Chiyambi cha Ulamuliro wa Boma

Chitaganya chirichonse chimakhazikitsa dongosolo la malamulo ndi mabungwe kusamalira nkhani za gulu ndi kuthetsa mikangano. Chigwirizano chimenechi — chodziŵika monga boma — chimasunga mphamvu zazikulu pa miyoyo ya nzika, kuchokera ku misonkho imene amakhoma ku maufulu amene amasangalala nawo. Kumvetsetsa kwenikweni maulamuliro a boma, kumene amachokera, ndipo mathayo amene amanyamula ali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya kukhala nzika ya ufumu mu ufumu wa demokrase. Chitsogozo chimenechi chimapereka kuyang'anitsitsa kwatsatanetsatane wa mfundo zimenezi, kupereka chithunzi chatsatanetsatane kaamba ka ophunzira, aphunzitsi, ndi aliyense wofuna kumvetsetsa makina a kulamulira.

Asanapende maulamuliro a boma, nkovuta kumvetsetsa kumene kuli. Maganizo andale a Kumadzulo kwenikweni amatsata kuyenera kwa boma pa pangano la kakhalidwe ka anthu. Oganiza onga Thomas Hobbes, m'ntchito yake Leviathan [1], adatsutsa kuti popanda boma, moyo ungakhale unzake wa anthu onse, Appritation , Actrido; kutsogolera anthu kupatsa ufulu wina ku ulamuliro posinthana nawo chitetezo. John Locke anayeretsa maziko ameneŵa, kutsimikizira kuti ntchito yaikulu ya boma ndiyo kuteteza ufulu wachilengedwe &mdash, moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma. Ngati boma lalephera ntchito imeneyi kapena mphamvu zake, lopanda mphamvu, anthu achitapo kanthu, asintha ufuluwo kuti alowe mmalo ake.

Lingaliro limeneli linasintha kukhala lamulo la “ kuvomereza kwa olamulidwa, ” lingaliro la maziko lozikidwa pa Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa United States. Ulamuliro wa boma, polingalira zimenezi, si wachibadwa kapena woikidwa ndi Mulungu koma waperekedwa pamwamba pa anthu. Nthumwi zimenezi zimaikidwa mwalamulo, zimene panthaŵi imodzi zimapatsa mphamvu boma ndi kuika malire okhwima pa ilo. Lamulo la lamulo limachokera ku panganoli: palibe aliyense, osati ngakhale nduna yaikulu koposa ya boma, ili pamwamba pa lamulolo. Zimenezi zimasiyana mwachindunji ndi “ kulamulira kwa anthu, ” kumene mphamvu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwalamulo ndi popanda kuunjikana.

Mphamvu Zoperekedwa ndi Maboma Olamulira

Pamene kuli kwakuti mphamvu za boma zachindunji zingasiyane malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka lamulo, mphamvu zina zimabadwa ku lingaliro lenileni la boma lolamulira.

Mphamvu za Apolisi

Ngakhale kuti pali dzina lake, apolisi amatchula za boma lotchedwa ’ likulu la kulamulira makhalidwe ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo m’gawo lake lotetezera thanzi, chisungiko, makhalidwe, ndi moyo wabwino wa nzika zake. Mphamvu imeneyi ndiyo maziko a malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu onse, kumanga malamulo a zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi malamulo oyendetsera zinthu. M'dongosolo la boma la United States, mphamvu za apolisi zimasungidwa makamaka kaamba ka maboma a boma.

Mphamvu ya Msonkho

Mphamvu ya misonkho ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa boma lililonse. Imapereka ndalama zofunikira kuti boma lizipereka ntchito zina zonse, kuyambira pa kudziteteza kwa dziko lonse mpaka ku sukulu za boma. Fiscal — kugwiritsira ntchito kwa boma ndi misonkho — ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri cholamulira. Ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kusonkhezera chuma chofooka, kufalitsa chuma kuti chithetse kusalingana, kapena kulepheretsa makhalidwe ena mwa kuchotsa misonkho pa zinthu zonga fodya ndi zakumwa zoledzetsera.

Dera lapamwamba

Ulamuliro wa boma ndi mphamvu ya kulanda katundu wachinsinsi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu, ngati kulipiriridwa kwa mwiniwake. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pomanga nyumba monga misewu, njanji, masukulu a anthu onse, ndi zinthu zina zothandizira. Kusintha kwachisanu mu U.S. malamulo a boma amafuna kuti kutengedwa kwa ma “ public agwiritsire ntchito ” ndi kuti &lquo; malipiro ongoperekedwa, miyezo imene yaperekedwa mopambanitsa, makamaka ponena za maprojekiti a kuyendetsa zinthu zachuma omwe amasamutsira dziko kuchokera kwa mwini wachinsinsi wina kwa wina.

