Kufunafuna ndi Kuchotsa Ufulu Woyenera: Chitsogozo Chochititsa Chidwi

Kufufuza ndi kulanda ufulu kumapanga maziko a chinsinsi ndi ufulu ku United States. Zitetezero zimenezi zalamulo zimalamulira mmene ndi pamene akuluakulu aboma angapezere munthu wanu, nyumba yanu, katundu wanu, ndi makompyuta. kwa ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku, kuzindikira zoyenera zimenezi nkofunika poyang'anira zoyendetsera malamulo, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kukhala ndi phande m'nkhani ya boma yodziŵidwa.

Kumvetsetsa Lamulo Lachinayi

M’chaka cha 1791, bungwe la Bill of Rights linati:

“Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala osungika mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, molimbana ndi kufunafuna kosayenera ndi khunyu, sikudzagwiridwa, ndipo palibe a Warlant, koma pa chifukwa chothekera, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kulongosola malo ofunidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zotengedwa.

Kusintha kumeneku kunali kuvomereza kwachindunji kwa kachitidwe ka atsamunda a Briteni ka kugwiritsira ntchito zikalata zaunyinji ndi zithandizo, zimene zinalola akuluakulu a boma kufufuza nyumba ndi mabizinesi popanda chifukwa chenicheni kapena kuletsa. Okonza mafomuwo anayesa kuletsa nkhanza zoterozo mwa kufuna kuti kufunafuna kukhale koyenera ndi kuti zilolezo zikhale zozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera, zoperekedwa ndi woweruza, ndi kuchepa kwambiri. Kupyolera [[FLT: 0] chiphunzitso cha 145 Confoundation, Landment imagwira ntchito ku boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo akomweko, osati kokha zikalata za boma.

Si kufufuza kulikonse kapena kugwidwa ndi njirisi [1] kokha kuja kosamveka kuswa Malamulo. Zimene zimapanga kulolera zimadalira pa nkhani yake, ukulu wa kuloŵerera, ndi chikondwerero cha boma. Makhoti ayambitsa bungwe lovuta la milandu yokhudzana ndi malamulo ovomerezeka.

Malingaliro Aakulu: Chochititsa Choyenera, Olephera, ndi Ulamuliro Womaliza

Chochititsa Chachikulu

Chochititsa choyenera ndicho muyezo walamulo wofunikira kaamba ka kufufuza ndi kumanga kochuluka. Chimakhala pamene kusungitsa lamulo kuli ndi mfundo zokwanira ndi mikhalidwe kutsogolera munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti upandu wachitidwa kapena kuti umboni wa upandu ulipo pamalo ena. Chochititsa chokhoza kuchitika si njira yolimba; makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito [[FLT: 0]] kukwanira kwa mikhalidweyo kuyesa, monga kwakhazikitsidwa mu zigawero ndi. (19983). Kulingalira kumeneku kumapereka uphungu, ndemanga, ndi umboni wina wokwanira. Kufuna kukayikirako kuposa kutsimikizira kwenikweni, kuli kofala, kofala.

Kufunafuna Zoyesayesa

Chilolezo chofufuza ndicho lamulo la khoti lovomereza lamulo losungitsa kufufuza. Kuti apeze chilolezo, apolisi ayenera kutumiza chilolezo chosonyeza chothekera ndi kulongosola ndi [[FLT: 0]] mwapadera malo ofufuzidwa ndi zinthu zofunikira kugwidwa. Chilolezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa ndi majaji, ndipo kufunafunako kuyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yabwino. Ofufuza ali muyezo wa golidi wofunsira chifukwa chakuti amapereka uyang'aniro wa komiti. Komabe, ambiri amafufuza popanda chilolezo chovomerezedwa ndi boma.

