Chifukwa Chake Nkhani ya Malamulo Andalama Inali

Masankho alionse, mabiliyoni a madola akuloŵa m'mikupiti ya ndale zadziko mu United States. Ndalamazo zimalipira kaamba ka kusatsa malonda, antchito, maulendo, kufunsira, ndi kutsatsa machitidwe a makampani. Popanda malamulo a mmene ndalamazo zimakwezedwa ndi kuwonongedwa, dongosolo lingakhale losavuta kuvutitsidwa ndi zisonkhezero zachinsinsi, ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena. Malamulo a za ndawala alipo kuyambitsa malo owonekera bwino, oseŵera kumene ofunsirawo angaonere amene ali opeza ndalama ndi kupanga zosankha zanzeru.

Kwa nzika, kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa sikuli kokha njira yamaphunziro, kukupatsani mphamvu kutsatira ndalama, kuŵerengera, ndi kuzindikira pamene zofuna za ena zikuyesa kupanga dongosolo lokhudza kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Nkhaniyi ikulongosola mbali zazikulu za lamulo la zandalama, mmene kusungitsa lamulo la zachuma kumagwirira ntchito, mavuto aakulu kwambiri amene dongosolo lamakonoli limayang’anizana nawo, ndi njira zothandiza zimene mungatsatire kuti mukhalebe odziŵa.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Ndalama m’Nthaŵi Yakalekale

Kudziŵa mbiri imeneyi kumathandiza kumvetsa chifukwa chake dongosolo la zachuma lamakonoli likuoneka ngati layamba kale kwambiri m’zaka zoposa 100.

Zoyesayesa Zoyambirira: Chikalata cha Tillman ndi Chilamulo cha Khalidwe Lowononga

Lamulo loyamba la boma linali Act ya 1907 , yomwe inaletsa makampani ndi mabanki a dziko kupereka mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera a boma. Imeneyi inali njira yovomerezeka ku lingaliro lakuti malonda aakulu anali kugula masankho. Mu 1910 ndi 1911, Nyumba ya Malamulo inapasa bungwe la Federal Modicts Acts, limene linafuna Nyumba ndi ofunsira Nyumba ndi nyumba ya malamulo kuvumbula zopereka ndi zowonongedwa. Komabe, lamulo linali lofooka, ndipo linachuluka.

Mbadwo wa Watergate ndi Kampeni ya Chisankho

Kampani ya zachuma yamakono inayambadi pambuyo pa kuchititsa manyazi kwa Watergate, kumene kunavumbula ndalama zachinsinsi ndi zopereka za kampani zosakhala za lamulo. Mu 1971, Congress inapereka Federal Eustration Campaign Act (FACA)[[FLT 1:1]], imene inakhazikitsa malire a zopereka kwa anthu ndi makomiti a ndale zadziko (PAC) ndi kufuna kuulutsidwa mwatsatanetsatane. Masinthidwe adapanga Federal Evolution (FLT)] Commission (FC) kusungitsa lamulo, kukhazikitsa makomiti apoti aungwe a pulezidenti, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malire.

Zambiri za makonzedwe ameneŵa zinatsutsidwa m'khoti. Buckley v. Valeo [77], Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza malire a zopereka ndi zofunika zoulula koma linaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito malire, polingalira kuti kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama pa kulankhula kwa ndale ndiko njira yotetezereka pansi pa Lamulo Loyamba. Chigamulo chimenechi chimapereka malo a dongosolo limene kuwonongedwa kwa zionetsero kulibe malire, pamene zopereka zidakali zotsala.

Kampeni Yosintha Zinthu ndi Kukwera kwa Ndalama Zochepa

Mkati mwa ma 1990, zipani za ndale zadziko zinagwiritsira ntchito chikho chachinyengo chodziŵika monga ndalama zothandizira zipani za dziko [1] [1] suli ndi malire zopereka kwa zipani za “magawo” ntchito zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zinathandiza boma kukhala ndi oyembekezera. Kutseka malo amenewa, Congress inapatula Actan Reformation Act (BCRA) ya 2002, yodziŵikanso monga McCance-Feold. BCRA inaletsa magulu a mayiko kuti asalandire ndalama zofewa ndi zotseka kufalitsa nkhani zotsatsa malonda zogwirizana ndi makampani ogwirizana oyendera masankhoti.

