Zitetezero za lamulo zoletsa kuzengedwa mlandu mobwerezabwereza ndi kubwerezedwa kwa mawu zimapanga maziko a dongosolo lachiweruzo lolungama. Ziŵiri zamphamvu kwambiri koma zosamvetsetseka kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo kuopsa koŵirikiza [[FLT: 0] ndi jucata . Pamene kuli kwakuti ziphunzitso zonsezo zimatumikira kuletsa kupendedwa, zimagwirira ntchito m'mabungwe alamulo ndi kupereka chitetezo chotsatizana chimene nzika zonse ziyenera kuzindikira kuyendetsa dongosolo la malamulo mwachidaliro.

Kumvetsetsa Chizindikiro cha Maupandu Aŵiri

Maupandu aŵiri ali chitetezo cha lamulo chimene chimaletsa boma kuzenga munthu kamodzi kaamba ka mlandu waupandu umodzimodziwo. Maziko a chitetezo chimenechi akupezeka mu Firencence ku Malamulo a United States, amene amanena kuti palibe munthu amene adzagonjera "angakhale wolakwa mmodzimodziyo kuti aikidwe pangozi ya moyo kapena chiŵalo chapadera. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito pa milandu yonse yaupandu m'makhoti a boma ndipo, kudzera mwa Geneth Amendment’s Clause, ku makhoti a boma.

Chiyambi cha Mbiri ndi Maziko a Lamulo

Lingaliro la ngozi ziŵiri linali ndi chiyambi chakale, kuyambira kumbuyo kwa lamulo la Roma ndi lamulo la Angelezi oyambirira. Lingaliro lakuti munthu sayenera kuyesedwa kaŵiri kaamba ka kachitidwe kofanana linali yankho lachindunji ku kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa mfumu ku England. Olemba mapepala a ku United States anaiphatikiza kukhala ufulu wofunika kwambiri kutetezera nzika ku mphamvu yochuluka ya boma. Lamulolo limatsimikizira kuti pamene chigamulocho chatha / kukhululukidwa / / n’kulowapo ndi kukhala chomaliza, nkhaniyo imatsekedwa.

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likuchirikiza ngozi ziŵiri mosalekeza monga chitetezo chofunika kwambiri kwa boma ochenjeredwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu Benton v. Maryland ( [1] [1969]), Khoti linakhulupirira kuti ngozi ya kaŵiri ndi ufulu wofunika kwambiri pansi pa Kukonzanso kwa Zalamulo kwa 14, kupangitsa kuti chikhale chogwira ntchito kumanga milandu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinalimbikitsa kuti palibe boma limene lingapereke woimbidwa mlandu pambuyo pochotsedwa, ngakhale ngati padzapezeka umboni watsopano.

Pamene Maseŵera Ochititsa Chidwi Aŵiri (ndipo Opatula)

Upandu waŵiri umagwirizanitsidwa pamfundo yachindunji m'zochitika za upandu. M'kuweruza kwa ajuli, ngozi imagwirizanitsidwa pamene oweruza alumbira. Pa kuweruza kwa benchi, imagwirizanitsidwa pamene mboni yoyamba yalumbira. Ngati mabwalo aperekedwa popanda chivomerezo cha woimbidwa mlanduyo ndipo palibe chofunikira chowonekera bwino, kuweruzanso kungaletsedwe. Komabe, pali kusiyana kwakukulu:

  • Throjini ya Dual Coust : Munthu angaimbidwe mlandu ndi onse aŵiri boma ndi boma kaamba ka khalidwe lofanana ngati kachitidweko kaswa malamulo osiyana a ulamuliro uliwonse. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani ya Rodney King inaphatikizapo kumasula kotsatiridwa ndi ufulu wa boma.
  • Appal zochitidwa ndi Boma: Tchulani mlandu ungapereke chilolezo cha kuchotsedwa kapena njira yapambuyo pa mlandu imene imawononga chitsimikizo, koma singapereke chikhululukiro.
  • Zinthu zosintha: Ngati kachitidwe kamodzimodziko kaswa malamulo ambiri ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana, machiweruzo opatukana angaloledwe pansi pa "mayeso a "

Kupatulapo kumeneku kuli kochepa ndi kopambanitsa. Chitetezo chachikulu chimakhalapo: Woimbidwa mlandu akamasulidwa, boma silingawatsutse kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo, mosasamala kanthu kuti umboni watsopano ungakhale wokhutiritsa motani.