Lamulo la Mayiko Akunja ndi Kuteteza Dziko

Maboma ali ndi mphamvu yokha ya kuchita malamulo achilendo, kuloŵa m’mapangano, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa kusamukira m’dziko. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ali ofunika kusungitsa chisungiko cha dziko ndi kugwirizana ndi chitaganya cha dziko lonse. Uchifumu umapatsanso maboma ufulu wa kutetezera malire awo ndi kuimira dziko lawo m’mabungwe a mitundu yonse.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu: Kuletsa Kuika M’tsogolo Ulamuliro

Kuletsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mphamvu yotheratu, mademokrase ambiri amakono amagaŵa ulamuliro wa boma kukhala nthambi zitatu zosiyana: malamulo, maulamuliro oyendetsa zinthu, ndi achiweruzo. Dongosolo limeneli limadziŵika kukhala kusiyanitsa maulamuliro ndipo limagwirizanitsidwa ndi dongosolo lolimba la macheke ndi malingana. Nthambi ya malamulo iri ndi thayo la kupanga malamulo, nthambi yauyang'anira kaamba ka kuwakhazikitsa, ndi nthambi yachiweruzo yomasulira. Ankhondo amphamvu ameneŵa ndi kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kuyang’anira ena.

Maulamuliro Olamulira

Nyumba ya malamulo — Cornor ku United States — ndiikugwira ntchito ndi mphamvu kupanga malamulo. Ilo limaimira chifuno cha anthu kupyolera mwa oimira osankhidwa. Mphamvu zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kulinganiza bajeti, kukhazikitsa mapangano a akuluakulu ndi oweruza, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu. Ku U.S., Nyumba ya Malamulo imagawidwa kukhala Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, aliyense wokhala ndi magawo ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana.

Maulamuliro Aukulu

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti, ili ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa ndi kuyendetsa malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Nthambi imeneyi imagwiritsira ntchito lamulo la boma ndipo imaphatikizapo boma lalikulu la boma — bungwe la boma— limene limasamalira zonse kuchokera ku mapaki a dziko lapansi kufikira ku maprogramu a boma. Mtsogoleriyo amalamuliranso malamulo akunja, amatumikira monga Mkulu wa asilikali a zida, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu ya kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi Congress.

Mphamvu za Oweruza

Oweruza amamasulira malamulo ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito ku milandu ina. Mwa mphamvu ya kupenda milandu, makhoti angalengeze malamulo kapena zochita za mabwana popanda lamulo, kulephera kutero. Mphamvu imeneyi imachititsa oweruza kuyang'anira nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Imatsimikizira kuti zochita zonse za boma zikugwirizana ndi lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo.

Njira Yoyendera Yolumikizira

Mantha samagwira ntchito modzipatula. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma Congress angaike lamulolo ndi chisankho chachikulu. Pulezidenti amasankha oweruza a boma, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira. Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kutsutsa ndi kuchotsa Pulezidenti kapena akuluakulu ena a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lingaphulitse malamulo operekedwa ndi Mabungwe ndi kusainidwa ndi Pulezidenti. Dongoli la onseli limalinganizidwa kukakamiza kuvomereza ndi kutetezera ulamuliro wankhanza. [[FLT: 0] Nduna ya boma USA.goval imapereka mafotokozedwe akuyansi a mmene nthambi zitatu za boma zimachitira zinthu.

Magulu Ogwirizana: Kugaŵa Mphamvu Mosiyanasiyana

Kupyola pa kugaŵikana kokulira kwa maulamuliro kunthambi, chigwirizano cha boma chimagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola ufulu wa dziko pa nkhani zambiri pamene akusunga umodzi wa mtundu pa nkhani zofanana. Lamulo la U.S. limakhazikitsa dongosolo la ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri zimene boma la boma ndi maboma onsewo ali ndi ulamuliro wodziimira.