Ulamuliro Waukulu

Lamulo la kupatula ndilo mankhwala opangidwa ndi oweruza amene amaletsa umboni wopezedwa kupyolera m'kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'khoti. Choyamba amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku milandu ya boma mu Weeks v. United States (14]) ndi kufutukula ku maiko mu Mapp v. Ohio [1] [1961]), lamulo limaletsa kusamvera kwa apolisi mwa kusanthula chisonkhetso cha kusanthula kosemphana ndi lamulo.

  • Ndi bwino kuwonjezera pa chikhulupiriro: [[FLT :1] Ngati apolisi adalira pa chilolezo chimene chapezedwa pambuyo pake chosagwira ntchito, umboni ungakhalebe wovomerezeka ( United States v. Leon, 1984]
  • Kupezedwa kosapeŵeka: Umboni umene ukanapezedwa mololedwa ungavomerezedwe ( NIx v. Williams , 1984]).
  • [[FLT: 0] Actuation : [[FLT :1] Ngati kugwirizana pakati pa kufunafuna kosaloleka ndi umboni kuchepa kwambiri, umboni ungaloledwe ( Hudson v. Michigan, 2006).
  • Magwero opatula: Umboni wopezeka kuchokera ku magwero odziimira paokha osatsatsa molakwa uli wovomerezeka ( Murray v. United States, 1988).

Kumvetsa zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri chifukwa ngakhale ngati mwafufuza kuti mudziwe kuti zinthu zikusemphana ndi ufulu wanu, mungapezebe umboni wosonyeza kuti simunapatsidwe ufulu.

Mitundu ya Kufufuza Kopanda Machenjera

Makhoti avomereza kuti pakufunika makhoti angapo kuposa amene anagawiridwa kuti akhale oyenerera, ndipo malamulo ofala kwambiri ndiponso ofunika kwambiri afotokozedwa m’munsimu.

Kufufuza Kovomerezeka

Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufufuza, maofesala angapitirize popanda chilolezo. Kuvomereza kuyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu ndi mwanzeru [[FLT: 0], osati kukakamizidwa ndi ziwopsezo kapena kutsendereza. Apolisi safunikira kukudziŵitsani kuti muli ndi ufulu wokana, ngakhale kuti kungokhala chete sikungatanthauze kuti muvomereza. Kuvomereza kwachitatu n’koyenera ngati munthu ali ndi ulamuliro umodzi pa katundu (m’jere, wogona naye , kapena ngati wapolisiyo ali ndi ulamuliro wotero ([FLT:] United States. Matlock v[FL:3], 1974). Mungachepetse zinthu kapena zinthu zina.

Muzifunafuna Nthawi Yogwira

Pamene lamulo likhazikitsa kumangidwa kololedwa, iwo angafufuze munthu ndi malo apafupi omwe angafikire [1] odziŵika monga mtunda womangitsa . "Kupeza zida kapena umboni umene ungawonongedwe. Kupatulaku, kukhazikitsidwa mu . California [1] [1969], kuteteza ndi kuteteza umboni. Komabe, [[FLT: 4.] kutanthauza zida zimene zingawonongedwe. Gantrzone v. [[FLT:] [2009], Khoti lalikulu likufufuza kuti agwire: pambuyo pa kumangidwa ndi kusungidwa, maopera angafufuze chipinda ngati adakalipobe kuti atha kugwidwa kapena ngati atakhalabe umboni woyenerera.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Makampani amene afuna kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga angalungamitse kufunafuna kosalungamitsidwa. Zitsanzo zofala zimaphatikizapo kulondola kofulumira kwa wonyumwira wothaŵayo, ngozi ya chiwonongeko chayandikira cha umboni, ngozi ku moyo wa munthu, ndi ngozi monga moto. Oyang'anira ndende ayenera kukhala ndi chochititsa chothekera ndi kusonyeza kuti mkhalidwewo sunasiye nthaŵi ya kupeza chilolezo. Makhoti akufufuza mosamalitsa zinenezozozozo kuti apeŵe kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

Lingaliro Lomveka

Ngati wapolisi alipo mwalamulo pamalopo ndi kuona kuti akuletsa kapena umboni m’chiwonetsero chomveka, palibe chilolezo chofunikira kuulanda. Zofunika ndi izi: (1) woyang'anira ayenera kukhala ndi kuyenera kololedwa kukhala m’deralo; (2) kugamula kwa chinthu kuyenera kuonekera mwamsanga; ndipo (3) wapolisi ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chinthucho ndi upandu ( v. California, 1990).

