Maziko: Kumene Malamulo Amachokera

Malamulo amapanga pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wamakono . Kudziŵa ulendowu sikuli kokha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa boma; ndiko malo aunzika a ntchito, kutetezereka kwa misonkho imene timalipira, ndi ufulu wathu. Komabe, kwa nzika zambiri, njira imene mwakhala ndi lingaliro losavuta kupangira lamulo lalamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo imakhala chinsinsi. Kumvetsetsa ulendowu sikuli kokha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa boma; ndiko maziko a unzika wachangu ndi chiŵiya champhamvu chokhalira ndi kuŵerengera boma. Pamene mudziŵa mmene dongosololo limagwirira ntchito, mumaphunzira mmene ligwiritsirira ntchito dongosololo.

Asanapende njira ya malamulo yotsatizana, nkofunika kumvetsetsa kumene malamulo amapeza ulamuliro wawo. Ku United States, boma la boma limagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la maulamuliro ovomerezedwa ndi Malamulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Nyumba za Malamulo zikhoza kugwira ntchito m'malo ondandalikidwa mwachindunji m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, monga kupeka ndalama, kuyang'anira malonda a mayiko, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo. Maulamuliro onse osandandandandalika amasungidwa kaamba ka maulamuliro kapena anthu. Gululi limapanga malo aŵiri opatulika alamulo: lamulo la boma ndi lamulo.

Malamulo, Malamulo, ndi Malamulo

Imodzi ya mfundo zofala kwambiri za kusokonezeka kwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndiyo kusiyana pakati pa lamulo, malamulo, ndi lamulo. ndi lamulo loperekedwa ndi bungwe logamulapo .Conforn pa mlingo wa boma, kapena bungwe la boma lokhala pamlingo wa boma. Komabe, malamulo amalembedwa mosiyanasiyana. Kudzaza tsatanetsatane, makhonsati oika ulamuliro wa makampani a nthambi kuti apange . Mwachitsanzo, Ceat Air Act (a lamulo) akuuza bungwe la malo otetezera zachilengedwe (EPA) kuchepetsa kuipitsa, koma E amalemba malamulo a zasayansi pa zimene amapanga. [FORT:] Malamulo a m'makwane: [FOLD:].

Ulendo Wotsatira Lamulo: Mmene Bhili Likhalira Lamulo

Ulendo wa lamulo ndi wofuna, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri wovuta, njira yodutsa ku nthambi ya malamulo. Pa mlingo wa boma, njira imeneyi imachitika ku United States Congress, imene ili ndi zipinda ziŵiri: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti njirayo njofanana kwambiri m'malamulo a boma, malamulo ake otsimikizirika angasiyane kwambiri. Masitepe osonyezedwa pano amaimira chitsanzo cha boma.

Kusintha ndi Kuyambitsa

Mtengo ungalembedwe ndi aliyense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ [[FLT:] R. kapena [FLT:] [[FLT:]S.[12] [3] .[FLT .]

Kufufuza kwa Komiti: Nyumba Yogwirira Ntchito ya Malamulo

Makomiti amatchedwa "mabungwe a ntchito za Congress," ndipo pachifukwa chabwino. Ndi pamene ntchito yaikulu yaudindo ya lamulo imachitika. Lamulo loperekedwa ku komiti limatumizidwa ku bungwe laling'ono kuti liwonetsedwe. Bungwe laling'onolo limakhala ndi [[FLT:] mayeso [[FLT:] [[FLT:] [1], kumene mboni zimakambirana ndi akuluakulu a boma kuti zikhale akatswiri ndi kukhudza nzika. Ngati zivomerezedwa ndi nzika za boma. Pambuyo pake, mayeso a bungwe laling'ono limakhala ndi msonkhano [[FLD:] wopatula [[FLD:3], kumene mame ake amatsutsana ndi lamulo, kupereka ndi kuvoma. Ngati angolonjezetsa komiti, amayendera komiti yonse, kuti aperekeze komiti, igamutsegule bwino.

