Macheke ndi malinganizidwe sali lingaliro lafumbi kuchokera ku bukhu la boma . "ali machenjera okangalika, machinjiriza a tsiku ndi tsiku amene amatetezera munthu aliyense kapena gulu ku kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zosaletsedwa mu United States. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira mmene maluso ameneŵa aliri ofunika kudziŵira pamene zochita za boma ziri zovomerezeka, pamene zipitirira, ndi mmene zingaloŵetseremo motsimikizirika m’kupangitsa atsogoleri kukhala oŵerengera. Dongosolo lalamulo popanda kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza liŵiro; mmodzi ndi kupenda kolimba akutetezera ufulu ndi kusunga malamulo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza malingaliro a maziko enieni a dziko, machitidwe enieni a dziko, ndi ziwongo za nzika iliyonse, kujambula pa maziko a mbiri yakale ndi zifunsinsi zamakono.

United States Constitution imakhazikitsa nthambi zitatu zolingana za boma: malamulo (Contervent ndi mabungwe), akuluakulu (Presidenti ndi mabungwe), ndi judge (makhoti a boma). Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana, komanso iliyonse ili ndi zida zochepetsera ina. Kugawidwa kumeneku kwalinganizidwira kuletsa ulamuliro wa monarchy ndi maulamuliro opondereza. Dongosololi limadalira pa kutsutsa kukhumba malo, monga momwe James Madison adalembera [FL: 0] Federalist No. [5]: "Ngati anthu anali angelo, sakanafunikira. Ngati angelo anali kulamulira anthu, kapena kulamulira kwa kunja kwa boma kukanakhala koyenera.

Lingaliro la Kupima ndi Kulinganizika

Lingaliro lakale lisanakhazikitsidwe ku America. Katswiri wa French Montesquieu, mu Mzimu wa Malamulo (), adatsutsana kaamba ka kusiyanitsa malamulo, mkulu wa ntchito, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo zotetezera ufulu. Oyambitsawo anaphunzira ntchito yake ndi kuyesa malamulo a boma asanapange dongosolo la boma. Pa Convention of Constitution ya 1787, nthumwi zinakanganirana mowopsa ponena za mphamvu zimene nthambi iliyonse iyenera kukhala nayo. Chotulukapo chinali dongosolo lopanda ungwiro ndi lofuna kugwirizana ndi kulimbana kuti igwire ntchito.

Macheke ndi malingana n’zosiyana ndi kusiyanitsa maulamuliro , ngakhale kuti malingaliro aŵiri amagwira ntchito pamodzi. Kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kumagawa boma m'nthambi zitatu zokhala ndi ntchito zazikulu zosiyana. Macheke ndi malingana amapereka nthambi iliyonse mphamvu yoletsa kapena zochita za ena. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti angayendere lamulo, koma Congress angaike pambali ya mavoti aŵiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lingalengeze lamulo losagwirizana ndi lamulo, koma kokha m'nkhani yeniyeni. Maulamuliro ameneŵa akutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingachite zinthu zofunika zazikulu.

Malamulo atatu aakulu a maziko a dongosololo:

    [[FLT :1] Umboni: nthambi iliyonse iyenera kuyankha kwa inayo ndipo, kudzera mwa iyo, kwa anthu. [[FLT:] [[FLT:]
  • . [FLT:] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] [zipult ] [zi] Mfundo zambiri] zikufuna kugonjetsa ndi kuchepetsa zochita. [FLT:]

    Konsichushoniyo ndiyo kupenda kotheratu: ponse paŵiri kupyolera m'malembo ake ndi kupyolera mchitidwe wa kukonzanso, kumene kumafuna maulamuliro apamwamba mu Congress ndi maboma. Brill of Rights imawonjezeranso kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma, ndipo makhoti amamasulira zoletsa zimenezo. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira kuti Lamulo ndi maziko a moyo amene amafuna chithandizo cha nthaŵi zonse kulongosola chifukwa chake mikangano ya lamulo ndi nkhondo za ndale zadziko ziri zachibadwa, osati zizindikiro za kulephera kwa dongosolo la zinthu.

