Kutsatira malamulo ndi chimodzi cha zitsimikizo zazikulu kwambiri za ku America, komabe anthu ambiri amachipeza kokha m'mitu yankhani zokhudza milandu ya khoti kapena mikangano yalamulo. M’mawu omveka, njira yoyenerera ndiyo lamulo limene limatsimikizira kuti boma lingakumanitseni moyo wanu, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda kutsatira njira zolungama ndi kulemekeza zoyenera zanu zazikulu. Chikopa chimene chimatetezera anthu wamba ku zochita za boma mwadala, ngakhale chikutanthauza kuti apolisi akuchititsa kufufuza kosakhala kovomerezeka, sukulu kuchotsa wophunzira popanda kumvetsera, kapena bungwe lokana phindu popanda kulongosola. Kuzindikira mmene njira yoyenerera ya moyo wanu ya tsiku ndi tsiku ndi tsiku ili yofunika kwambiri kuti mudziŵe zoyenera ndi kuziteteza bwino.

Kodi Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Pamaziko ake, kachitidwe koyenera ndi kalingaliridwe kakuti dongosolo la malamulo liyenera kuchitira munthu aliyense mwachilungamo. Liwulo likuwonekera mu Malamulo a Chisanu ndi Ane50 a U.S. Koma tanthauzo lake limaposa pa mawu amodzi okha. Kachitidwe kake kamafuna kuti pamene boma litenga kachitidwe kamene kangakuvulazeni, kukutsekerani, kutenga nyumba yanu, kapena kuchotsa laisensi yanu, iyenera kukudziŵitsani zimene lifuna kuchita, mwaŵi wakumvedwa, ndi chigamulo chopangidwa ndi wopanga chigamulo chaumboni.

Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ku nthambi zonse za boma: malamulo, mabwana, ndi judge . Imakhudza milandu, milandu ya boma, kuzenga milandu, ndipo ngakhale zochita za sukulu za boma kapena akuluakulu a nyumba. Malamulo amaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kumvetsera koyenera, kuyenera kwa kupereka umboni, kuyenera kwa kudutsa mboni, ndi kuyenera kuimiridwa ndi loya. Popanda njira yoyenerera, dongosolo la malamulo lingakhale chida chotsendereza osati njira ya chilungamo.

Malamulo sagwirizana ndi mfundo. Makhoti amasulira zofuna zake mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nkhani yake. Chofunika kukhala njira yolungama pamlandu wa galimoto waung'ono nchosiyana ndi zimene zimafunika pa mlandu wakupha munthu wamkulu. Koma chidziŵitso chachikulu nchakuti njira yoyenerera nthaŵi zonse imayendera [ kulingana pakati pa chikondwerero cha boma cha chipambano kapena chisungiko ndi chikondwerero cha munthu cha kuchitiridwa ulemu.

Mitundu Iwiri ya Njira Zoyenera

Njira yoyenerera imagaŵidwa m’magulu aŵiri: kachitidwe koyenera ndi kachitidwe ka zinthu. iriyonse imatetezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zoyenera ndi kuika mathayo osiyana pa boma.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chinsinsi cha boma chimateteza ufulu wina waukulu ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, mosasamala kanthu za njira zimene amagwiritsira ntchito. Imafunsa ngati boma lili ndi chifukwa chomveka cha zochita zake, osati chabe ngati limatsatira njira zolondola. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo limene limaletsa mitundu yonse ya kulera mwana likhoza kuphwanya njira yoyenerera chifukwa limaphwanya ufulu wofunika wa munthu payekha ndi ufulu wa thupi. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenerera kuteteza ufulu wonga wa ukwati, kulera ana, kulera ana, ndi maulendo.

