Lingaliro la kupatukana kwa maulamuliro nlozikidwa pa kapangidwe ka boma la United States. Limatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri, mwakutero kutetezera ufulu ndi zoyenera za nzika. Nkhani ino ikusanthula mbali zazikulu za kulekana kwa maulamuliro, chiyambi chake cha m’mbiri, mmene imagwirira ntchito, ndi ziyambukiro zake kaamba ka demokrase ya Amereka.

Kodi Kupatukana N’kutani?

Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumatanthauza kugaŵidwa kwa mathayo a boma kukhala nthambi zosiyanasiyana kuti nthambi iliyonse isakhale ndi ntchito yaikulu ya ina. Boma la United States lagaŵidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu:

  • [[ML:0] Ifeyo nthambi [[Mbali:1] – Ipanga malamulo
  • [[FULT:0] Nthambi yotsatizana [[[FULT:1] – malamulo okakamiza
  • Nthambi ya judicial – Smanust

Kapangidwe kameneka kanalinganizidwa dala ndi Afonsors a Malamulo kuletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu zimene zinatsogolera ku ulamuliro wa Briteni. James Madison, mobwerezabwereza wotchedwa Atate wa Malamulo, analemba zambiri ponena za kufunika kwa madipatimenti osiyana mu Federalist No. 51 . Iye anatsutsa kuti "Chigamulo chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chitsutse chikhumbo cha munthu" – kutanthauza nthambi iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yokwanira yoyang’anira ena.

Chiyambi cha Mbiri cha Kulekanitsa Mphamvu

Lingalirolo silinayambike ndi Oyambitsa . Wafilosofi Wachifrenchi Montesquieu, m’ntchito yake ya 1748 Mzimu wa Malamulo , wochilikiza kugawa kwa ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko kukhala lamulo, nduna, ndi maweruziro. Dongosolo la Britain panthaŵiyo linali ndi kulekana kochepera, koma Mfumuyo inali idakali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa Malamulo ndi makhoti. Mapolonero a ku America, pokhala ndi ozoloŵera kulanda ulamuliro, anagamulapo kupanga dongosolo kumene mphamvu inali yogawanika.

Pa Constitution ya 1787, nthumwi zinatsutsana za mmene angamangirire boma latsopano. Virginia Plan inalinganiza boma lamphamvu lokhala ndi nthambi zitatu, pamene New Jersey Plan inayanja ulamuliro wofooka. Potsirizira pake kulolerana kunali Konsichushoni monga momwe timadziŵira, ndi Nkhani I, II, ndi II kulenga nthambi zitatu ndi kutchula mphamvu zawo.

Nthambi Yolamulidwa: Mfundo I

Nthambi ya malamulo imakhazikitsidwa ndi Mfundo I ya Malamulo ndipo ili ndi thayo la kupanga malamulo ndipo ili ndi nyumba ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Nyumba ya Oimira. Onse pamodzi, amapanga United States Congress.

Maziko a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Nyumba za Malamulo zili ndi izi:

  • Ifenate : Inapangidwa ndi masenator 100, aŵiri kuchokera ku boma lililonse, akutumikira mawu a zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Nyumba ya Malamulo inalinganizidwa kuimira zikondwerero za maboma mofanana.
  • Nyumba ya Oimira: [[FLT:] Yopangidwa ndi oimira 435, ndi nambala kuchokera ku boma lililonse lozikidwa pa anthu ake, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a zaka ziŵiri. Nyumbayo inalinganizidwira kukhala pafupi ndi anthu.

Mphamvu za Mabungwe

Konsichushoniyo imapatsa bungwe la Congress mphamvu zotchula mfundo I, Chigawo 8. Zina mwa mfundozi ndi izi:

  • Kutsutsa ndi Kuvota Malamulo
  • Kulengeza nkhondo
  • Kuyang’anira malonda a m’mayiko osiyanasiyana
  • Kuchepetsa ndalama zimene boma limawononga komanso msonkho
  • Kulera ndi kuchirikiza magulu ankhondo ndi asilikali apamadzi
  • Kumanga maofesi otumiza makalata ndi misewu
  • Kupanga makhoti ang’onoang’ono

Nyumba ya malamulo yasonyezanso mphamvu kupyolera mwa Claus Wofunika ndi Woyenerera, zimene zimailola kukhazikitsa malamulo ofunika kukwaniritsa mphamvu zake zoŵerengedwa.