    Mmene Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Zipangizo Zimagwirira Ntchito

    Nthambi Yotsatira Lamulo: Kupanga Malamulo Oyang’aniridwa

    Congress ikupanga malamulo, koma siingachite modzi. Pulezidenti ayenera kusaina lamulo kuti likhale lamulo; ngati Prezidenti wavetoes, Congress afuna unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri kutseguka. Chitseko chachikulucho chikutanthauza kuti pulezidenti starnet . N’kamodzi mwa ma 20 alionse. Komabe, kuopsa kwa kavalo kungakakamize Malamulo oyenera kapena kulolera kugonja.

    Congress amayang'aniranso bajeti. Mphamvu ya kachikwamaka ndi yoyang'anira kwambiri bwana wamkulu: Palibe ndalama zimene zingawonongedwe popanda kuperekedwa kuchokera ku Congress. Kufufuza kumeneku kunali pakati pa kuletsa boma ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri mu 2013. Kuwonjezera apo, Khoti limatsimikizira kuti mapangano a pulezidenti (mabungwe, oweruza a boma, akazembe) ndipo ayenera kuvomereza mapangano ndi voti. Kutsimikizira mavoti ndi mavoti ndizo zoyesera anthu onse osankha akuluakulu.

    Kufufuza kwina kofunika kwambiri kwa malamulo ndiko uyang'aniro . Makomiti amasunga kuweruza, kufalitsa mapepala a nthambi, ndi kusanthula zochita za nthambi za akuluakulu. Mphamvu yokakamiza umboni ndi zikalata imalola Nyumba za Malamulo kuvumbula kutayidwa, chinyengo, ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Mayeso a Ge77 Watergate, mwachitsanzo, potsirizira pake anatsogolera kwa Pulezidenti Nixon's. Posachedwapa, kufufuza kochitidwa ndi bungwe la bungwe la Boma mu January 6, 2021, ndipo nduna za Trump zapereka mlingo wa mphamvu ya boma.

    Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Kupereka Malamulo ndi Otsenderezedwa

    Pulezidenti akhazikitsa lamulo la boma, amalamulira nkhondo, ndi kuchita malamulo achilendo. Komabe maulamuliro onsewo amapendedwa. Pulezidentiyo akupempha bajeti, koma Congress akuilandira. Pulezidentiyo akambirana mapangano, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuvomereza. Pulezidenti angalamulire nkhondo, koma ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo yokha imene ingapereke mphamvu zimene zayesedwa mobwerezabwereza patapita 9 / 11. Chigamulo cha Nkhondo cha 1973 chimafuna kuti Pulezidenti adziŵitse Nyumba ya Malamulo m'maola 48 a kukhazikitsa magulu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kwa masiku 60 popanda chilolezo.

    Pulezidenti amaikanso oweruza a boma, kuphatikizapo oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba. Koma kusankhidwa kulikonse kuyenera kupambana chitsimikizo cha Khoti. Kufufuza kumeneku kwakhala kosiyana kwambiri: m'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, ena a iwo ayang'anizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa mwamphamvu ndi kugonjetsedwa. Kukana kwa 2016 kuweruza Merrick Garland (Phululenti wa Obama ana a nominee) ndi kutsimikizira kofulumira kwa Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020 kumasonyeza mmene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaumbikire judia kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

    Pulezidenti angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu a boma kuti atsogolere mabungwe a boma, koma malamulo ameneŵa angatsutsidwe m'khoti kapena kubwezedwa ndi woloŵa mmalo. Iwo sangapangenso malamulo atsopano kapena ndalama zoyenerera. Zochita zaudindo zifunikira kupendedwa, ndipo mwachitsanzo, kuyesa kwa Pulezidenti Truman kulanda zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya Korea (Youngstown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 1952).

    Manijala wa Pulezidenti ndi Kabinabu amathandizanso kuyang'ana pang’ono, ngakhale kuti amatumikira mokondwera ndi Pulezidenti. Mpando wa 25 wa Amereka umapereka njira yochotsera Pulezidenti amene sangathe kugwira ntchito, kufunidwa kwa unyinji wa Kabini kapena ntchito yapadera.

    Nthambi ya Oweruza: Kumasulira Malamulo Mopanda Chiletso

    Oweruza a Federal amatumikira mapangano a moyo wonse pambuyo pa kuikidwa kwa Pulezidenti ndi chitsimikizo ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Amatetezeredwa ku chitsenderezo chofala, kuwalola kulamulira mozikidwa pa lamulo ndi Konsichushoni ngakhale pamene sakondedwa. Kupenda kwawo kwakukulu ndi digital [[[FL:1]] mphamvu ya kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe apamwamba osagwirizana. Mphamvu imeneyi inakhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (183]) ndipo yakula kukhala mbali yaikulu ya boma la America.