Njira yoyenerera yodzifunira njotsutsana chifukwa chakuti imafunikira oweruza kusankha kuti ndi ufulu uti umene uli "otchuka" Otsutsa amanena kuti oweruza angaike malamulo awo; otetezera amanena kuti kuli kofunika kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa ochenjeredwa. Mosasamala kanthu za mkanganowo, njira yoikidwiratu yofunikira imakhala chiŵiya chachikulu kaamba ka malamulo otsendereza ufulu waumwini.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chilungamo cha kuyenera kwa boma chimakhudza njira zogwiritsira ntchito boma pamene likulanda munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Silikukayikira lamulolo; m’malo mwake, limafunsa ngati boma linakupatsani chidziŵitso chokwanira, mpata woyenera kuti mumvedwe, ndi wopanga zosankha zopanda tsankho. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mzinda ukufuna kuwononga nyumba yanu chifukwa cha kuswa malamulo, kutengera malamulo, kuyenera kwa lamulo kumafuna kuti mulandire chidziŵitso cholembedwa cha kuswa malamulo, mwayi wowatsutsa, ndi kuweruza kwa munthu amene sakukonderani.

Kulinganiza koyenera kwa machitidwe kuli chiphunzitso chamoyo. Makhoti amapenda zinthu zitatu kuti adziŵe njira yofunikira: chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kumanidwa kolakwika m’madongosolo amakono, ndi chikondwerero cha boma cha kukhoza ndi mtengo. Kuyesa kumeneku kolinganiza, kuchokera ku mlandu wapadera Maws v. Eldridge [1] [797] , kumalola njira yoyenerera kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana.

Zimene Zimayambitsa Zinthu Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika

Lingaliro lakuti mfumu siingathe kulanda katundu wa munthu kapena kuimanga popanda chifukwa nlakale. Magna Carta wa 1215, wosainidwa ndi Mfumu Yohane pansi pa chitsenderezo cha zigaŵenga zopanduka, linali ndi mawu olonjeza kuti "padzakhala munthu waufulu aliyense adzagwidwa kapena kumangidwa ... kusiyapo mwa chiweruzo chololedwa cha anthu ake kapena lamulo la dziko. Lamulo limeneli " la dziko" ndilo kholo la dongosolo lamakono. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, lamulo lachingelezi linayambitsa lingaliro lakuti ngakhale mfumu yachifumu iyenera kutsatira njira zalamulo.

Olamulira a dziko la America anabweretsa nawo miyambo yalamulo imeneyi. Pambuyo pa Kusintha kwa Chipanduko, oyambitsawo analemba njira yoyenerera ya Bill of Rights . James Madison poyambirira anapereka matembenuzidwe a Fifete Amereka omwe anaŵerenga kuti "Palibe munthu amene adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera yalamulo. Mawuwo anatengedwa ndi nkhani zochepa chabe, koma tanthauzo lake linazikidwa kwambiri pa Blokisha ndi Amereka. Makhoti oyambirira a ku America anaona kuti ndi chitsimikizo cha njira zalamulo, monga kuyenera kwa khoti ndi ufulu wolankhulana ndi mboni.

Demendment ya 14th Amendment, inavomerezedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, inafutukula njira yofunikira ku maiko. Kumeneku kunali kusintha kwakukulu. Kusanakwane 1868, Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha. Maboma anganyalanyaze zofunikira zofunikira. Lamulo la Jeneth Demendment Rescrate Claus linakakamiza boma lililonse kulemekeza chilungamo chachikulu, ndipo zaka makumi angapo zotsatira, Bwalo Lapamwamba linayamba "kuloŵetsamo" ambiri a Bill of Rights, chipembedzo, ndi kuyenera kwa kutsutsa boma.

Maziko a Malamulo

Demendment yachisanu imagwira ntchito ku boma la boma: "Palibe munthu amene adzalandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Mpambo wa 14th Amendment umagwiritsira ntchito chinenero chofanana kwa maboma a boma. Onse aŵiri, amapanga muyezo wa mtundu umodzi wa chilungamo. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira ziganizo zimenezi kutetezera osati kokha oimbidwa mlandu komanso anthu osamalira mabungwe, sukulu, ndi mabungwe ena a boma.