Ngati komiti ikana kuchitapo kanthu, chipinda chonse chingagwiritsire ntchito pempho kukakamiza lamulolo kutuluka m'komiti ndi kulowa pansi. Komabe, zimenezi zimafuna voti yochuluka (218 siginets m'Nyumba) ndipo siipambana. Komiti imalinganizidwa kukonza malamulo kupyolera mwa akatswiri olemba ndi opanga malamulo. Monga momwe chitsogozo cha akuluakulu a nyumba ya malamulo chimafotokozera [, komiti ndiyo chosungira malamulo onse aakulu afunikira kudutsamo.

Zochita Zokongola: Kutsutsana ndi Kuphunzitsa

Pamene lamulo laperekedwa ku komiti, limayembekezera kulingaliridwa. M'Nyumba, Komiti yamphamvu [[FLT: 0] imakhazikitsa mawu a mkangano . Kusintha kumene kungaperekedwe ndi kuti ndiutali wotani umene udzakhalapo. Malamulo amenewa amadziŵika monga "apadera". M'nyumba, kutsutsana kulibe malire, mbali imene imalola kutsutsana [FLT] n’kumene kumakhala kwa maola 60, kumene woyendetsayo akulankhula kwa maola ambiri kuti achedwe kapena alonge. Njira yokha yothetsera chivoti. Kumaliza nyumba ya Bolic. [FLT:]

Mkati mwa mkangano wa pa chipinda chapansi, ziŵalo zingapereke lingaliro la kukonza. Mnyumba, zobwezedwa ziyenera kukhala "germane" (kubwezera ku lamulo). M'nyumba ya Malamulo, zobwezedwa, zodziŵika monga "Akwati," kaŵirikaŵiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zikalata zotchuka kukakamiza mbali yawo. Pambuyo pa kumaliza, mavoti onse a m’chipinda. Ngati unyinji wa ovomereza akuvomereza, lamulolo limapita ku chipinda china kuti ayambenso kachitidweko kamodzi.

Nyumba Yachiŵiri ndi Kugwirizananso

Kuti lamulo likhale logwirizana, Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kupitirira [[FLT: 0] matembenuzidwe a malemba. Ngati chipinda chachiŵiri chisintha zinthu [1] chimene chimachitika nthaŵi zambiri, chimakhala chobwerera ku chipinda choyamba chogwirizana. Ngati zipinda sizigwirizana pa kusiyana kwawo, komiti yogwirizana ndi komiti imapangidwa. komiti imeneyi ya kanthaŵi inapangidwa ndi ziwalo zazikulu kuchokera ku zipinda zonse ziŵiri zimene zimalolerana. Chotulukapo " Chivomerezo" ndi chikalata chimodzi, chogwirizana chimene chiyenera kuperekedwa, popanda kutsatitsatitsatitsatiridwanso, ndi zipinda zonse ziŵiri.

Ntchito Yotsogolera: Masainikho ndi Mavuto

Pambuyo pa kutumiza malamulo ofanana onse aŵiri, amatumizidwa kwa Pulezidenti wa United States. Pulezidenti ali ndi njira zinayi pansi pa Mfundo I, Chigawo 7 cha Malamulo. Iwo angaike lamulolo [[FLT: 0], limene limapanga lamulo nthaŵi yomweyo kapena tsiku lakutsogolo. Iwo angapereke ku malamulo [ku] ku malamulo , kubwezera ku Msonkhano ndi ndemanga ya kutsutsa. Iwo angalole chikalatacho ku [ kukhala lamulo lopanda kusainidwa [[FLD:5] pambuyo pa masiku khumi [masabata] [mapangano] pamene kuli m'sonkhani yake. Chomalizira, ngati msonkhano wa tsikulo ukhoza kukwaniritsa nthaŵi ya khumi, Primentioctive: [Ftoto: FT]

Kugonjetsa Mphepo

A desidenti si mawu omaliza. Congress ali ndi mphamvu yoposa chivoti cha kupambana ndi mavoti a stemojet aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Ngati ma trit aŵiri a Nyumba ndi ma triatatu aŵiri a bungwe losankha kuti aperekenso chikalatacho, imakhala lamulo pa zimene Pulezidenti akutsutsa. Imeneyi ndi njira yovuta yokumana nayo, ndipo mwa mbiri, pafupifupi 4% ya mavetoes yakhala itasungunuka. Kumira kwambiri m'kachitidwe kumeneku, USUSA.go imapereka kupendedwa koonekera bwino, kosakhala kwa magawo a pulezidenti onse.