Zolephera pa Nyumba ya Malamulo

Malamulo amaletsanso Nyumba ya Malamulo m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 9.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Nkhani Yachiŵiri

Nthambi ya akuluakulu yakhazikitsidwa ndi Mfundo Yachiŵiri ya Malamulo. Ndiyo ili ndi thayo la kukhazikitsa malamulo ndipo imatsogozedwa ndi Pulezidenti wa United States, amene amagwiritsira ntchito liwu la zaka zinayi ndipo angasankhidwenso kaamba ka liwu limodzi lowonjezereka (monga momwe kuganizidwira ndi Amendment Yachile ya 22.)

Malo a Pulezidenti

Prezidenti ali ndi mbali zazikulu zingapo, kuphatikizapo:

  • Commander-in-Chief ya magulu ankhondo, ndi mphamvu yakutsogolera ntchito zankhondo
  • Kazembe , wochititsa maunansi achilendo, mapangano (ndi chilolezo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi kukhazikitsa akazembe
  • Bwana wamkulu wa boma , kuyang'anira bungwe loyang'anira ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amaperekedwa mokhulupirika
  • Mtsogoleri walamulo , kusonkhezera kupanga malamulo kupyolera mwa Boma la kadiresi la Union, mphamvu, ndi maofisala a akuluakulu
  • Head ya boma , yoimira mtundu pa zochitika zamwambo

Akuluakulu a Maboma ndi Ulamuliro wa Olamulira Olamulira

Mabungwe ambiri a boma akugwira ntchito pansi pa nthambi yoyang’anira nthambiyo, iliyonse ikumayang’anira mbali zina za malamulo.

  • Department of Defection
  • Department of Education
  • Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu
  • Department of Justice
  • Department of State
  • Dipatimenti ya Ndalama

Kuwonjezera apo, mabungwe odziimira okha monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Federal Reserve, ndi Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) akuyang’anizana ndi nthambi yaikulu koma akuyendetsa mosiyanasiyana. Kukula kwa boma kwabutsa mafunso ponena za kutumizidwa kwa mphamvu zalamulo ku mabungwe akuluakulu a boma — nkhani ya mkangano wopitirizabe m’lamulo.

Nthambi Yoweruza: Nkhani III

Nthambi yachiweruzo yakhazikitsidwa ndi Artitus III ya Malamulo. Imamasulira malamulo ndi kupereka chiweruzo. Ili ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba a boma.

Mabungwe a Gulu la Maboma

Nthambi yachiweruzo imaphatikizapo:

  • Khoti lapamwamba: Khoti lapamwamba koposa m'dziko, lopangidwa ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi (kuphatikizapo Chilungamo Chimodzi Chikulu) choikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi chitsimikizo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo. Moyo unalinganizidwa kutetezera oweruza ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.
  • Courts of Appeals (Makhoti Adera): madera 13 amene amamva zilengezo kuchokera ku bwalo lamilandu la chigawo. Ndiwo mlingo wapakati.
  • Makhoti a chigawo: zigawo 94 zachiweruzo zimene zimatumikira monga makhoti ozenga milandu ya boma. Boma lililonse lili ndi khoti limodzi lachigawo.

Ntchito za Nthambi Yoweruza

Nthambi yachiweruzo imachita ntchito zazikulu zingapo:

  • Kumasulira Konsichushoni ndi malamulo a boma
  • Kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma
  • Kupenda malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu a boma (kupendanso malamulo)
  • Kuzenga milandu yokhudza malamulo a boma, mapangano, ndi kulamula
  • Nkhani zosankha pamene boma la United States liri chipani

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo inakhazikitsidwa m'nkhani yotchuka Madison [1] (1803). M'chigamulo chimenecho, Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba kuti "ndiye chigawo ndi ntchito yaudindo ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo yonena zimene lamulo lili. Zimenezi zinapatsa makhoti ulamuliro wa kuswa malamulo ndi machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa malamulo.

Njira ya Macheke ndi Kulinganizika

Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kokha sikungakhale kokwanira kuletsa nkhalwe; opanganso omangidwa m'dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana. Izi ndizo njira zimene zimalola nthambi iliyonse kuchepetsa mphamvu za ena. James Madison analongosola zimenezi mu Fedalist Ayi. 51 monga kupereka nthambi iliyonse "malamulo ofunikira ndi zolinga zaumwini kutsutsa kuloŵerera kwa ena.

Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu

  • Kuchotsapo mavetoe a pulezidenti ndi voti ya magawo aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri
  • Bivsence amaikidwa kukhala pulezidenti (Ochuluka a anthu a m’bungwe la akaunti, akazembe, ndi oweruza)
  • Mapangano a Rafenig (Onetsetsani mavoti aŵiri - atatu)
  • Pemphani Pulezidenti ndi maofesala ena
  • Muzisamala bajeti yanu kapena kusankha mmene mumawonongera ndalama
  • Kafufuzeni ntchito za ofesi ya nthambi pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso

Akuluakulu Afufuza Malamulo

  • Lamulo la Veto loperekedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (Nthaŵi za Malamulo zikhoza kutha)
  • Kuitana Nyumba ya Malamulo pa msonkhano wapadera
  • Malamulo ovomerezedwa kupyolera mwa Adiresi ya Boma la Union
  • Amapereka malamulo a mmene malamulo amagwiritsidwira ntchito
  • Kanani kuwonongera ndalama zoyenerera ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo (Kupereka Chithandizo cha Chithandizo cha Impondement Act ya 1974)

Oweruza Afufuza Mantha Ena

  • Perekani malamulo kapena zochita za mabwana zosemphana ndi ufulu wa boma (kupenda zachiŵeniŵeni)
  • Onaninso kuti malamulo a khoti locheperapo amathandiza kuti apilo
  • Kumvetsa tanthauzo la malamulo pakakhala mikangano
  • Malamulo achiweruzo amaletsa kuweruza milandu ina

Macheke a m’Nyumba ya Malo

  • Makhoti ang’onoang’ono angasinthe ziweruzo kapena kukhazikitsa makhoti
  • Prezidenti amaika oweruza a boma (ndi kutsimikiziridwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo)
  • Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuchotsa oweruza a boma
  • Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke masinthidwe a malamulo oletsa zigamulo za khoti
  • Mabungwe oweruza malamulo angasinthe lamulo la lamulo ngati Khotilo limasulira lamulo m’njira imene silinagwirizane nalo

Kugaŵana ndi Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Nkofunika kudziŵa kuti dongosolo la United States liri ndi muyalo wina: boma la boma. Mphamvu imagawidwanso pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Boma lirilonse liri ndi malamulo ake ndi nthambi zitatu za boma, kutsanzira dongosolo la boma. Tenth Amendment yosungidwa ku maboma kapena kwa anthu mphamvu zilizonse zimene sizinaperekedwe ku United States ndi Lamulo.

Kutsutsana pa malire a ulamuliro wa boma kwakhala kofala m’mbiri yonse, kuyambira pa Nullation Crisis m’ma 1830 kufikira pa mkangano wamakono wokhudza zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi maphunziro.

Milandu Yofunika Kwambiri ya Khoti Lalikulu pa Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Khoti Lalikulu lapereka zigamulo zambiri zimene zimagamula kuti nthambi zizikhala ndi malire.

  • Marbury v. Madison (103 ): yokhazikitsa kupenda kwachiweruzo – mphamvu ya makhoti ya kuweruza malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo.
  • Thrown Comment / Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952): mphamvu ya pulezidenti yochepetsedwa, kulamulira kuti Pulezidenti Truman sakanagwira zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Korea popanda chilolezo.
  • [FLT] United States v. Nixon[FLT :2] (1974): Kukana kwa Pulezidenti Nixon mwaŵi wa kuyang'anira kotheratu, kumkakamiza kutembenuza matepi a Watergate.
  • [FLT]S v. Chadha (19983): Kugwetsa lamulo monga kuswa maulamuliro, kulamula kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingapereke ntchito zauyang’aniro popanda kuphwanya lamulo.
  • [[FLT :0][FLT] Clinton v. Mzinda wa New York [1] [1] (1998) [1] [1] Kuchotsa ndandanda ya zinthu zokhala ndi pepala, posunga kuti inaswa Chikalata cha Claus wa Mfundo I.
  • [FLT :1] Boumediene v. Bush (2008) : [[FLT: 3] Updified habeas corpus curs for theadensieeties pa Guantamo Bay, kugawa mphamvu zankhondo ndi zolamulira.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Masiku Ano

Kulekanitsa mphamvu zamphamvu sikuli kokhazikika; kumayang’anizana ndi mavuto osatha.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Mabishopu agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri malamulo a akuluakulu opotoza malamulo pamene lamulo laletsedwa. Otsutsa zimenezi amatsutsa nthambi ya malamulo, pamene ochirikiza amanena kuti ndi njira yalamulo yogwiritsira ntchito malamulo omwe alipo. Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu kwakula ndi kuchitika m'mbiri yonse, ndi mapresidenti onga Franklin D. Roosevelt, George W. Bush, ndi Barack Obama akuyang’anizana ndi chisulizo cha Congress.