    Mwa kupendanso mlandu, makhoti angathetse ntchito za Congress (m’jere, kuswa mbali za bungwe la Voing Rights Act mu 2013) kapena kutsekereza malamulo a akuluakulu a boma (m’chitsanzo, kuletsa maulendo mu 2017). Mawu a Khoti Lalikulu ndi omaliza pa mafunso a lamulo, pokhapokha ngati malamulo asinthidwa. Koma Khoti silingapereke malamulo ake okha; limadalira nthambi ya mkulu wa boma kuti izitsatira. Pulezidenti wokana kukhazikitsa lamulo la khotilo angachititse vutolo, koma kuphwanya malamuloko n’kovuta kuchotsapo kanthu ndipo kumangokhala kwanthaŵi yochepa.

    Khoti laling'ono limachitanso mayeso. Zimalamula kuti pasakhale malamulo a boma, ndipo zigamulo zawo zikhoza kuperekedwa. Njira yokambiranayo ndi yoyendera: palibe woweruza mmodzi amene angakhazikitse lamulo dziko lonse popanda kupendedwa. Makhoti alinso ndi mphamvu ya kumasulira kwa chiweruzo, kaŵirikaŵiri amadzaza mipata m'malamulo kapena malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyo imayesedwa ndi Nyumba za Malamulo, zimene zingathetse malamulo oletsa mafotokozedwe a chiweruzo (mwanthaŵi yonse imene malamulo a m’Chilamulo alola).

    Apandu ndi mbali ina ya kugamula mlandu woweruza. Pulezidenti ndi oweruza a boma amagamula kuti ndani amene ayenera kuimbidwa mlandu, koma ajuli akuluakulu ayenera kuweruza milandu yaikulu, ndipo aweruza amagamula mlandu. Oweruza amaika zigamulo, koma malamulo oyenerera ndi zitsogozo amachepetsa ufulu. Mphamvu yokhululukidwa, yomwe ili pafupifupi yotheratu pa milandu ya boma, imakhalanso ndi Pulezidenti .

    Chifukwa Chake Zimenezi Zili Zofunika kwa Nzika Zonse

    Kumvetsa macheke ndi kulinganiza sikuli njira ya maphunziro ayi. Kumapatsa nzika ziŵiya zopimira ntchito za ndale zadziko: Kodi Nyumba ya Malamulo ikuchita ntchito yake yoyang'anira? Kodi Prezidenti akunyalanyaza ulamuliro walamulo? Kodi achiweruzo akhalabe odziimira paokha? Popanda kuzindikira kumeneku, ovota angatengeke ndi mawu akuti pulezidenti ali ndi "mphamvu yopanda malire" kapena kuti lamulo la khoti ndi "audindo lopanda maziko.

    Macheke ndi malinganizo amadaliranso pa kutengamo mbali kwa boma. Kufufuza kwa lamulo kwa chisankho kuli kofunika kwambiri: ngati nzika sizikondwera ndi kachitidwe ka Congress, zingavote. Koma masankho okha amagwira ntchito pamene anthu asankha, auzidwa, ndipo angapeze chidziŵitso chodalirika. Kutsendereza, gerrymaning, ndi kufalitsa zolakwika zimawopseza osankha.

    Nzika zingagwirizanenso mwachindunji kupyolera mwa kulankhulana ndi oimira, kupereka umboni pa mayeso, kutengamo mbali m’kutsutsa poyera pa malamulo, ndi kuchirikiza magulu amene amavomereza ufulu walamulo. Dongosololi lalinganizidwira kukhala lokhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito . Limafuna kuti lisonkhezere anthu otomerana. Pamene nzika ziyang’ana boma lawo, zimamaliza mbali yake.