Chiphunzitso cha Uchifumu cha Umodzi Chikutsatiridwa

Chiphunzitso cha uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri ndi chimodzi cha mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za ngozi ziŵiri. Chimaika padera la maufumu opatulidwa . .Iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu ya kuweruza milandu pansi pa malamulo awo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti kachitidwe kangatsogolere ku milandu iŵiri: imodzi m'bwalo limodzi la boma ndi imodzi m'bwalo la boma. Otsutsa amatsutsa zimenezi kuopsa koŵirikiza kaŵiri, pamene ochirikiza amasunga ulamuliro wa boma ndi kulola wolamulira aliyense kusungitsa malamulo ake payekha. Khoti Lapamwamba la 2019, kutsegula mlandu ndi . United States [FLD:1], anatsimikiziranso chiphunzitsocho, chotchula pafupifupi zaka 170 za chitsanzo.

"Chiphunzitso cha uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri ndizo mbali yakale ndi yokhazikitsidwa ya chiweruzo chaupandu cha Amereka. Imasonyeza lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino kuti maboma ndi boma la boma ali odziimira paokha, aliyense wokhala ndi ulamuliro waumwini wa kuweruza kuswa malamulo ake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Koma kwa nzika, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngakhale mlandu wa boma utatha, mlanduwo ungakhale wothekabe ngati nkhaniyo ikuswa lamulo la boma.

Kumvetsetsa Kumapatsa Chidziŵitso

Res Jucata, Chilatini kaamba ka "nkhani yoweruzidwa," ndi chiphunzitso cha lamulo chimene chimaletsa zigamulo kapena nkhani zimene zakhala zikuloseredwa ndi khoti loyenerera. Mosiyana ndi ngozi ziŵiri, zimene zimagwira ntchito kokha ku milandu ya upandu, jucata imalamulira milandu ya boma kumene magulu a anthu achinsinsi (kapena boma monga mtsogoleri wa boma) amafunafuna chithandizo. Malamulo amalimbikitsa kuthera, kusunga chuma cha khoti, ndi kutetezera magulu a milandu yobwerezabwereza.

Zinthu Zosintha Maganizo

Kuti mlandu ukhalenso wa mlandu wachiŵiri, payenera kukhala zinthu zitatu:

  1. Chiweruzo chachikulu pa Malo: Nkhani yoyamba iyenera kukhala itatulukapo chiweruzo chomalizira chimene chimathetsa mawu ang'onoang'ono, osati kungochotsedwa kwa mwambo.
  2. Kutchuka kwa Parities (kapena Price): [[FLT :1] Maphwando m'suti yachiŵiri ayenera kukhala ofanana ndi (kapena m'lamulo) awo amene ali m'suti yoyamba. Pracy imaphatikizapo oloŵa m'malo achidwi, oimira, kapena awo amene zikondwerero zawo zinaimiridwa mokwanira m'kachitidwe koyambirira.
  3. Changu cha Action kapena Athiti: Mkangano waukulu kapena nthanthi yalamulo iyenera kufanana ndi ija yakhala itaperekedwa kale. Makhoti amakono amapanga njira yokulira ya kugulitsa, kuletsa kunena kulikonse kumene kumachokera ku malonda amodzimodzi kapena mipambo ya malonda imene inabweretsedwa kapena ikanabweretsedwa ku stitu yoyamba.

Ngati zinthu zitatu zonsezi zilipo, mlandu wachiŵiriwo umaletsedwa kotheratu, mosasamala kanthu za umboni watsopano kapena mikangano imene ikanayambitsidwa — koma osati pa mlandu woyamba.

Kudziwitsa kuti M’pofunika Kusinthasintha

Reccata imaphatikiza madonsi aŵiri ogwirizana koma osiyana: [[FLT: 0] preclusion ndi issue preclusion (kaŵirikaŵiri amatchedwa Constanteral estopel).

