kwa mphamvu zimene zimaletsa ulamuliro wankhanza.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Kuletsedwa kwa Malamulo

Mayeso ndi kulinganiza zipilala zidakalibe mbali yanzeru kwambiri ya lamulo la America . Amavomereza kulephera kwa munthu ndi kulephera kudalira ulamuliro. Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosololi lingakhale lochedwa, logwiritsa mwala, ndi losokoneza, laletsa kubuka kwa ulamuliro wankhanza kwa zaka mazana aŵiri. Monga momwe James Madison analembera, vuto lalikulu ndilo kutheketsa boma kulamulira olamulidwa, ndiyeno kuukakamiza kuti udzilamulire. Ntchito yachiŵiri imeneyo . Boma limadzilamulira lokha mwa kuyendera ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza kwake. “Ili ntchito yosatha kuchitika nthaŵi zonse ya demokrase. Nzika iliyonse imachita ntchito yosankha mavoti, kugawana kwapo, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kuchokera ku nthambi zonse zitatu. Kupulumuka kwa ufulu kudalira pa kudikirako.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, fufuzani . Malamulo osasintha [1] [[FLT :2] kuchokera ku National Constitution Center ndi "FLT] "Astrist No.[[FLT :6] [FLT] [3] kuchokera ku National Archives.