Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Ulamuliro Wauyang’aniro

Pulezidenti wa United States wasintha kwambiri kuyambira George Washington atalumbira kuti adzakhale mtsogoleri. Oyang'anira malamulo, akuopa kuyerekezera mphamvu za ufumu zimene anamenyana nazo, kapangidwe ka II kokhala ndi chilankhulo chofala koma chosadziwika bwino. James Madison adatsutsa dala mu Federalist No. 51 kuti mkulu wa madipatimenti akakhala “wofooka kwambiri pa madipatimenti atatu" chifukwa chakuti analibe mphamvu ya bungwe la malamulo ya kampani ndi ufulu wa Judiary. Komabe mbadwo wina, pulezidenti anayamba kukhazikitsa ulamuliro woposa kwambiri umene Atsogoleriwo anayembekezera. Chofunika kutembenuza cha nkhondo ya Civil, New Deal, ndi depart 9 / 11 la boma la zachitetezo.

Kuzindikira chisinthiko chimenechi nkofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira boma la America. Utsogoleri si bungwe lachilendo; umasinthasintha ndi mavuto, maganizo a anthu, ndi zolinga za anthu okhala ndi udindo. Lamulo loyamba linapatsa pulezidenti mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuika nduna za boma (ndi chivomerezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi kutumikira monga mkulu wa asilikali ankhondo. Koma mphamvu zotchulidwa zimenezi zinatsimikizira kukhala zosakwanira pa zofuna za dziko lomakulakula.

Kulinganiza kwa Malamulo

Mfundo II, Gawo 1 zapansi “Mfumu ya ulamuliro” mu pulezidenti mmodzi. Ngakhale kuti kujambula kumeneku kunaimira maulamuliro aakulu. Alexander Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 70, adachirikiza “wolimba” wofunikira ku boma labwino. Lumbiro la pulezidenti la ku“tetezera, kutetezera ndi kutetezera malamulo a Malamulo . Latchulidwa kuti lilungamitse nkhondo kuletsa habeas corpus. Komabe, malamulo a boma amaikanso malire omveka bwino: pulezidenti sangalengeze nkhondo (Chonant ali ndi mphamvu imeneyo), sangapeze ndalama zoyenerera, ndipo ayenera kufunafuna chivomerezo cha mapangano ndi mapangano aakulu.

Zochitika ndi Kufutukuka Koyambirira

George Washington anakhazikitsa zitsanzo zotsutsa, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito mwaŵi waudindo ndi dongosolo la kabati. Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchse (1033) anayesa malamulo . adapeza gawo lalikulu popanda ulamuliro walamulo, kukhazikitsa njira ya pulezidenti. Kugwiritsira ntchito kwa Andrew Jackson monga chiŵiya cha malamulo, mmalo mwa kungofufuza malamulo a boma, kuwonjezera mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka makampani. Jackson adalemba ndalama khumi ndi ziŵiri, kuposa atsogoleri ake onse pamodzi, akutsutsa kuti prezidentiyo ndi nthambi yachigamulo cholingana ndi modzi.

Kukula kodabwitsa kwambiri kunachitika pa nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Abraham Lincoln. Poyang'anizana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu ndi nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, Lincoln analenjeka habeas corpus, anatseka madoko a kummwera, ndi mabwalo ankhondo ololedwa . Iye analungamitsa machitidwe ameneŵa mwa kutchula ntchito yake yosunga . Chikalata cha Lincoln chija chakhala chodziŵika cha ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, choikidwa monga muyezo wa asilikali pansi pa ulamuliro wake wa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wapamwamba. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza ntchito zambiri zimenezi, koma linakhalabe chitsanzo cha maulamuliro aakulu a nkhondo.

Mitundu ya Maulamuliro a Prezidenti Ifotokozedwa

Akatswiri amaika mphamvu za pulezidenti m’mitundu itatu yaikulu: kufotokozedwa, kusonyezedwa, ndi kubadwa kwake.

Mphamvu Zosonyezedwa

Izi zandandalikidwa bwino m'Chigawo II. Zimaphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulamulira asilikali, kupereka zikhululukiro ndi kukhululukira (kusiyapo m'nkhani zosavomerezedwa), kupanga mapangano (ndi chivomerezo cha makoma a mabwalo aŵiri atatu), kukhazikitsa akazembe, oweruza Amilandu Yapamwamba, ndi maofesala ena (ndi kutsimikiziridwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi kulandira akazembe achilendo. Mphamvu zosonyezedwa zimapanga malo a ulamuliro wa akuluakulu, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zosadziŵika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti ndi “Mtsogoleri wa Gulu la Nkhondo ndi Gulu la Nkhondo za M’madzi . Koma malamulo safotokoza chimene chimatanthauza m’nthaŵi ya mtendere kapena nkhondo zochepetsedwa.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito

