Demetrition Yachisanu ku United States Constitution imangokhala imodzi ya njira zotetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha m'dongosolo la malamulo la America. Inamangidwa monga mbali ya Bill of Rights mu 1791, imapereka madongosolo a chitetezo amene amachepetsa mphamvu za boma pa nthaŵi ya malamulo ndi kutsimikizira kuti ndi chilungamo. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi a malamulo, mbiri, ndi malamulo, kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira Kombolitsitsa kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense m’malamulo nkofunika kwambiri. (__kumvetsa bwino malamulo a boma komanso kuyamikira malamulo a boma a boma la United States.) Nkhaniyi imapereka mfundo zazikulu za kukonzanso mfundo za kumbuyo kwa FiverPrimeticlement, maziko awo, matanthauzo a mbiri, matanthauzo awo achiweruzo, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zachwiro zamakono.

Kupenda Kukonzanso kwa Gawo Lachisanu

Mpando Wachisanu uli ndi machinjirizo asanu ogwirizana. Mawu ake amaŵerengedwa mwapang'ono: “Palibe munthu amene adzasungidwa kuyankha kaamba ka likulu, kapena upandu wambiri yoipa, pokhapo ngati paperekedwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu wa Grand Jury, ... ... kapena munthu aliyense adzaikidwa ndi mlandu womwewo kuti aikidwe m'ngozi ya moyo kapena chiŵalo; kapena kukakamizidwa m'nkhani iliyonse yaupandu kuti akhale mboni yotsutsana naye, kapena kulandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yalamulo; kapena katundu wachinsinsi kugwiriridwa ntchito yapo, popanda kubwezeredwa. Mawu auchimo. Mpatu wa chiŵeni cha boma: [FUFFU.], ndipo kupyola: [FUFU.]

Mfundo Yaikulu ya Lamulo la Nambala 5

Grand Jury Clause

Grand Jury Clause imafuna kuti milandu yaikulu ya boma iperekedwe pambuyo pa nkhani zazikulu za ajuli itakhala mlandu. Courtair ndi gulu la anthu amene amamva umboni woperekedwa ndi oweruza ndi kusankha kaya kaya chifukwa chothekera chikhalepo kuweruza mlandu. Mawu ameneŵa samagwiritsidwa ntchito kuweruza milandu. Khoti Lapamwamba lochitidwa [[FL:0]] California . . California [1] [1884] [184] kuti Lamulo la 14th Republics Commentstion sumaphatikizapo ziyenero zazikulu za juli. Monga chotulukapo, ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuweruza koyambirira m’malo mwa jumbu yaikulu. Chifuno cha lamulochi chimagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira oimba mlandu, kutsimikizira kuti mlandu wosaperekedwa mwachinyengo kapena kukakamiza munthu wolakwa.

Kukhulupirira Kuti Adzauka

Woweruza Wachiŵiri wa Jeopardy Claus amaletsa boma kuyesa munthu kaŵiri mlandu umodzimodziwo pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa kapena kutsimikizidwa. Chitetezero chimenechi chikaikidwa mu ujuli kapena umboni woyamba kutchedwa pa ben. Chochititsa chachikulu chiripo: Mkhole angaikidwenso ngati mlandu woyamba utha m'mabwalo olakwika, kapena ngati chiweruzirochi chiswa malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi boma (“uchifumu” chiphunzitso). Milandu yonga ngati [[FLT: 0] . Tamburger v. United States [FLT:] (1932]) inakhazikitsa “zinthu zazikulu zoyesera kuti aone ngati malamulo aŵiri ali ofanana pa zifukwa. Chitsimikiziro chomalizira cha kuukira kwaupandu ndi kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kwaunjiri.

Kudzipatula

Kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa “kuyenera kukhala chete,” Supreme Court Claus imalola anthu kukana kuyankha mafunso kapena kupereka umboni umene ungawachititse ku mlandu waupandu. Chitetezero chimenechi chimagwira ntchito osati m’khoti lokha komanso panthaŵi ya mayeso a apolisi, majuli aakulu, ndi kugamula mlandu. Chigamulo cha Supreme Court mu [FL:0] [Manda v. Arizona [1] (666] zimafuna lamulo loletsa kukayikira zimenezi asanakambidwe mlandu wopereka chilango.) tsopano chiŵeruzo cha kulengeza monga ufulu wa anthu. Mawuwo akavumbula umboni wa upandu. M'akulu, gulu la anthu silinawazetsa kutchula kuti likhale ndi mlandu.