Nzika Zogwirizana ndi Nyengo Yapamwamba ya PaC

Maseŵerawo anasintha kwambiri ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu la 2010 mu Citizens United v. FEC . Khotilo linagamula kuti makampani ndi maukwati angawononge ndalama zawo zosamalirira pa ndalama zawo zaumbuye pa zinthu zimene amawononga paokha, makampani, ndi maukwati ena amene sagwirizana ndi ofunsira. Zimenezi zinatsogolera mwachindunji ku kulengedwa kwa [[FLT:] PACICS, zimene zingawonjezere ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosamaliripilira kwa anthu, makampani, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ngati zikugwira ntchito modzi. Kulamuliranso kutsegulira khomo kwa [FLD:] ndalama zochokera ku mabungwe osapereka ndalama.

Zosankha ziŵiri zotsatirapo [1] Tsopano. FEC . FEC[FLT :1] ndi [FLT :2] Mccheon v. FEC[FLT :3] . "-" "kuwononga ndalama pawekha ndi kuchotsa malire a zopereka pa anthu, kutanthauza wopereka mmodzi angapereke ukulu wa ofunsira ndi makomiti ambiri monga momwe afunira.

Mbali za Malamulo a Ndalama Lerolino

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo ambiri oletsa anthu kuchita zinthu zina, m’pofunika kuti nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kukonzanso makampaniwo ikhale ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri.

Zomwe Zingakulepheretseni Kuchita Zinthu Zina

Lamulo la Federal limaika malire aakulu pa ukulu umene munthu angapereke mwachindunji kwa wobatizidwa, komiti ya chipani, kapena pa PAC. Pa 2025-2026, munthu angapereke $3,300 pa chisankho ku komiti ya osankhidwa (chiŵerengero chachikulu ndi cha onse). Anthu angaperekenso $5,000 pachaka ku komiti ya PACI ndi $41,300 pachaka ku bungwe la chipani. Malamulo ameneŵa amasinthidwa kaamba ka kukwera mtengo kwa zaka ziŵiri zirizonse.

Note:[[FLT :1] Malamulo ameneŵa amagwira ntchito kokha ku ndalama zolemera [1] [1] Zopereka zimene zimapita mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kapena makomiti ndipo zimagonjera ku malamulo onse a boma. Zowonongedwa zaumwini sizipereŵera, chifukwa chake ma PAC ndi timagulu ta ndalama takuda zingawonjezere ndi kuwonongetsa ndalama zambiri.

Zofunika za Kutetezera

Kuoneka bwino ndi cholinga chachikulu cha lamulo la ndawala. Macandidadidate, zipani, ndi APAC ayenera kukonza malipoti okhazikika ndi FEC amene amandandalika wopereka aliyense amene anapereka ndalama zoposa $200 m'chaka chimodzi. Malipoti ameneŵa ndi a pa Intaneti. Komabe, zofunika za magulu odziimira paokha n’zochepa. Mapachikulu a PaC ayenera kuvumbula operekawo, koma mabungwe osapanga phindu monga 501(c)(4) “kakhalidwe kabwino ka munthu aliyense. Magulu amene akugwira ntchito zandale safunikira kuvumbula magwero awo a ndalama, kupanga njira yopezera ndalama [FT:0] ndalama zochokera ku .

Zoyendera za Malo Odziimira Paokha

Gulu lililonse limene limawononga ndalama pa kusatsa malonda kapena njira zina zimene zimachirikiza mwachindunji kapena kutsutsana ndi wofuna kubatizidwa . Koma siligwirizana ndi wofuna kubatizidwayo . Ma projekiti apamwamba ndi mtundu wa komiti ya ndale zadziko imene ingatumize ndalama zosaŵerengeka pa zowonongedwa za ufulu. Amaletsedwa mwalamulo kupereka mwachindunji kwa ofunsira kapena kugwirizanitsa ndi mautumiki. M’kachitidwe, ma projekiti ambiri a PC amayendetsedwa ndi anthu akale kapena ogwirizana ndi wofunsira, ndipo malamulo a kawirikawiri amavuta kutsata.