Kupyola Palamulo: Mphamvu ya Nthambi Yotsogolera

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zimenezi n’kovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumachititsa kuti malamulo a boma aziyendera malamulo ena.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Metranda

Lamulo lophera mlandu ndilo lamulo loperekedwa ndi Pulezidenti amene amayang'anira ntchito za boma la boma. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo, koma ayenera kuikidwa m'lamulo lomwe lilipo kapena lokhazikitsidwa ndi malamulo. Amalola Pulezidenti kutsogolera mmene mabungwe audindo amamasulira ndi kutsatirira malamulo. Malamulo auyang'aniro angasinthidwe ndi pulezidenti wotsatira kapena kugwetsedwa ndi khoti ngati aswa malamulo alamulo.

Kupangidwa kwa Ulamuliro

Apa ndi pamene ntchito yatsatanetsatane yopanga malamulo imachitika kunja kwa Congress. Pansi pa Administrative Procedure Act (APA), mabungwe a boma ayenera kutsatira "mawu ndi ndemanga" njira yopangira malamulo atsopano. Bungwelo limafalitsa lamulo lolingaliridwa m'malamulo [ Féderal Register [[[FLP:1]]. Anthu amapemphedwa kupereka ndemanga, mfundo, ndi mfundo zokhudza lamulo lolingaliridwalo. Bungwelo limafunikira mwalamulo kuti liŵerengere, ndi kufotokoza mfundo zake zofunika. Zimenezi n’zolondola, zamphamvu, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zikusintha chifukwa cha kusonkhezera anthu kuti agwirizane ndi lamulo. Mungathe kuchita zimenezi lerolino kudzera mwa [FL:2]

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kumasulira Chilamulo

Apa m’pamene makhoti a boma amafunika kumasulira ndi kuona ngati malamulo ake ndi oyenera.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Lamulo la [[FLT: 0] lakubwereza kwa lamulo [[FLT: 1] linakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu [FLT:] Marbury v. Madison [183] [183]. Mphamvu imeneyi imalola dongosolo la khoti kulengeza lamulo, kapena kachitidwe ka mkulu, kopanda lamulo. Pamene khoti liswa lamulo, limatumizidwa ku nyumba ya malamulo kuti libwezeretsedwe kapena lileke. Nkhani zonga Brown v. Board ya maphunziro [FLD:5] (1954)) kuswa malamulo olola fuko, pamene kulipo [FLD:]. Homebergefell. [2]

Chiŵiya cha Nzika: Kupanga Malamulo Otsatira

Nzofala kuti kupanga malamulo ndi ntchito yotseka ya andale ndi otsata malonda. Kunena zoona, nzika zodziŵa ndi zotomerana zili ndi zipangizo zambiri zimene zingathe kukonza malamulo. Nkhani zolembedwa zimene zimakhudza zimenezi; pano tikuwonjezera njira zozigwiritsira ntchito bwino.

Mphamvu ya Chisokonezo

Chochitika chimodzi chokha chokhudza kwambiri chimene nzika ingachite ndicho kuvota. Zosankha zimasankha amene akuimira inu m'malamulo, mabwana, ndi komiti yachiweruzo. Kutumiza m'masankho aupandu ndi amphamvu kwambiri, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zimakhala ndi kubwerera pansi kwambiri, kutanthauza kagulu kakang'ono ka nzika kangakhale ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu kwambiri pa amene amaonekera pa chisankho. Midterm, imene imagamula kuyang'anira za kachigawo kunja kwa chaka cha pulezidenti, ndi zochitika zobwerera m’mbuyo koma zili ndi zotsatira zazikulu kaamba ka kupanga lamulo pa mlingo wa boma.