Kutenga Claus

Kutenga Claus kumaletsa boma kulanda katundu wachinsinsi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu popanda kulipira. Lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limeneli, lomwe limadziwika monga malo otchuka, limafuna boma kupereka phindu la malonda abwino pamene lilanda katundu wa maprojekiti monga makwalala, masukulu, kapena kutukuka kwa zachuma. Nkhani yotsutsana ndi Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London [200] [200] [magawo] (magwiridwe a ntchito amodzi] kuphatikizapo phindu laumwini limene limapatsa chitaganya, kuyambitsa mkangano wofalikira ndi mayankhidwe a malamulo m'mayiko ambiri. Chikalatacho chimagwiranso ntchito yotenga malo, kumene malamulo a boma amalanda mwini chuma chonse chakugwiritsira ntchito dziko, monga momwe anakhazikitsidwa [FL:] Central York City.[2] Central York City.[3]

Kumvetsa Mozama Mmene Zinthu Zidzayendere

Mtengo wa Fas Claus wa Findre Amendment ndi wochititsa kuchuluka kwake. Imalengeza kuti palibe munthu amene “adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo.” Mawu achidule ameneŵa achititsa kumasulira kokulira kwa lamulo ndipo akhala maziko a zigamulo zambiri zofunika koposa m'mbiri ya Khoti Lapamwamba la America. Kachitidwe kake kamagawidwa kukhala manthambi aŵiri: kachitidwe koyenera ndi kachitidwe koyenera.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kufufuza koyenera kumafuna boma kutsatira njira zolungama lisanamane munthu moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu. Mbali zake zapakati zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso chokwanira, mwaŵi wa kumvedwa, wopanga chigamulo chosatenga mbali, ndi chigamulo cholinga. Mayeso a Khoti Lalikulu kaamba ka njira zofunikira zoperekera zinthuzo (matectiveal productive system , "Mathes] Maws v. Eldidge . [[FLT:]] [6]] [mayeso atatu: chiwongola chaumwini, kuyambukiridwa ndi kuphonya kolakwika pansi pa malamulo amene alipo, ndi chikondwerero cha boma m’zabwino ndi zachuma. Chimagwiritsira ntchito nkhani zimenezi m'makwanitsiriso kwa ophunzirawo kuti apindule ndi chilango chaubwino. Chimatsimikizira kuti anthu oyenerera, osati kukwaniritsa njira yoyenerera, osati kulongosola za malamulo.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chigamulochi chimathandiza kuti ufulu wina ukhalepo pa kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale pamene njira zogwiritsidwa ntchitozo n’zoyenera. Nthambi imeneyi ya ntchito yake ili ndi mbiri yotsutsana. Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, Khoti Lalikulu linagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyenerera kukhazikitsa malamulo a zachuma, monga kuchuluka kwa ola mu [[FLT:] LYM] v. New York [[FLT:] [196] [195]. Nyengoyo inatha ndi njira yachiŵiri yoyenerera yoyambira ya kugwiritsira ntchito ntchito njira yapamanja ya kumanja. [FFOT] [1] [2] Kawiri , ndipo kawirika [4] "kuwonjezera ku . "kuwonjezera kuimodzi. "kuwonjezera, kumbuyoku

Mbiri Yakale ya Mpumulo wa Nachisanu

Demendment yachisanu inayambira ku mbiri ya malamulo ya ku England. Magna Carta (1215) inakhazikitsa kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angagwidwe kapena kuikidwa m’ndende “kusiyapo ndi chiweruzo chololedwa cha anzake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo. Mawuwa anasintha n’kukhala a kachitidwe koyenera. English Bill of Rights (1689) inatetezedwa kwambiri ku ndalama zoberedwa ndi zilango zankhanza. Collage America inachitiridwa nkhanza ndi boma la Britain, kuphatikizapo malamulo aunyinji ndi kukakamiza anthu kugawa m'malamulo andale. James Madison adalemba kuti Complist Reformation ikhale mbali yachisanu ya Bill of Rights , ikujambula miyambo imeneyi ndi zifuniro za misonkhano ya boma. Chilalo chinali cholinga cha kuletsa boma latsopano, kutsutsa ulamuliro wapakati pa mfundo yaikulu.