Ndalama Zofewa

Kusiyana pakati pa ndalama zolimba ndi ndalama zofewa kukukhalabe kofunika. [[FLT :0] Ndalama yolimba imaperekedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa malire a boma ndi kuvumbulidwa mokwanira. Kuchotsa ndalama kunaletsedwa kwambiri kwa magawo a boma ndi BCRA, koma magulu a boma ndi odziimira okha angatulutsebe ndalama zofewa za boma ndi masankhoti, zimene zingasonkhetse mipikisano ya boma ndi yosavuta kukonza. Kuwonjezerapo, kukwera kwa [FLT: 4.] PCCT] ndi [FLT:] makomiti a nkhaŵa akupanga njira zatsopano zogwirizanitsa ndi zofeŵa.

Nzika Zimene Ziyenera Kusamala

Ngakhale ndi malamulo pa mabukuwo, njira zozembera ndi zosungitsa malamulo zimalola kudutsa m’dongosololo popanda kuwonekera kokulira. Nazi mbali zazikulu zimene wovota aliyense ayenera kuyang’anira.

Ndalama zakuda ndi 501(c)(4) Magulu

Ndalama zakuda zimaimira kuwonongera ndalama zandale ndi magulu osapanga phindu amene safunikira kuvumbula operekawo. Pansi pa Internal Revenue Code, 501 (c) (4) mabungwe ayenera kugwira ntchito makamaka kaamba ka ubwino wa anthu ndipo angangochita ntchito yochepa ya ndale zadziko. Koma IRS siikakamiza kuchepetsa malire ameneŵa, ndipo magulu onga Crosstrards GPS ndi PRODUC yawononga madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri pa kusatsa malonda popanda kuvumbula owasunga. Malinga ndi kunena kwa [[FLT: 0]], ndalama zowonongedwa zakuda zakhala zowonjezereka kuchokera ku British, kuŵerengera kwa mamiliyoni ambiri a madola m'mavoti ya boma.

Chisonkhezero ndi Zopereka Zakunja

N’koletsedwa kuti mayiko akunja apereke ndalama ku masankho alionse a ku United States . Iwo sangawononge ndalama kuti asonkhezere masankho, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene afuna. Komabe, kuonetsetsa kuti mayiko akunja apange ma PC, ndipo mayiko ena angapereke ku ma kampani apamwamba a PACIC kudzera m’makampani opanga mabomba kapena makampani osapanga ndalama ngati asokonezeka. Maupandu aposachedwapa okhudza zopereka zochokera ku mayiko ena athandiza kuteteza kwambiri.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Zowonongedwa zaumwini ziyenera kupangidwa popanda kugwirizana ndi wofunsira kapena ndawala. FEC yapereka malamulo atsatanetsatane a kugwirizana kwa zinthu, koma kaŵirikaŵiri imasulizidwa kukhala yochepera. Mwachitsanzo, amene kale anali wogwira ntchito ya mkupiti angadikire kwa kanthaŵi kochepa ndiyeno kuthamanga PC yaikulu imene imadziŵa njira ya kampeniyo. Mabowo onga otsekemera chinsinsi cha pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama modziimira ndi mogwirizana.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti

Malamulo a zamalonda analembedwa pa Intaneti isanafike nthawi ya makompyuta, ndipo kusatsa malonda ndi malo aukhondo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zojambula zamwambo, TV, ndi wailesi zimene zimachirikiza bwino kapena kutsutsa wofuna kubatizidwa ziyenera kuphatikizapo ma dislaimer (monga “Ubwino wa...), ulaliki wa pa Intaneti, makamaka wa tizilombo tating'ono kwambiri tokhala ndi manyuzipo. staupoirs yochitidwa ndi Brennan Center [1] anapeza kuti kutsatsa malonda kwa wailesi zamakono kulibe zoyenerera ndi zojambula, kupangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kwa anthu kudziŵa amene akulandira mauthengawo.

Mmene Nzika Zingapezere Ndalama Zoyendera Mkupiti

Simuyenera kukhala loya kapena wosunga ndalama kuti mutsatire ndalamazo chifukwa chakuti pali zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimene zingakuthandizeni kupeza ndalama zoyendera pa kampeni.