Kuchoka pagalimoto

Malo amodzi ali ndi chiyembekezo chochepa cha kukhala okha chifukwa chakuti ali ndi magalimoto oyenda ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi laisensi. Pansi pa kulekana kwa galimoto , apolisi angafufuze galimoto popanda chilolezo ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi umboni wa upandu. Ulamuliro umenewu umakhudza galimoto yonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zotsekera zimene zingasungire umboni (] Carroll v. United States, 1925; [FLT:] Kaliniafor. Acedo v. , 1991). Mosiyana ndi chochitika chokafuna kumanga, chosiyana ndi kugwidwa.

Terry Stop ndi Frisks

Pansi pa Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968), apolisi angagwire munthu kwa kanthaŵi pa [FLT :2] kukayikira kosayenera kwa upandu, muyezo wotsika kuposa wothekera. Kuimitsa kumeneko, ngati woyang'anirayo ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi woopsa, kuchepa kwa poikitsa zida (flisk) n’kololedwa. Chiphunzitso cha frak chimaletsedwa kuvala kunja ndi kutulukira zida, osati umboni. Umboni uliwonse kapena umboni wopezedwa kupyolera pa kukhudzana ungatengedwe pansi pa [FL:] chiphunzitso chochepa [FT]

Kufufuza Mphepo

Pamalire a maiko ndi malo ogwirira ntchito (monga mabwalo a ndege), boma liri ndi ulamuliro waukulu wofufuza anthu ndi katundu popanda chilolezo kapena chifukwa chothekera. Kufufuza malire kwa chigawo kumalingaliridwa kukhala koyenera ndi chibadwa chawo ndipo sikumafuna kukayikira kwaumwini. Komabe, osafufuza kosagwirizana [1] monga ngati kusanthula kwa mpheto kapena kusanthula kwa bungwe kapena kusanthula kwa mphini. Zaka zaposachedwapa, makhoti alimbana ndi kusanthula zida zamagetsi kosasuliridwa kwa magetsi pamalirepeti Lachinayi. Khoti Lapamwamba silinalamulira motsimikizirika, koma kaŵirikaŵiri khoti laling'ono laling'ono limafunikira chikayikiro cha kufufuza matelefoni ndi mafoni.

Kufufuza Zinthu

Pamene apolisi afukula galimoto, iwo angapange kusanthula kwa kuŵerengera kuti andandalitsa zimene zilimo kaamba ka kulephera kwake ndi zifukwa za chisungiko. Kufufuza koteroko kuyenera kutsatira njira zoikidwiratu ndipo sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga chochititsa popanda chothekera ( South Dakota v. Opperman [1], 1976).

Kufufuza Ophunzira m’Masukulu

Akuluakulu a sukulu za boma samangidwa ndi chilolezo koma ayenera kukwaniritsa muyezo wa kukayikira kosapambanitsa kufunafuna umunthu wa wophunzira kapena katundu wake. Muyezo umenewu, woikidwa mu New Jersey v. T.L. [1985] [kufufuzako kuyenera kukhala koyenera kuyambika kwake ndi koyenera. Kufufuza kwa m’maseŵero kumachitidwa mowonetsera molunjika ([[FLT:]]] Safford Yogwirizana ndi District v. [FLT.FL: 5,], 2009]). Ophunzira asunga ufulu wachinsinsi, koma ufulu woyenererawo polimbana ndi kusamala ndi kusamala.

Zinthu Zogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta Ndiponso Zinthu Zobisika

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu la Masalmo zazindikira kuti luso lamakono lingavumbule zambiri zokhudza moyo wathu waumwini kuposa kufufuza kwachibadwa.