Kuchokera ku Imone and Theological Claus (Mfundo I, Gawo 8) limodzi ndi Vessing Claus of Article II, mphamvu zoperekedwa zimalola pulezidenti kuchita ntchito zosandandandaldwa koma zofunika kulengeza maulamuliro. Khoti Lapamwamba linazindikira lamulo limeneli mu mu Reeagle [1890]), kulamulira kuti pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro woposa lamulo lolamulira potetezera akuluakulu a boma. Zitsanzo zamakono zikuphatikizapo kulengedwa kwa Ofesi ya Pulezidenti ya Pulezidenti (EOP) mu 1939, imene inakulitsa mphamvu ya uyang'aniro kuposa bungwe loyamba.

Mphamvu Zimene Anazibadwa Nazo

Awa ndi maulamuliro amene amagwirizanitsa malo ndi mkhalidwe wake monga mkulu wa dziko lolamulira. Mphamvu zachibadwa zimaposa zonse ziŵiri zosonyezedwa ndi zosonyezedwa. Amapemphedwa kaŵirikaŵiri pamavuto a mtundu. Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt amavomereza lamulo la mkulu la kugwirizanitsa a ku Japanian (Uyang'A utsogoleri 9066) adadalira mphamvu zachibadwa zankhondo, pambuyo pake adachirikizidwa mu Korematsu v. United States [1] (194). Nkhani za kuukira kwa dziko la Japan ndi maprogramu ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchula za ulamuliro waudindo waudindo pa chisungiko cha dziko.

Makina Opanga Zosachitidwa: Malamulo Olamulira ndi Meyranda

Malamulo a akuluakulu ali pakati pa ziŵiya zowoneka kwambiri za ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Ndizo malamulo ovomerezeka operekedwa kwa mabungwe a boma popanda chilolezo chalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni sitchula malamulo a akuluakulu, iwo amachokera ku ntchito ya pulezidenti II ya “kusamalira kuti Malamulo aperekedwe mokhulupirika." M'mbiri, malamulo a akulu a boma anagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka kuyang'anira kwanthaŵi zonse. Koma m'zaka za zana la 20, iwo anakhala magalimoto kaamba ka masinthidwe aakulu a ka kachitidwe ka ka ka ka kachitidwe ka zinthu.

Pulezidenti Harry Truman anagwiritsira ntchito Lamulo la Uyang'aniro 9981 kuchotsa magulu ankhondo. Pulezidenti Barack Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoomers (DACA) anatetezera mamiliyoni a osamukira osaneneredwa kuti asamutsidwe. Donald Trump anapereka malamulo a akuluakulu a za kusamukira, malonda, ndi kuchotsa lamulo. Malamulo a boma ali ndi malire: iwo sangatsutse malamulo amene alipo, ndipo Msonkhano ungawachotse ndi malamulo. Makhoti angawagwetse. Ndiponso, woloŵa mmalo angawabwezeretse ndi stroketi ya pepala.

Prezidenti wa ntchito ndi zilengezo zimatumikira zifuno zofanana koma kaŵirikaŵiri nzosachitidwa bwino. Metranda kaŵirikaŵiri amalunjika ntchito zauyang'aniro ndipo samafalitsidwa mu Federal Register. Zonenazo ziri kwenikweni zamwambo (monga ngati kulengeza za National Dog Day) koma zingatenge mphamvu yalamulo (monga ngati Emancipation Proclation). Onsewa, zida za amenternate media zimalola mapresitivessss kudutsa mapygio otsended , komanso zimaitananso mapangano andale ndi alamulo.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Dongosolo la mayeso ndi kulinganiza lalinganizidwa kuletsa mabwana akuluakulu. Nyumba ya Malamulo imakhala ndi njira zambiri: zingachepetse ndalama zoyendetsera, kuchotsapo masunagoge, kuyang'anira, ndi kuuza pulezidenti. Oweruza angalengeze machitidwe a akuluakulu a boma popanda kugawana ndi boma. Komabe, machekewa amagwira ntchito zosayenera. Nyumba za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimanyalanyaza prezidenti pa malamulo a maiko ena, ndipo makhoti amaopa kuloŵerera mu “mafunso a zandale kapena nkhani za chitetezo cha dziko.