Bungwe Losankha la Federal (FAC)

Webusaiti ya FEC ( fac.gov ) imapereka mathekisha ofufuzira a malipoti a ndawala a boma, PCs, ndi makomiti a zipani. Mungathe kuyang'ana amene wapereka kwa woloŵa kuloŵa, kuti komiti yadzutsa ndalama zingati, ndi kumene ndalamazo zinachokera. Madata ndi osabiritsika ndipo angavute, koma ndi gwero lalamulo.

Opensets

Yolinganizidwa ndi bungwe la osakhala apartisan Center ya Responsive Politics (tsopano mbali ya Opensecrets), OpenSEts. org imalinganiza FEC kukhala ndi mbiri ya mamembala a m'gulu la Mulungu, aliyense woloŵa m'bungwe la pulezidenti, ndi magulu zikwi zambiri andale. Imayendera zopereka za malonda, PCs, ndalama zakuda, ndi kugwirizana. “Kutsatira ndalama” kwawo kuli kofunika kwambiri kwa nzika zonse zimene zimafuna kuona chithunzi chachikulu.

Boma ndi Mabuku a Zolembalemba za Malo

Malamulo a zachuma amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi mabungwe awo odziŵira ndi makompyuta a pa Intaneti. Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) [1] Amapereka chitsogozo cha boma ndi boma cha malire a zopereka, zofunika, ndi mabungwe osungitsa.

Mavuto Amene Alipo Panopa

Ngakhale kuti malamulowo alipo, akatswiri ambiri amanena kuti n’ngoperewera, ndizo mikangano yaikulu ndiponso yofuna kusintha zinthu.

Zofooka Zochita

FEC inapangidwa ndi oimira asanu ndi mmodzi a gulu lililonse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kuchita Movutikira

Imodzi ya zifuno zotchuka kwambiri zokonzanso ndiyo Act [DISCLOSE] (Udindo Waukulu Walimba ndi Kuika Kwala pa Kuwononga Zinthu). Lamulo limeneli likufuna kuti mabungwe onse awononge ndalama zokwana $10,000 kapena kuposa pa kusatsa malonda ogwirizana ndi masankho kuti aulule anthu awo opereka mphatso zapamwamba. Ilo layambitsidwa kambiri m'makhonde koma lalephera. Otsutsa atsutsa angaletse ndalama zamdima; otsutsa amanena kuti zingaswe ufulu wa Oyamba kukonzanso ndi kuletsa kutenga nawo mbali m'ndale.

Zoyesayesa za Kukonzanso Malamulo

Anthu otsutsa Chigawo cha United akakamiza kuti chisinthidwe chigamulo cha malamulo. Baibulo lofala kwambiri lingalole Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi maboma kuika malire oyenera pa zopereka za kampeni ndi ndalama. Komabe, kukonza malamulo kumafuna magawo aŵiri mwa atatu alionse m'zipinda ndi kujambula ndi ziwiya zitatu za m'maboma atatu . .an banki yokwera kwambiri imene sinafikitsidwe.

Kusintha kwa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti masiteshoni a boma osintha zinthu, maboma ambiri akhazikitsa malamulo awo a ndawala. Mayiko ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi zofunika zazikulu zodziŵira ndi madongosolo a zandalama za anthu onse. Ena, monga Arizona ndi Maine, amapereka ndalama zofanana kwa opereka madola aang'ono. Mosiyana ndi, maboma ena amasula ziletso pa ndalama zowonongedwa paokha. Nzika zingayang'ane ku kusintha kwa boma monga malaboratory a zimene zingagwire ntchito m'dzikolo.

Kumaliza: Ntchito ya Nzika Yodziŵerengera Mlandu

Malamulo a zandalama za kampeni sasintha ndi zigamulo za khoti, malamulo, ndi chitsenderezo cha anthu. Mosasamala kanthu za zimene lamulo limanena, kugwira ntchito kwake kumadalira pa nzika zimene zaikizidwa zimene zimafuna kuwonekera ndi kuŵerengera onse aŵiri oyembekezera ndi otsogolera.

Mukhoza kuyamba mwa kugwiritsira ntchito zida zimene tatchulazi pofufuza za ndalama zimene ofunsirawo ali nazo ndiponso njira zochitira mapepala apepala m’dera lanu.

Kumvetsa malamulo a zandalama kungakuthandizeni kuona mmene zinthu zikuyendera ndi kusankha zochita pa nkhani ya zauchigawenga osati pa za akumva okha.