Milandu Yochititsa Chidwi Yokhudza Lamulo la Nambala 5

Zigamulo zingapo za khoti Lapamwamba zakhudza tanthauzo la Lamulo lachisanu ndi mmene limagwirira ntchito pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

  • Mira v. Arizona[FLT :] (1966) Khoti linavomereza kuti kufunsidwa kwa lamulo kumayambitsa Kusintha kwa Gawo kwa Kudzitsutsa Koyamba, kufuna apolisi kuchenjeza okayikira ufulu wawo wa kutonthola ndi uphungu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasintha njira za apolisi ndipo chimakhalabe mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro aupandu.
  • Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London [1] (2005) (2005) Khotilo linagamula kuti kulanda Claus kulola boma kutenga katundu waumwini kaamba ka kupita patsogolo kwa chuma kumene kumatumikira chifuno cha anthu, ngakhale ngati dzikolo potsirizira pake linasamutsidwira kwa okonza zachinsinsi. Chigamulocho chinapangitsa lamulo kubwerera m’mbuyo ndipo chikupitiriza kukhazikitsa mikangano pa zoyenera za katundu.
  • Brown v. Ohio[FLT :2] (1977] . [[FLT ] M'nkhani ya ngozi yoŵirikizayi, Khoti linagwiritsira ntchito chiwiya cha wilder [ kuyesa kuti atsimikizire kuti chitsimikizo cha kukondweretsa chiletse kumangidwa kwa kuphwanya kwa galimoto, monga umboni womalizira unafuna za mbali zimodzimodzizo.
  • Hurtado v. California (1884): Khoti linagamula kuti malamulo aakulu a juli yachisanu samagwira ntchito ku maboma kudzera m'Chisinthiko cha 14, kulola madongosolo a boma aupandu kugwiritsira ntchito njira zina zopezera ndalama.
  • MAWs v. Elditridge [1] (77): Mlanduwu unachititsa mayeso atatu olinganiza a njira yoyenerera ya procedtura, imene makhoti amagwiritsa ntchito kugamula kuti aone ngati boma likufuna kuthetsa mapindu monga malipiro opunduka.

Nkhani zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti First Amendment inali yofala ndiponso kuti ingathe kusinthiratu zinthu zatsopano pamene ikusunga mfundo zofunika kwambiri.

Kufunsiridwa kwa Lamulo Lachisanu la Chilamulo Chamakono

Chiyambukiro pa Chilungamo cha Apandu

Chitetezero cha Fite Amendment n’chomwe chimaonekera kwambiri m'dongosolo la milandu. Machenjezo a Miranda akhala a chikhalidwe, akutsimikizira kuti olingalirawo adziŵa kuti angakhale chete ndi kupempha loya. Nkhani za kusagwirizana kwa munthu ndi mmodzi zimabuka pofufuza za dzuŵa, kumene anthu angapemphe kuti apereke chikalata chachisanu kuti apeŵe kumbuyo kwa ajuli aakulu kapena kulephera kwa apandu. Zotsatira za Jeopardy Clause zikhoza kutsendereza ozengedwa mlanduwo ndi kuletsa boma kuletsa oimbidwa mlanduwo omasulidwa, ngakhale ngati patakhala umboni watsopano. Plea akambirana, zimene zimatsimikizira kuti apandu ambiri, akugwira ntchito mthunzi wa otetezera ameneŵa. Kuzengedwa mlanduwo, iwo sakhoza kuyesedwanso, ngakhale kuyesedwa pambuyo pa kuyesedwa kwa mlandu.

Chilamulo cha Chiŵeniŵeni ndi Kupitiriza kwa Ulamuliro

Malamulo a boma afunika kupitirira pa malamulo a upandu. Mabungwe a boma ayenera kupereka mayeso abwino pamene akukana malaisensi, mapindu, kapena kupereka chilango. Kutenga Claus kumakhudza eni ake a katundu amene ali ndi ulamuliro wotchuka kapena malamulo oletsa malo. Otsutsa amanena kuti machitidwe a boma (monga ngati ziletso zopanda chilungamo) osungira katundu a anthu. Kusintha kwa zinthu kumasonkhezeranso kulandidwa ndi boma, kumene boma limalanda katundu wolingaliridwa kukhala wogwirizanitsidwa ndi upandu. Otsutsa akuti kulephera kuyendetsa zinthu za m'dziko kukhoza kunyalanyaza njira yofunikira kubwezera katundu wawo.