    Phindu lina lopindulitsa: kuzindikira mayeso ndi kulinganiza kumathandizira nzika kumvetsetsa mikangano ya zamalamulo imene imagulidwa m'nkhani. Pamene woweruza atsekereza apolisi, sindiye kupenda kochitidwa ndi oyambitsa. Pamene Congress afufuza wa m'nyumba ya White, kutanthauza kuti si "kusaka" . Dongosolo limatsogolera pa kutsutsana, ndipo kutsutsana kumayambitsa mkangano. Nzika zimene zimazindikira kuti sizingatengedwe ndi oweruza.

    Kuphatikizanso apo, mayeso ndi malingana amateteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa. Oweruza, makamaka, angatetezere magulu osatchuka kwa opambana. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa ukwati wa kugonana (] Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015] ndi ufulu wa anthu (Brown v. Board of Education , 1954) inali kuyang'anira malamulo amene ambiri anachirikiza. Popanda kudziimira paweruzi, ufulu wotero ukhoza kugonjetsedwa ndi malingaliro otchuka.

    Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Dziko za Machenjezo ndi Kulinganizika Zochitidwa

    Kupatulapo zitsanzo zodziŵika bwino, pali zitsanzo zina zamakono zimene zikusonyeza dongosolo limene likugwiritsidwa ntchito:

    • Veto ndi kusagwira: Pulezidenti Trump rhite a National Defense Imp Act mu 2020 pa makonzedwe ofuna kutchula Confedegate-mated siseko . Msonkhano umalowera paveto . "Kuyambirira kuchotsa mawu ake [1] kupenda magetsi apamwamba.
    • [[FLT: 0] Mapangano a Chipani cha Judicial ndi Chitsimikiziro cha Nyumba ya Malamulo: Pamene Pulezidenti Obama adalemba Merrick Garland ku Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2016, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya Republican yolamuliridwa anakana kusunga zitsimikizo, ikumaletsa kuikidwa kwa pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Mpando wa Woweruza Scalia unakhalabe wopanda kufikira Pulezidenti Trump's penie Neil Gor Mownmone mu 2017. Kugwiritsira ntchito kumeneku (kapese) kwa mphamvu ya olangiza ndi ovomereza kulinganizanso kwa Tricip.
    • Ulonda Waukulu wa Kumva: Mu 2022, Nyumba Komiti ya January 6 inasunga makutu otsegulidwa patelefoni amene anapereka umboni wa kuyesayesa kogwirizana kwa kugwedeza chisankho cha pulezidenti 2020. Makampani a komiti ndi umboni wapoyera zinakakamiza nthambi ya mkulu kutulutsa zikalata ndi mboni, kuphatikizapo ziwiya zothandizira anthu a White House.
    • Judicial Review of Administrative Orders : Mu 2017, lamulo la pulezidenti Trump loletsa ulendo kuchokera ku maiko angapo a Chisilamu linatsutsidwa mwamsanga. Komiti ya chigawo ya Apilo inachirikiza lamulo loletsa kuletsa, ndipo matembenuzidwe a Supreme Court analola matembenuzidwe okonzedwanso. Makhoti anafufuza mphamvu ya Pulezidenti yoletsa kusamukira m’dziko lozikidwa pa chipembedzo.
    • Kufufuza monga Cheke la Zandale zadziko: Pulezidenti Trump anatsutsidwa kaŵiri ndi Nyumba [1] Komwe kaamba ka kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu ndi kutsekereza Congress (209) ndi kamodzi kaamba ka kusonkhezera kugalukira (2021). Nyumba ya Malamulo inammasula nthaŵi zonse ziŵiri, chifukwa chakuti khomo la magawo aŵiri la chigamulo silinafikiridwe. Impsea ndi chiŵiya chofeŵetsa, koma imakakamiza kutsutsana kwaponse ndi kuŵerengera mlandu.

    Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kupima ndi kulinganizika sikuli kwa nthano. Nthaŵi zina kumaseŵera panthaŵi yeniyeni, ndi mitengo yapamwamba. Zimasonyezanso kuti dongosololi nlolimba kwambiri pokhapokha ngati anthu amene amalichita, ndi nzika zimene zimaonerera.

    Mavuto ndi Kupsinjika Maganizo m’Madongosolo Adziko

    Palibe njira yokwanira. Machenjera ndi malingana angatsogolere ku kutsekereza pamene nthambi zikulamulidwa ndi zipani zosiyana. Kutsekedwa kwa boma, kuchedwetsedwa, ndi kupunduka kwa malamulo ndi zizindikiro. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti dongosololi lakhala lolimba kwambiri, kuletsa kachitidwe kofunikira pa nkhani monga kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kusintha kwa nyengo. Ena amatsutsa kuti Pulezidenti, makamaka m'nkhani zachilendo, wapeza mphamvu zambiri ndi machekesi osakwanira.