  • Karplate v. United States (2017): Boma limafunikira chilolezo kuti lipeze mbiri ya malo a selo, chifukwa chakuti kulowa kwa milungu kapena miyezi ya malo kumakhala kufunafuna pansi pa Kukonzanso kwa Fourter. Chigamulochi chimakana chiphunzitso cha mbali yachitatu m'zotsatira njira zamakono.
  • . California .[FLT :1] (2014: Apolisi sangafufuze chidziŵitso pa foni ya msilikali popanda chilolezo, ngakhale kumangidwa. Khoti linalingalira kuti matelefoni a m’manja ali ndi chidziŵitso chaumwini chochuluka ndipo alibe chilolezo cha zotengera zakuthupi.
  • United States v. Jones[FLT : Kuika mndandanda wa GPS ku galimoto ndi kuyang'anira kayendedwe kake kwa masiku 28 kunali kufunafuna chifukwa chakuti inaphonya katundu waumwini. Nkhaniyo inalingaliranso ngati kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi yaitali popanda kulakwa kumaswa ziyembekezo zachinsinsi zoyenerera.

Malamulo a Federal onga Act yolankhulana ndi chinsinsi (ECPA) ndi Ogwirizana Ogwirizana ['ogwirizana] A'amathandizanso boma kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi ndi zolembera. Maboma ambiri apereka malamulo awo achinsinsi ofuna kuti apeze matherere ndi makope. Pamene zopangapanga ziyamba kuyambitsa, makhoti akupitirizabe kutsutsana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a magetsi a magetsi pa Intaneti.

Kufunafuna Koipa ndi Lamulo Losakhazikika

Kudziŵa nkhani zazikulu zimenezi kumakuthandizani kumvetsa mmene lamulo layambira ndi kumene likupita.

  • Katz v. United States[FLT: 1] (1967): Kukhazikitsa “kuyembekezera kwachinsinsi kwapakalipa kwa [1]. Khoti linakhulupirira kuti munthu ali ndi chitetezo chachinayi cha Kukonzanso Kochita zinthu m'malo alionse kapena mkhalidwe umene umayembekezera kuti zinthu zachinsinsi ndi anthu aziona kuti n’zomveka. Zimenezi zinasonkhezera maganizo a munthu kuchoka ku cholakwa chakuthupi kupita ku umbuli.
  • Zipata . (193): Kutengera kuyesera konse kwa chisawawa kaamba ka chochititsa chothekera, kukana mayeso a zikalata ziŵiri zodalirika.
  • Mapp v. Ohio[FL:1] (1961): Anachotsa lamulo la kupatula ku maboma, akumafuna kuti makhoti a boma asatulutse umboni wopezeka woswa Lamulo Lachinayi Lowonjezera.
  • Terry v. Ohio [1] (1968): Kulemba stop-ak ozikidwa pa kukayikira koyenera, kupanga mpambo wochepera wa Kupendedwa kwa Njira Yachinayi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chimel v. California [1969] ndi Arizona v. Gant (2009]): Kulongosoledwa ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa kufufuza konga kumangidwa.
  • Caroll v. United States (1925): Kukhazikitsa kulekana kwa galimoto.
  • United States v. Leon (19984): Kulenga chikhulupiriro chabwino chosiyana ndi lamulo lopatula.

Milandu imeneyi imapezeka pa mathebulo alamulo ovomerezeka monga ngati Cornell Law’s Legal Information Institute ndi Oyez , imene imapereka tsatanetsatane ndi kulembedwa kwa mawu a pakamwa.