Lingaliro la "kukongola" pansi pa dongosolo loyenera nlofala. Silimaphatikizapo ufulu wakuthupi wokha komanso kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kulera ana, kupanga zosankha za mankhwala, ndi kulondola ntchito yosankhidwa. Lingaliro la "kuyenera" limakulanso ndi kuphatikizapo malo ndi ndalama komanso mayeneredwe monga mapindu a kakhalidwe, ntchito za anthu, ndi malaisensi a ntchito. Pamene boma lakana kapena likuchotsa mapindu oterowo, liyenera kupereka njira yoyenera.

Kuŵerenga mawu enieni a kusinthako, mungapitenso ku Cornell Information's Constitution tsamba [1]. National Archives [ [makope a ndandanda] a ndandanda apamwamba a mapepala oyambirira.

Kuyenera Kuchitika Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Njira yochitira zinthu yoyenerera si nkhani ya m’khoti yokha, koma imakhudza ufulu wanu m’mikhalidwe yambiri ya tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kukumana kwa Okakamiza Lamulo

Pamene muimitsidwa ndi apolisi, njira yoyenerera imakutetezerani ku kutsekeredwa kwa munthu. Lamulo Lachinayi limaletsa kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, koma njira yoyenerera imawonjezera mitu ya chitetezo: kuyenera kwa kukhala chete, kuyenera kwa loya, ndi kuyenera kwa kuuzidwa za ufuluwo. Manda v. Arizona [1] (19666), Khoti Lapamwamba linalamula kuti apolisi anene kuti adziike mlandu wawo kuti akhale chete ndi kukhala ndi loya amene alipo panthaŵi yofunsa mlandu. Chiyeneretso chimenechi n’chosamveka bwino.

Kutsatiranso njira yakuti mukhale ndi utali wotani musanaikidwe mlandu kapena kubweretsedwa kwa woweruza. Linuary of River v. McLaughlin [1] (1991) chigamulo chinanena kuti munthu wogwidwa popanda chilolezo ayenera kupatsidwa chitsimikizo chokwanira mkati mwa maola 48. Ngati apolisi akusungani kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kulongosola, angakhale akuswa njira yoyenera.

Ufulu wa Kutenga Malo ndi Kutchuka kwa Dzina

Boma lingatenge katundu waumwini kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito ndi anthu onse kupyola m'malo otchuka, koma Kusintha kwachisanu kumafuna "kubwezera" ndi njira yolungama. Mchitidwe umatanthauza kuti muyenera kulandira chidziŵitso cha kutenga, mwaŵi wakutokosa kugwiritsira ntchito kwa anthu kapena kuchuluka kwa chiwongola dzanja, ndi kumvetsera pamaso pa bungwe lopanda tsankho. Zimenezi zimagwira ntchito ku zonse kuyambira pa msewu watsopano wodutsa m’dziko lanu kufikira ku mzinda wotsutsa nyumba yowonongeka.

Ngakhale ngati sikuchitika kutenga mwakuthupi, njira yoyenerera imatetezera kuyenera kwa katundu wanu. Ngati boma lifuna kulanda chuma chanu mwa kulandidwa ndi boma [1] chizolowezi cha kumene lamulo losungitsa ndalama kapena katundu wolingaliridwa kukhala wogwirizana ndi upandu . Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kupikisana ndi kulanda m’khoti. Maboma ambiri asintha malamulo awo olephera kufuna chigamulo cha upandu, poyankha ku nthaŵi zonse, malinga ndi mmene zinthuzo zayendera.

Maphunziro a Anthu Onse

Ophunzira m'masukulu a anthu onse ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu, makamaka pamene ayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Mu Gos v. Lopez [1997], Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti wophunzirayo ayang'anizana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa masiku 10 kapena ochepera ayenera kupatsidwa chidziŵitso cha pakamwa kapena cholembedwa cha milanduyo, mafotokozedwe a umboni, ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka mbali yawo. Kusintha kapena kuthamangitsidwa kumafuna machitidwe olinganizidwa, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kuitanira mboni ndi kuimiridwa ndi uphungu.

Ngati yunivesite ikanachotsa wophunzira chifukwa cha kusaona mtima kwa pasukulu popanda kumvetsera, wophunzirayo anganene kuti ayenera kutero.