Zida za Msonkhano: Mphamvu ya Kugula ndi Kuyang’anira

Constitution imapatsa ulamuliro pa Congress. Ngati pulezidenti ayamba ndawala yankhondo yosaloledwa, Congress angakane kuisunga. Izi zinachitika pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, pamene Nyumba ya Malo a Nkhondo inapereka chigamulo cha Prezidenti Nixon, kuyesa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya pulezidenti yochita zinthu popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi boma. Komabe pulezidenti aliyense kuyambira pamene anatsutsa chigamucho kutsutsa ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Olamulira a kuwonjezera kumva, subpoenas, ndi kufufuza kupitirizabe. Kulimbana pakati pa udindo waukulu ndi Conglianion kuli kuyang'anira kobwerezanso kwa lamulo, monga momwe kuwonekera mkati mwa kuswa kwa Watergatation ndi kuyang'anira tauni ya Trump.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Malire Ake

Khoti Lapamwamba lili ndi mphamvu yopendanso zochita za pulezidenti. Milandu ya Landmark imaphatikizapo Ang’onoang’ono Comment Comment; Tube Co. Saayer (1952), imene inatseka Prezidenti Truman kugwidwa ndi zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya Korea. Mapangano a Robert Jackson anakhazikitsa dongosolo lotchuka: mphamvu ya prezida iri pamlingo wake pamene ikugwira ntchito ndi chilolezo cha bungwe lolamulira, pamene ikuchita motsutsana ndi Congress Congress , ndi “m'theetice ya madengue" pamene msonkhano wa Korea wakhala chete. Malamulo ameneŵa amakhazikitsabe apamwamba ofufuza audindo apamwamba.

Koma kupenda kwachiweruzo nkwakuchedwa ndi kochitapo kanthu. Mapresidenti angachitepo kanthu choyamba; makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amatenga zaka zambiri kulamulira. Ndiponso, Bwalo Lapamwamba lapereka ufulu waukulu kwa pulezidenti m'nkhani zachilendo, monga mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp.[FLP] [1931] (1936), limene linatcha pulezidenti “chiŵalo cha boma la boma la boma m'mayanjano a maiko onse.

Kutsutsa: Kusintha Koipitsitsa kwa Ndale Zadziko

Kuvomereza kuli njira ziŵiri: mavoti a pa Nyumba pa nkhani za kusamvera (mwa anthu ambiri), ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ikuchita mlandu wofuna mavoti aŵiri mwa atatu kuti aikidwe ndi kuchotsedwa. Mapresidenti atatu okha ndi amene aperekedwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump wiri), ndipo palibe amene anaimbidwa mlandu ndi Khoti. Mphamvu ya kukana ndiyo chida chophera, chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuchotsa mokulira.

Mphamvu ya Prezidenti ku Crises: Kuchokera ku Lincoln Kufikira ku Covid - 19

Mkhalidwe wangozi wa dziko lonse wafutukula ulamuliro wa pulezidenti. Kuletsa kwa Abraham Lincoln kwa a habeas corpus ndi kugwiritsira ntchito magulu ankhondo kunakhazikitsa chitsanzo. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal ndi War II adawona kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Iye anapereka maoda oposa 3,700 a akuluakulu a boma ndipo adapanga mabungwe onga ngati Ofesi ya War Information ndi War Production Board popanda ulamuliro wachinduku.

Posachedwapa, 9 / 11 auchigaŵenga anatsogolera ku Chikalata cha Chikalata cha Kugwiritsa Ntchito Gulu la Military Act mu 2001, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inadutsa mobwerezabwereza. Mapresidenti a magulu onse aŵiriwa agwiritsa ntchito AUMF kulungamitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi magulu a zigaŵenga m’mayiko ambiri, ndi kuvomereza maprogramu olondera pansi pa USA PATRIOTTT Act . Mliri wa 19 anaona prezidenti akugwiritsira ntchito Defence Production Act, kuletsa maulendo, ndi mabungwe a boma kuchotsa nkhondo ya katemera. Tsoka lililonse limachirikiza: Congress amapereka ulamuliro wa kanthaŵi kochepa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mapresidenti amakana kuletsa kuchitikako.

Nkhondo Zapanthaŵi Ino pa Mphamvu ya Uyang’aniro

Malo angapo ongoyerekezera amalongosola makambitsirano a lerolino onena za ulamuliro wa pulezidenti.

Mwaŵi Waukulu ndi Kulamulira Chidziŵitso

Mapulani anena kuti ali ndi ufulu wokana chidziŵitso kwa Congress ndi makhoti kuti ateteze malangizo achinsinsi. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza mwayi umenewu ku United States v. Nixon . Koma linakana chinenezo chotheratu. M'zochitika zamakono, Nyumba za Malamulo zimatsutsa mwayi wapamwamba, zomwe zimachititsa kuti anthu aike pa mlandu wochita chinsinsi ndi kuima kwa ndale. Mwachitsanzo, boma la Biden, linapempha udindo wa akuluakulu kutseka mapepala ena okhudza Afghanistan Revon.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Gulu la Asilikali Popanda Malamulo

Pangano la zankhondo la Par Sowers Resolution la patadakhale maola 48 pochita nkhondo ndi kuwachotsa pambuyo pa masiku 60 popanda kuloledwa. Zomwe zikuchitika nzakuti, mapresidenti a Libya kaŵirikaŵiri apitirira malire ameneŵa. Kuloŵerera kwa mu 2011 kwa pulezidenti Obama sikunapeze chilolezo cha bungwe, ndipo akuluakulu a boma anatsutsa kuti ntchitoyo siipanga “maupandu.” Kupha kwa General wa Iran Qassem Soleamin kochitidwa ndi Pulezidenti Durump anadzutsa mafunso ofanana ndi ameneŵa. Nthaŵi zambiri bungwe la AUMF lakhala likuyesa kukonzanso kapena kukonzanso AUF, koma sizinapambane.