Njira Zothetsera Kusintha Zinthu Chachinayi

Ngati malamulo aswa kufunafuna kwanu ndi kuyenera kwanu kwa kulanda, pangakhale mankhwala angapo:

  • Kutsendereza: Mlandu waupandu, loya wanu angapemphe khoti kuchotsa umboni wopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo. Ngati kachitidweko kapambana, woweruzayo angataye mphamvu yake yotsimikizira mlanduwo.
  • Lawsuit .C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kuonetsa kuti wapolisiyo anaswa lamulo lokhazikitsidwa bwino lomwe. Imeneyi imadziŵika monga chitetezo chopambana, chimene chingakhale chopinga chachikulu.
  • Kudandaula kwa m'mantha: Mukhoza kuikiza chidandaulo ndi bungwe losungitsa lamulo logaŵikana zochitika za mkati kapena bungwe loyang’anira anthu wamba.
  • Thrimorial Tribumotion: m'zochitika zachilendo pamene ofisala amachita dala ndi motsutsana, oweruza a boma kapena a boma angabweretse milandu.

Onani kuti lamulo lopatula silimagwira ntchito m’zochitika za boma zonga kuzenga mlandu anthu osamukira m’dziko, kuzenga milandu kotsekeredwa, kapena kuzenga milandu kwakukulu, ngakhale kuti ena alipo.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Nzika

Nazi malangizo odalirika amene mungathe kutsatira pochita zinthu ndi anthu oonetsetsa kuti malamulo akutsatiridwa:

  1. Kufunsa ngati muli waufulu kuchoka. Ngati simumangidwa, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kuchoka. Ngati wapolisi akunena kuti mukugwidwa, muyenera kuvomereza koma mukhozabe kuchirikiza zoyenera zanu.
  2. Musavomereze kufunafuna. momvekera bwino akunena kuti, “Sindikuvomereza kufufuza.” Ngati simuvomereza, wapolisiyo ayenera kukhala ndi chilolezo kapena chosiyana kupitiriza. Ngakhale ngati mutakana, wapolisiyo angafufuzebe. Koma ndemanga yanu isunga zoyenera zanu kaamba ka zitokoso zalamulo za pambuyo pake.
  3. Musamamve mawu. Muli ndi ufulu wonena chilichonse kusiyapo dzina lanu. Musayankhe mafunso okhudza zochita zanu kapena chidziŵitso chanu.
  4. Pemphani loya. Ngati mugwidwa, pemphani loya nthaŵi yomweyo ndipo musayankhe mafunso kufikira loya wanu atafika.
  5. Musakanize mwakuthupi ngakhale ngati mumakhulupirira kuti kufunafunako sikuli koletsedwa. Kukana kungatsogolere ku zinenezo zowonjezereka. Mmalomwake vomerezani chochitikacho.
  6. Kalembera za kukumanako [1] Ngati n’kotheka. Maboma ambiri amalola nzika kujambula apolisi poyera. Onetsetsani malamulo a kumaloko, koma kujambula kungakhale umboni wofunika.
  7. Zindikirani kuti malamulo a boma angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka kuposa Demendment ya boma yachinayi . Mayiko ena amafuna zilolezo za kuyang'anira, mauthenga a m'makalata, kapena kufufuza kwa kusukulu. Kuzoloŵera malamulo a boma lanu ndi malamulo.

ACLU’s Knowledge Your Rights tsamba la web imapereka chidziŵitso cha boma tsatanetsatane ndi makhadi osindikizidwa amene munganyamule.

Kumaliza

Kufufuza ndi kulanda sindizo ufulu walamulo wa malamulo . Kuchokera ku nkhondo ya atsamunda ndi atsamunda kutsutsana ndi zilolezo zamakono za mafoni a m'manja ndi njira ya GPS, Demendment yachinayi ikupitiriza kuzoloŵera ziwopsezo zatsopano zachinsinsi. Aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira nawonso amapindula mwa kuzindikira chitetezo chimenechi, ponse paŵiri monga nkhani ya maphunziro a boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wopindulitsa. Mwa kukhalabe ndi ufulu wanu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wanu mwaulemu, mumathandiza kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu yopitirizabe ya ulamuliro wa malamulo a boma.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani Chilungamo cha Dipatimenti ya kufunafuna ndi kulanda lamulo ndi Cornell LII Demendment [1]. [FLT:]