Kudzipatula pa Maziko

Umisiri umapereka mavuto atsopano pa kudzigwirizanitsa kwa Self-Incrimination Claus . Kodi wokayikiridwayo akukakamizika kutsegula foni? Khoti Lapamwamba linalankhula zimenezi mu Carplate v. United States (2014]), kunyamula kuti apolisi amafunikira chilolezo cha kupezera mafaelo a selo-m'maselo. Komabe, nkhani ya kukakamizidwa kutsendedwa kwa makompyuta [1] Kutetezera chilolezocho. Makhoti ena akhulupirira kuti kupereka chilo ndi kukambitsirana koyenera ndipo chifukwa chake, pamene ena akusiyanitsa pakati pa kumasulira chilo ndi kupanga mfungulo. Umboni wa pulogalamu idzakhala yoyesera malamulo, mafunsowa adzapitiriza kuyesa malire a Findmermer.

Zopereka za Maphunziro Zophunzitsira Kukonzanso kwa Gawo Lachisanu

Kuphunzitsa mwachipambano Lamulo Lolinganiza Lachisanu kumafuna kuloŵetsamo ophunzira ndi malemba ake, mbiri, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito.

  • Kupenda kwa Kuphunzira: Kusanthula nkhani zosintha zinthu monga [[FLT :2] Mira, Kelo , ndi Maws amalola ophunzira kuona mfundo za makhalidwe ovuta kugwira ntchito. [[FTT:8] projects [FLT]OYEZ] imapereka zojambula ndi kufotokoza mawu a khoti lalikulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Comment=Kuphunzira zojambula zoyambirira za James Madison, makambitsirano a boma, ndi buku lachingelezi la Courbes limathandiza ophunzira kulondola mzera wa nzeru. [[FLT:] Consitution Annoted [FLT:] kuchokera ku laibulale ya Congress imapereka ndemanga zodalirika.
  • Khoti la Moot: Kutsutsa khoti Lapamwamba pa nkhani ya Kusintha kwa Gawo 5 [1] monga ngati ngati apolisi angakakamize wokayikira kupereka chida cha m'manja kuti atsegule foni . kumangitsa maluso a zamagetsi ndi a kupeputsa.
  • Adves Applications zamakono: Kutsatira mikangano yapanthaŵi ino] monga mikangano yapamwamba ya pa chigawo, malamulo a akuluakulu akutaya, kapena makambitsirano onena za kusonkhanitsa DNA kokakamiza, amagwirizanitsa kusintha kwa miyoyo ya ophunzira.
  • Pakhonde ndi Mavidiyo: Malo Oikidwiratu amtundu akupereka ziŵiya zothandizirana, kusinthana kwa akatswiri, ndi makonzedwe a phunziro pa Kukonzanso Koyamba ndi malamulo ena a Ufulu.

Mwa kugwirizanitsa nkhani za m’mbiri ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwamakono, aphunzitsi angathandize ophunzira kumvetsetsa Lamulo Lachisanu Lowonjezera osati monga chotsala cha 1791 koma monga chitsimikiziro cha moyo cha chilungamo chimene chimasintha ndi chitaganya.

Kumaliza

Demetrition yachisanu idakali maziko a ufulu walamulo la America. Malamulo ake asanu oyenera kuperekedwa . Pamene zigamulo zatsopano zibuka kuchokera ku umisiri wa oweruza, kuopsa kwa kampani, njira yodzitetezera, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito . Makhoti ndi opanga malamulo adzapitirizabe kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Demendment yachisanu. Kwa awo amene amaphunzira malamulo kapena kuphunzitsa malamulo, kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa kukwaniritsa lamulo limeneli sikuli kokha kukonzekera kofunika kaamba ka kukhala nzika zaunzika. Mapangano achisanu a kutetezera boma, chisungiko cha dziko, ndi kusintha kwa chuma, makhoti ndi opanga malamulo adzapitirizabe kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito Demende. Kwawo kwa ophunzira malamulo kapena kuphunzitsa malamulo a boma, kulimba kwa maphunziro ameneŵa sikuli kukonzekera kofunikira kwenikweni kwa kukhala nzika yaungwe. Mapangano achisanu a kutetezera boma kwa dziko lapansi kwa kuteteza dziko lapansi kwa kupambana kwa kupambana kwa dziko, ndi kukhazikitsa chilungamo kwa zaka mazana ambiri.