Mphamvu Zosalimba, Zoimirira, ndi Zokhalapo

Maulamuliro a boma, amaloŵa m'magulu atatu aakulu. Maulamuliro apadera ndi amene apatsidwa mwachindunji ku boma la dziko ndi Malamulo, monga mphamvu yokhoma ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kukweza gulu lankhondo. Maulamuliro achikhalire, otetezedwa ndi Malamulo a Khumi, ndi aja amene sapatsidwa ku boma kapena kuletsedwa ku mayiko; ameneŵa akuphatikizapo mphamvu za maphunziro, boma, ndi apolisi akomweko. Maboma onsewa ndi amene amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito mayiko ndi maboma, monga mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kumanga misewu, ndi kukhazikitsa makhoti.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Zofunika ndi Zoyenera za Claus

Pamene kuli kwakuti sananenedwe mwachindunji mu Konsichushoni, maulamuliro otchulidwa amalingaliridwa kukhala “ oyenerera ndi oyenerera A ” kukwaniritsa mphamvu zoŵerengedwa. Mlandu wa Bwalo Lapamwamba Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (1819) imatsimikizira chiphunzitso chimenechi, kugwiritsira ntchito kukhazikitsidwa kwa banki ya dziko monga chitsanzo chachikulu. Ulamuliro wa maulamuliro ameneŵa umachokera ku Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, Classione 18 cha Malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa Elmastic Claus.

Chilombo Chotchuka Kwambiri

Pamene lamulo la boma ndi lamulo la boma likutsutsana mwachindunji, lamulo la boma limakhala lapamwamba kwambiri pansi pa Supremacy Claus wa U.S. Malemba a U.S. Constitution pa National Archives amafotokoza mmene mawu ameneŵa amaikiratu malamulo a Konsichushoni ndi malamulo a boma kukhala lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Komabe, unansi wa pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro umasintha nthaŵi zonse, kutsogolera ku mikangano yopitirizabe ndi nkhondo zalamulo pa kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro.

Udindo wa Boma Lamakono

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za boma moyenera kumadalira pa kukwaniritsa mokhulupirika ntchito zake kwa nzika zake.

Kupezerapo Vuto la Kusoŵa Ntchito M’banja

Ntchito yaikulu ya boma lililonse ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa apolisi kuti aziwatsatira, ndiponso kukhazikitsa makhoti ndi kukonza njira zothetsera mavuto kuti athetse kuphwanya malamulo.

Kuteteza Anthu Onse

Kuteteza dziko ku ziwopsezo za kunja kuli ntchito yaikulu ya boma la dzikolo. Izi zimaphatikizapo kusunga magulu ankhondo, kuchititsa maunansi ndi mitundu ina, ndi kuyang’anira mabungwe a luntha. Cholinga chake ndicho kuteteza dziko la A’ ulamuliro ndi kuteteza nzika zake ku chiwawa kapena kukakamiza anthu achilendo.

Kuchirikiza Chitukuko Chachikulu

Udindo waukulu umenewu umaphatikizapo mautumiki osiyanasiyana. Maboma amamanga ndi kusunga dongosolo lovuta kwambiri monga misewu, maulalo, ndi mapulogalamu amagetsi. Amachirikiza maphunziro a anthu onse, amapereka chitetezo cha anthu kudzera m'maprogramu monga Inshuwalansi ya Social Security ndi ulova, ndi kuyendetsa makampani kutetezera ogula, antchito, ndi malo okhala. Mwa zochita zimenezi, boma limachita monga wopereka ndalama wamkulu m'dzikolo ’ limapereka thanzi ndi kulemera kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Kusunga Madalitso a Ufulu

Mwinamwake imodzi ya ntchito zopatulika koposa za boma m'chitaganya chaufulu iri chitetezo cha ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Izi zimatanthauza kutetezera ufulu wa anthu monga ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, ndi nyuzipepala. Imaphatikizaponso kutetezera ufulu wa anthu a magulu ochepa ku tsankho ndi kutsimikizira njira zoyenerera za lamulo kotero kuti boma lisachotse munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda njira zoyenerera ndi zowonekera bwino. Kusintha konga ACLU kumapereka zitsogozo zomveka bwino pa ufulu wa munthu aliyense amene amathandiza nzika kuzindikira zitetezero zimenezi. [FT:1]

Udindo wa Unzika m’Republic Democratic Republic

Boma “ la anthu, ndi anthu a ” limafunikira kutengamo mbali mokangalika kwa nzika zake. Ufulu umene tili nawo uli ndi mathayo omwe amathandiza kuchirikiza dongosolo la demokalase kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Unzika suli chabe; uli mbali yokangalika.

Kutengamo Mbali Mwaluso

Demokalase imathandiza kwambiri ngati anthu auzidwa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuwonjezera pa mitu ya nkhani zovuta kumvetsa, oyembekezera kufufuzidwa ndi malo awo a zalamulo, ndi kukayikira kumene kuli chidziŵitso. Wosankha wosazindikira angasokoneze ndi kusankha njira zolakwika. Aphunzitsi amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokonzekeretsa ophunzira ndi luso la kulingalira lofufuza zinthu zandale.