Ntchito ndi Boma Zimapindulitsa

Ogwira ntchito za boma . . . Asanathe, ali ndi ufulu wozindikira zifukwa, mwaŵi woyankha, ndi kumvetsera. Mofananamo, olandira mapindu a boma monga Social Security, Medicaid, kapena zidindo za chakudya sizingapeze mapindu amenewo popanda chidziŵitso cholondola ndi mpata wotsutsa chosankhacho.

Antchito a m’mbali mwa anthu kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi ufulu wochepa wochita zinthu chifukwa chakuti malamulo amaletsa ntchito ya boma, osati yaumwini. Komabe, ngati wolemba ntchito waumwini akuchita pangano la boma kapena ali ndi malamulo okhwima, njira yoyenerera ingagwiritsiridwebe ntchito.

Chilamulo cha Banja ndi Ufulu Waukholo

Kuyenera kwa kulera ana anu ndi limodzi la maufulu ofunika kwambiri otetezeredwa ndi njira yoyenerera. Boma silingachotse mwana kuudindo wa kholo popanda mlandu ndi umboni woonekeratu wa nkhanza kapena kunyalanyaza. Makolo ali ndi kuyenera kwa kuimiridwa ndi loya, kuyang'anira mboni, ndi kupereka umboni. Kutha kwa milandu ya ufulu wa makolo, muyezo wa umboni ndi "umboni wotsimikizirika ndi wokhutiritsa," chipinga chapamwamba kuposa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni.

Makhoti ayenerabe kupereka mpata woyenera kwa aliyense kuti apereke mlandu wake. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungasinthe pa apilo.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Zosankha za Zamankhwala

Odwala m'zipatala kapena m'manyumba osungira okalamba akukhala ndi ufulu woyenerera pamene boma lifuna kuwagwiritsira ntchito, kukakamiza mankhwala, kapena kuchepetsa zosankha zawo za mankhwala. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kudzipereka kwaufulu kumafuna kugamulidwa ndi umboni womveka ndi wokhutiritsa wakuti munthuyo ali wowopsa kwa iwo kapena kwa ena. Mofananamo, akaidi ali ndi ufulu wa kupatsidwa chithandizo chamankhwala chokwanira. Kufuna chithandizo chofunikira kungaswe ntchito yoyenera.

Ngakhale m’zochitika zaumoyo, ntchito ya boma yopereka ndalama monga Medicare ndi Medicaid imatanthauza kuti odwala sangamanidwe dala kukwaniritsa popanda njira yoyenerera yofunsira. Mathews v. Eldidge [[FLT: 1] mlanduwo unaphatikizapo kutsutsana ndi kuwonongeka kwa vuto la Social Security, kukhazikitsa njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu imagwira ntchito kupindulitsa zosankha.

Kutsatira Malamulo

M'milandu, njira yoyenerera ndiyo maziko a mlandu wolungama. Imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wapoyera, kuyenera kwa oweruza opanda tsankho, kuyenera kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mboni, ndi kuyenera kwa kukakamiza kwa njira ya kupeza mboni m’chiyanjo chanu. Boma liyenera kutsimikizira liwongo loposa chikayikiro chotsimikizirika, ndipo loya wa mlanduyo ayenera kuvumbula umboni wosonyeza kulakwa . Kulephera kuswa njira yoyenerera, monga momwe kwakhazikitsidwa mu Brady v. Maryland .[FLD:63]

Pankhani zachiŵeniŵeni, ntchito yoyenerera imafunikira chidziŵitso ndi mwaŵi wakumva katundu wanu asanatengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wobwereka ngongole akukupemphani, muyenera kupatsidwa moyenera ndi kupatsidwa mpata wa kuyankha. Ziweruzo zachiŵeruzo sizingalowe popanda umboni wakuti munalandira chidziŵitso.

Kutsatira njira yoperekera lamulo kuchepetsanso kumangidwa kwa milandu. United States v. Salerno [1] (1987), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza makonzedwe a boma a Bail Reform Act otetezera ndende, koma kokha chifukwa chakuti linafuna kumvedwa ndi umboni womveka ndi wokhutiritsa wakuti munthuyo anali woopsa kwa anthu. Ngakhale pamenepo, kumangidwa kuyenera kukhala kwa nthaŵi yochepa ndi nkhani yoti aipende.