Boma Lolamulira ndi Chiphunzitso Chopanda Ulemu

Nyumba zambiri zimaimira kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa mabungwe monga EPA, OSHA, ndi FC. Akatswiri ena ndi oweruza amatsutsa kuti zimenezi zikuswa kulekana kwa maulamuliro chifukwa chakuti mabungwe akupanga malamulo, oweruza, ndi ntchito za khoti pamodzi. Chiphunzitso chosadalira boma, chimene chimati Nyumba za Malamulo sizingapereke mphamvu zake zolamulira, zakhala zopanda mphamvu kwa zaka makumi ambiri koma zakhala zikusinthanso m'milandu yaposachedwapa ya Khoti Lapamwamba ngati Goundy v. United States (20:9) ndi [FL:2] Virginia. EPA .

Kuweruza Koletsa

Otsutsa mfundo zachiweruzo amanena kuti oweruza ayenera kumasulira mfundo za m’makhoti monga momwe zinalembedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amatsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kusintha mfundo zachikhalidwe mogwirizana ndi mikhalidwe yamakono. Nkhondo zotsimikiziritsa pa milandu ya khoti Lapamwamba zimasonyeza magaŵano aakulu pa nkhani imeneyi.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Chiyeneretso cha kuvomerezedwa kwa Bungwe la akulu ndi kuikidwa kwa chiweruzo chachititsa nkhondo za atsamunda kuwonjezereka. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa filibuster ndi "kutsimikizira nyukiliya" kwasintha mphamvu za kuikidwa kwa mapangano. Ena amatsutsa kuti dongosololi lakhala loluluzika kwambiri, kuvulaza kugwira ntchito kogwira ntchito kwa manthambi onse aŵiri a mkulu ndi achiweruzo.

Maulamuliro a Nkhondo ndi Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito kwa Gulu Lankhondo

Pangano la War Powers Resolution ya 1973 linakhazikitsidwa kuyang'anira ulamuliro wa pulezidenti kuti aike magulu ankhondo a United States ku nkhondo popanda chilolezo cha bungwe. Komabe, mapresidenti a magulu aŵiri onsewo adatsutsa kuti lamulo limaloŵerera pa mbali yawo yalamulo monga Mkulu wa Asilikali. Chotulukapo chakhala kupitirizabe kwa gulu lankhondo loloŵerera m’nkhondo, kuyambira ku Vietnam mpaka ku Libya mpaka ku Syria.

Chifukwa Chake Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu Kuli Kofunika Lerolino

Kusiyanitsa maulamuliro n’kofunika kwambiri kuti munthu asunge demokalase ndi kuteteza ufulu wake.

  • Imapereka upo wankhanza: mwa kugaŵira mphamvu, palibe munthu mmodzi kapena gulu limene lingalamulire boma.
  • Mantha osiyanasiyana ayenera kugwira ntchito pamodzi, kuchedwetsa kuchita zinthu mopupuluma ndi kulimbikitsa makambitsirano.
  • Amatetezera ku zoyenera zaing’ono: Oweruza angaone kupambanitsa kwa akulu kumene kumapondereza ufulu waukulu.
  • Kuŵerengera mlandu: Nthambi iliyonse ingafufuze ndi kuvumbula choipa m’nthambi zina.
  • imasunga lamulo: Palibe nthambi imene ili pamwamba pa lamulo; zonse ziyenera kugwira ntchito mkati mwa malamulo.

Kuzindikira kusiyanitsa maulamuliro nkofunika kwambiri pozindikira mmene boma la United States limagwirira ntchito. Ndi maziko a demokrase ya America, yolinganizidwa kutetezera ufulu wa nzika zake pamene akutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi ya boma imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, kufufuza zinthu za pa National Constitution Center , .

Kumaliza

Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro sikuli chabe chiphunzitso chalamulo chachiphamaso ; kuli dongosolo lamoyo limene limaumba chigamulo chachikulu chirichonse cha ndale zadziko ndi chalamulo mu United States. Kuchokera ku Nyumba ya Msonkhano kufikira ku White House ku Bwalo Lapamwamba, kusewera pakati pa nthambi kumalongosola mmene mtunduwo umalamulira. Monga nzika, kuzindikira dongosololi kumatipatsa mphamvu ya kuchititsa boma lathu kukhala ndi mlandu ndi kuyamikira kulinganizika kowopsa kumene kumatetezera ufulu wathu. A Framers anachenjeza kuti "kukhazikitsa mphamvu zonse, malamulo, nduna, ndi jadiary, m’manja amodzi" kuli mafotokozedwe enieni auchimo auchimo. Kusunga kuti kulekana kuli ntchito yokhalitsa ya mbadwo uliwonse.