Kuchita Chigwirizano Chachindunji ndi Oimira

Ziŵalo za Congress ndi opanga malamulo a boma amalembedwa kuti aimire anthu awo. Iwo amayang'anira kwambiri makalata oimira gulu chifukwa amawauza nkhani zofunika kumudzi. Polankhula ndi woimira wanu, khalani padera. Liwunitsani nambala yeniyeni (m.g., [[FLT:]]H.R. [123] kapena ] P. 567 ), imalongosola mmene lamulo lanu, ndi mmene lamulolo lingakuyambukirireni, banja lanu, kapena mudzi wanu.

Kutenga Nawo Mbali m’Nthaŵi Zoyankhula

Monga taonera kale, kukhazikitsa malamulo kumafuna mfundo za anthu. Kulemba lamulo ndi njira yolunjika yothandizira lamulo. Simuyenera kukhala loya. Makampani afufuza mfundo zachidule zachidule.

Kukonda Kuphunzira, Magulu Othandiza Anthu Kuphunzira Kugonana, ndi Kumanga Malo Osungirana

Pamene mawu amodzi agwirizana, amapanga gulu lamphamvu. Magulu a Grassroot achititsa masinthidwe ena aakulu kwambiri a lamulo m'mbiri, kuphatikizapo Chikalata cha Civil Rights Act cha 1964 ndi kuwonjezereka kwa chitetezo cha malo okhala. Kukhazikitsa ndawala yolemba kalata, kuyamba kupempha, kukweza chidziŵitso pa mawailesi, kapena kupanga mgwirizano ndi mabungwe ofanana ndi a anthu oganiza bwino, kungayambitse mawu amodzi omwe satha kuwanyalanyaza. Mfungulo ndi yothandiza kuyang'anira ndi kusungitsa pangano.

Chifukwa Chake Pali Nkhani za Nzika Zodziŵa Bwino

Democracy si maseŵera owonerera, koma dongosololi linapangidwa kukhala lopanda ufulu ndi lochedwa kulola anthu kuvomereza mfundo ndi kuletsa zosankha zamwamsanga.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kuona Bwino

Munthu wodziwa bwino ntchito yake akakhala kuti wazindikira kuti malamulo asintha, angasankhe kuti ndani, ndani amapereka ndalama zothandizira anthu amene akuwaimira, ndiponso kuti ndi zinthu ziti zapadera zimene zikuwachititsa kuti azichita zimenezi.

Kulimbana ndi Kusoŵetsa chidziŵitso

Kumvetsa njirayi kulinso mankhwala amphamvu otsutsa chidziŵitso. Munthu wina akamva kunena kuti "anapasa pepalali popanda kuliŵerenga," kapena "Ili linafwambidwa," nzika yodziŵa bwino imadziwa njira zofunika kuti idutse ndipo ingathe kuona ngati mfundozo n’zolondola. Kudziwa malamulo kumathandiza anthu kuchepetsa phokoso ndi kuyang'ana kwambiri za mfundo yeniyeni ya lamulolo.

Mapeto: Ntchito Yogaŵana ya Kulamulira

Njira yochokera ku lingaliro lokhala ndi lamulo lolamulira ndi yaitali, kuzungulira, ndi kudzaza ndi zopinga zadala. Zopinga zimenezi ndi zinthu, osati tizilombo, zolinganizidwa kukakamiza, kulimbikitsa kulolera, ndi kupanga kugwirizana. Kwa nzika iliyonse, njirayi ingaoneke kukhala yochedwa kapena yotsekerezedwa. Komabe, kachitidwe ka dala kameneka kamachititsa mbali zambiri za kulowa kumene nzika zingaloŵerere ndi kumvedwa. Mphamvu ya kulamulira lamulo si m’njira imodzi yaikulu, koma m’njira yosasintha, yodziŵidwa, ndi yogwira ntchito ya olamuliridwa.

Mwa kuphunzira malamulo a maseŵerawo, mumadzikonzekeretsa nokha kuseŵera. Mwa kuvota, kugawana ndi oimira, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’malo a anthu onse, mumakwaniritsa mathayo ofunikira kuchirikiza lipabuliki lathanzi labwino. Kupanga malamulo sikuli kokha ntchito ya Washington; ndi ntchito yogawana ya nzika iriyonse imene imakhulupirira kuti chitaganya chodzifunira chipambano chidakali maziko abwino koposa kaamba ka mtsogolo mwachilungamo ndi mopambana.