Mavuto Amakono Olimbana ndi Zochitika Zomwe Zikuchitika

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yaikulu, ntchito yake imakhala ndi zitsenderezo zambiri m'dongosolo la malamulo lamakono. Kudula ndi kunyamula milandu kungatsogolere ku kufulumira kumvetsera, kulephera kwa lamulo, ndi kuchedwa kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Madongosolo otetezera a boma amavutitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri, kutanthauza kuti anthu ambiri amene akuyang'anizana ndi milandu yaupandu satha kulipira loya ndipo ayenera kudalira uphungu wolembedwa mopambanitsa. Zimenezi zingawachititse kukakamiza kupempha madandaulo, pamene anthu osalakwa amalamula kuti apeŵe kulakwa kwa chilango chaukali pambuyo pa kuzenga mlandu.

Mabungwe oyang'anira amasinthanso njira zofunikira. Zigamulo zambiri za boma . Kuchotsa chilolezo, kuchotsa laisensi, kapena kulamula ndi mabureaucracy mmalo mwa oweruza. Pamene kuli kwakuti mayeso a boma amalingaliridwa kupereka njira zofunikira, malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amachepetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, makhoti a boma amayendetsa ntchito m’mabungwe osiyanasiyana kuposa makhoti III, ndi kusoŵeka kwa uphungu woikidwa kwa oloŵa m’dziko asulizidwa kukhala kuswa njira yoyenera.

chitetezo cha dziko ndi mphamvu zadzidzidzi zimapereka ziwopsezo zina. Pambuyo pa 9/11, boma linamangidwa likukayikiridwa kuti lingakhale ndi zigaŵenga popanda kugamula milandu kapena kuweruza kwa nyengo zambiri. Khoti Lalikulu mu HAmdi v. Rumsfeld [1] [2004]) adakhulupirira kuti ngakhale adani ali ndi ufulu woyenerera kuchita zinthu, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha maziko enieni a kumangidwa kwawo ndi mpata wofunikira kupikisana nawo. Koma kulinganiza pakati pa chitetezo ndi ufulu kukalipo kupikisana.

Luso lazopangapanga ladzutsanso mafunso atsopano ofunikira. Maroto oneneratu a m'chiweruzo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito poweruza, belo, ndi kuchotsa chilango kungakhale kopetsa ndipo kungatulutse zotulukapo zolakwika. Otetezera samakhala ndi kuyenera kwa kusanthula mpambo kapena chidziŵitso chogwiritsira ntchito kuŵerengera mlingo wawo. Njira imafunikira kuwonekera bwino ndi kukhoza kutsutsa umboniwo, koma zofunika zimenezi sizikuyendera limodzi ndi kutengera nzeru zopeka m'dongosolo lachilungamo.

Kuyang'ana mozama pa Mathews v. Elditridge [[FLT :1]] Kuyesa, Oyez projekiti [1] [[FLT: 3] imapereka chidule cha mlanduwo. Ndipo makambitsirano a ntchito yoyenerera m'boma, American Bar Association's tsamba la maphunziro a onse ndi othandiza.

Kumaliza

Kutsatira njira yalamulo si kulekera maloya ndi oweruza. Ndi chitsimikizo cha moyo chimene chimakhudza munthu aliyense amene akugwirizana ndi boma . Ngati paima pa galimoto, kumvetsera kwa pasukulu, msonkhano wa bungwe, kapena khoti. Kumvetsa mfundo zofunika za njira yoyenerera kumathandiza kuona kuti mukuphwanya ufulu wanu. Kudziwa kuti muli ndi ufulu wozindikira, kumvetsera, ndi kukonza chigamulo chopanda tsankho kungachititse kusiyana pakati pa zotsatira zabwino ndi zoipa.

The strength of due process depends on citizens who demand it. When you insist on your rights—and on fair treatment for others—you help maintain the principle that the government must follow the law, not just power. In a society that values liberty, due process is not a luxury; it is the foundation of justice.[[MPHAMVU:0]