Ntchito Zake

Ntchito zina zimafunika ndi lamulo kapena nzofunika kuti dongosolo ligwire ntchito. Kutumikira pa juli kuli kuyang'anira kofufuza mphamvu ya boma mkati mwa nthambi yachiweruzo. Kukhoma misonkho kuli mtengo wa kuloledwa kwa chitaganya chamakono. Kumvera lamulo kuli pangano lalikulu la pangano la kakhalidwe. Nthaŵi zina ntchito zimenezi, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina zolemetsa, ndizo zopereka zofunika kwa nzika ku bungwe la kudzilamulira.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Malamulo a Mtundu Wosiyanasiyana

Kupyola pa ntchito zalamulo, nzika zodzipereka m'midzi yawo, kupezeka pa misonkhano ya m'holo ya tauni, kukumana ndi oimira awo osankhidwa, ndi kutengamo mbali m'zochititsa zimene amasamalira. Iwo angathamange ntchito za m'boma. Mabungwe monga Chigwirizano cha Akazi amalimbikitsa kutengamo mbali kodziŵitsidwa ndi kokangalika m'boma kupyolera mwa maphunziro ndi makampani olembetsa. Mapangano okangalika ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti boma likhalebe lovomereza zosoŵa ndi mapindu a anthu amene limatumikira.

Mavuto a M’tsogolo a Kulamulira ndi Kugwira Bwino Ntchito kwa Boma

Zaka za zana la 21 zimapereka zitokoso zapadera zimene zimayesa dongosolo lamwambo la maulamuliro a boma ndi mathayo.

Kudalirana kwa Magetsi ndi Kukhala Kokha

Mphamvu ya boma yosonkhanitsa chidziŵitso pa nzika zake yakula mwapadera. Kulinganiza kufunika kwa chisungiko cha dziko ndi kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi munthu payekha kuli nkhondo yaikulu yamakono. Mofananamo, kulamulira makampani a luso la zopangapanga lamphamvu ndi luntha lakupanga kumapereka zitokoso zatsopano kwa matupi a malamulo ndi a makampani amene analinganizidwa a m'nyengo ya kuyambika kwa kugaŵikana.

Mphamvu ya Boma Lolamulira

Nyumba za malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri zimapereka malamulo aakulu ndi kutumiza mawu apadera kwa mabungwe a akuluakulu a boma. Zimenezi zachititsa kuwonjezereka kwa gulu lamphamvu, lopanda dongosolo limene limapanga malamulo ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Otsutsa amatsutsa zimenezi kuswa lamulo la kusiyanitsa maulamuliro, ndipo makhoti akufunsidwa mowonjezereka mafunso audindo ndi malire a ulamuliro wa akuluakulu.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Kulamulira Mayiko

M’dziko logwirizanali, mavuto monga kusintha kwa nyengo, miliri, ndi mavuto a zachuma sangathetsedwe ndi dziko limodzi lokha. Zimenezi zachititsa kuti mayiko akhazikike m’mayiko osiyanasiyana amene amafuna kuti mayiko agwirizane ndi kulamulira. Zimenezi zimachititsa kuti pakhale kusagwirizana pakati pa madongosolo a demokrase a dziko lonse ndi kufunika kwa ntchito zapadziko lonse.

Mapeto: Kulandira Kukhalapo Kosatha kwa Kumvetsetsa

Kuchokera pa nthanthi zachikhalidwe za ku Khirisimasi mpaka pa nkhani zachinsinsi za masiku ano, mafunso ofunika kwambiri a ulamuliro adakalipo akuti: Kodi boma liyenera kuchita chiyani?

Kuzindikira mfundo zazikulu zimenezi ndizo luso lanzeru ndi zofunika. Kutomerana ndi kukhala ndi nzika yodziŵa ndiko kupenda kotheratu kwa kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa ulamuliro. Mwa kuphunzira za nthambi za boma, malamulo a boma, ndi ufulu wotsimikiziridwa ndi malamulo, anthu ali okonzeka bwinopo kutetezera ufulu wawo ndi kuthandizira ku thanzi la demokalase yawo. Ophunzitsa amachita mbali yaikulu m'dongosolo lino mwa kupatsa mbadwo wotsatira nzeru, kugwira ntchito, ndi kukhala ndi phande lathayo m’mayeso osalekeza a kudziyesa.