    Kugawana kungachititse kuti anthu asamayang’anire: pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Nyumba ya White zili ndi chipani chimodzi, kufufuza kungakhale kopanda ukali, ndipo mwina n’kosachitika.

    Kukula kwa maulamuliro ndi maulamuliro kwasinthanso mphamvu kwa unduna. Mapresidenti a magulu aŵiri onse aŵiri agwiritsira ntchito malamulo a munthu mmodzi kutsekereza Nyumba ya Malamulo yoikidwa ndi anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti makhoti angathetse kuchenjerera, zochita zambiri za mabwana zimapulumuka chifukwa chakuti zili zogwirizana ndi lamulo lomwe lilipo. Nzika ziyenera kudziŵa kuti lingaliro la lamulo la kupanga malamulo mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo sili nthaŵi zonse.

    Kutsutsana kwina ndiko kukhazikitsa mapangano achiweruzo. Nkhondo zotsimikizira zakhala zotsutsana kwambiri, ndipo oweruza ena amaikidwa ndi chiyembekezo chakuti adzavota m'magulu otsimikizirika a malingaliro. Zimenezi zingawopseze lingaliro la kudziimira pawekha kwa chiweruzo. Njira yotsimikizirayo ndiyo kupenda, koma ngati igwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsekereza minese yozikidwa pa malingaliro okha, ingawononge chidaliro cha anthu.

    Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto ameneŵa, mazikowo akhalako kwa zaka zoposa 230. Oyambitsawo anayembekezera nkhondo ndi kupanga dongosolo limene likafuna kukambitsirana kopitirizabe. Monga momwe Justice Louis Brandeis ananenera, "Chiphunzitso cha kupatukana kwa maulamuliro chinatengedwa ndi Msonkhano wa 1787, osati kupititsa patsogolo chipambano koma kuletsa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yodzisankhira. Anthu amene amasunga chifuno chimenecho ali okonzeka bwino kuona ngati dongosolo likugwira ntchito monga momwe linalinganizidwira.

    Kumaliza: Mbali Yanu pa Kulinganiza Zinthu

    Macheke ndi masitepe si masewera oonera. Anthu amafuna kuti anthu adziwe bwino, alembetse kuti agwire ntchito bwino. Kutumiza ndi kuyang'ana padera kwachindunji kwambiri . Chisankho chilichonse chimapereka mpata wolowa mmalo mwa opanga malamulo, kapena Pulezidenti, kapena akuluakulu amene amatsimikizira kuti oweruza ndi oweruza. Koma kuvota kokha sikokwanira. Anthu ayeneranso kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu pakati pa masankhoti, kutsatira zopangidwa mwalamulo ndi zandale, ndiponso kuchirikiza mabungwe monga makina osindikizira aulere ndi odziimira okha.

    Malamulo a boma amateteza ufulu, koma samadziphera okha. Zimadalira pa kukhulupirirana ndi kudalira anthu. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa mmene nthambi zimagwirizanirana, zingadziŵe pamene dongosolo likupotozedwa ndi kufunidwa kukonzedwa. Kudziŵa mapulinsipulo ameneŵa kumasonkhezeranso kuleza mtima: boma limayenda pang’onopang’ono mwa kupanga zinthu, ndipo kuti kuchedwa kuli mbali yake, osati chilombo.

    Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za mizu ya nthanthi ndi mikangano yopitirizabe, oŵerenga angafufuze National Archives's Online kaamba ka zikalata zazikulu za magwero. Consitution Anutation imapereka kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane kwa mphamvu iliyonse ya nthambi. Kukambitsirana kwamakono, [[FLT: 4,] Project project yofikirika ya nkhani za Khoti Lapamwamba lomwe lafotokoza mayeso ndi mayeso.

    Munthu aliyense amakhala ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti palibe nthambi iliyonse ndipo palibe mtsogoleri aliyense, ndipo ngati atamvetsa zinthu ndiponso kuchita nawo zinthu, ndiye kuti akusunga ufulu wathu.