Kusamuka ndi Kugonjetsa

Mapulani agwiritsira ntchito ntchito njira zapamwamba kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusamuka. Chiletso cha Oma chinaima pa Makolo a ku America (DAPA) chinatsekerezedwa ndi makhoti mu [FLT: 0] United States v. Texas (2020). Chiletso cha Trump chinayang'anizana ndi malamulo ambiri achisilamu ndi kupulumuka m'makhoti Apamwamba mu [FLT:] trump v. Hawaii . [FLT: 3] (20). Biden adasintha ). Mapangano ambiri a Trump-era komanso anakumananso ndi mavuto a khoti kuti athetse “Malamulo a ku Mexico" lamulo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza malire a khoti la paungwe lachiaaawe:

Kusintha kwa Ndale ndi Kukula kwa Ulamuliro

Gridlock mu Congress yasonkhezera kwambiri mapresidenti kuchita zinthu popanda kugamulapo. Pamene malamulo ali osatheka, mapulezidenti amagwiritsa ntchito maofisala a akuluakulu, ntchito, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kuti akwaniritse zolinga za malamulo. Chikhoterero chimenechi ndi chikiparti ndi kudzipatsa. Pulezidenti aliyense akuwonjezera ku nyumbayo, ndipo pulezidenti wotsatira akuigwiritsa ntchito pa zolinga zosiyana. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa zimenezi kuti kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo kumachitika popanda kutsutsana kwa boma.

Chotulukapo chake ndicho utsogoleri wamphamvu ndi wofooka. Mapresidenti angakwaniritse zambiri mwa kuchita ntchito yaudindo, koma zochita zimenezo nthaŵi zonse zimakhala zosavuta kusintha, kuvomereza, kapena kutsogolera. Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro kumatsutsanabe, kumapangidwa ndi nkhani zachindunji, kupangidwa kwa Congress, ndi kulekerera kwa anthu kaamba ka kuyambika kwa utsogoleri.

Chiphunzitso cha Bungwe Logwirizanitsa

Chiphunzitso chomakulakula cha lamulo ndi ndale zadziko chimatsutsa “bwana wamkulu wa boma” . Nthanthi yakuti pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wonse pa nthambi ya boma ndipo angachotsepo mkulu aliyense popanda chifukwa. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chinatchulidwa ndi Pulezidenti Trump panthaŵi yoyamba ya kulephera kwake ndi Pulezidenti Biden pokhazikitsa ulamuliro wa bungwe. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kudalira mabungwe monga FBI ndi Federal Reserve. Khoti Lapamwamba silinavomereze mokwanira chiphunzitsocho, koma zigamu zaposachedwapa monga [[FLT: 0] Law. LALLC v. Consumer Fility Bureal Bereal Bureault [FLD:20]

Kumaliza: Kutsutsana Kokhalitsa

Mphamvu ya desitala si yokhazikika kapena yosasintha. Zikatere zimapangidwa ndi malembo alamulo, zochitika za m'mbiri, ndi kuphatikizidwa kwa mabungwe a ndale zadziko. Ophunzira a boma la America ayenera kuzindikira kuti mphamvu ya maulamuliro aakulu ndi mphamvu yaikulu . Kufalikira m'mavuto, kulowa m'nthaŵi yamtendere, ndi kutsutsana nthaŵi zonse ndi Congress ndi makhoti. Pamene mavuto atsopano akubuka / kuchokera ku ziwopsezo za kusintha kwa nyengo, madesiki a pulezidenti adzapitirizabe kuyesedwa. Kumvetsetsa chisinthiko chimenechi si ntchito yongophunzitsa chabe; nkofunika kuti munthu akhale nzika mu demokrase kumene mkulu wa boma amachita mbali yaikulu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani [[FLT: 0] Chikalata cholembedwa cha kusanthula tsatanetsatane wa Mfundo II. American Bar Association’s Division for Public Education [[FLT: 3]] chikumapereka chuma pa kusiyanitsa maulamuliro. Zitsanzo za mbiri yakale zalembedwa kwambiri mu [FLT: 4.] National Archives communtion of the org of the