  • Claim Preclusion imatsekera chipani kuti chilengeze chinenezo chimene chinaikidwa kapena chikanaikidwa m'kachitidwe kapasadakhale pakati pa zigaŵenga zimodzimodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wozemba waswa pangano ndi kutaya, pambuyo pake sanganeneze zachinyengo chozikidwa pa pangano limodzimodzilo, ngakhale ngati iwo akanalephera kuphatikizapo chiphunzitsocho poyamba.
  • Kudziwitsa kwa munthu amene sanali mbali m'nkhani yoyambayo kumaletsa kufotokozedwa kwa nkhani inayake imene inafotokozedwa ndi kufunikira kuweruza. Mosiyana ndi kunena kuti kupeka, kupeka nkhani kunganenedwe ndi anthu amene sanali mbali m’nkhaniyo, ngati kuti gulu lakhala likutsutsana ndi amene likufuna kuganiziridwa ndi mpata wokwanira ndi woyenerera wofotokoza nkhaniyo.

Kukambitsirana nkhani kaŵirikaŵiri kumagwira ntchito m’mikhalidwe imene mfundo imodzi yotsimikizirika inagamulidwa m’milandu ina ndipo iri yaikulu ku ina. Mwachitsanzo, ngati khoti lipeza kuti dalaivala anali wonyalanyaza pa ngozi, dalaivala mmodzimodziyo sangakane kutsutsana ndi kulakwa kotsatirapo kwa wodwala wina.

Kusiyanitsa ndi Kusuliza kwa Judicata

Ngakhale kuti makhoti amatumikira zolinga zofunika, amavomereza kuti pali malire oletsa zinthu zopanda chilungamo.

  • Bwalo loyamba lamilandulo linalibe ulamuliro pa nkhani kapena zigawo.
  • Chigamulocho chinapezedwa mwachinyengo, kuphana, kapena ziphuphu.
  • Umboni wopezedwa chatsopano sunapezeke mwa kuyesayesa kwakhama kusanayambe kuzenga mlandu koyamba.
  • Kusintha kwa lamulo kumachititsa kuti chiweruzo choyambirira chikhale chosakondera (chosayenera, koma chotheka m’pangano linalake kapena m’mikangano ya katundu).

Osuliza amanena kuti nthaŵi zina mawu olembedwa kuti judicata anganenedwe moyenera ndi malonda amodzimodziwo koma ndi nthanthi zosiyanasiyana zalamulo, makamaka pamene suti yoyambirirayo inabweretsedwa popanda kuzindikira kotheratu za zonena zothekera. chiphunzitsocho chimaika chikalata cha kuchonderera kosamalitsa ndi kufufuza koyambirira, kumene kungakhale kolemetsa kwa odziimira okha kapena awo okhala ndi chuma chochepa.

Kusiyana Maganizo ndi Kulephera Kwambiri

Kumvetsa kusiyana kwawo n’kofunika kwambiri kwa nzika zimene zingakumane ndi milandu kapena milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imene imachitika pa nthawi imodzi.

Anthu Ochita Zaupandu Asintha

Kusiyana kwakukulu koposa ndiko njira yawo yogwiritsira ntchito:

  • Upandu wosawirikiza umagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pa milandu yaupandu. Imatetezera anthu ku milandu ya boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti chigamulo chitafikiridwa, boma silingabweretsenso kachitidwe ka upandu kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodziwo.
  • Res judita imagwira ntchito m'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni. Kumaletsa zigamulo za boma kapena nkhani pambuyo pa chiweruzo chomaliza. Komabe, nthaŵi zina, judicata ingagwire ntchito pa milandu yachiŵeniŵeni imene imatsatira milandu ya upandu [1] Mwachitsanzo, kuweruza mlandu wa boma chifukwa cha chilango chitatha munthu wolakwa sikuletsedwa chifukwa suloledwa chifukwa suyenera kuvomereza masuti aŵiriwo amaphatikizapo zopereka umboni ndi miyezo yosiyana.

Kuyerekezera Zitetezero

Njira zotetezera zimasiyananso m’kukula ndi m’njira:

  • Kuikapo maupandu kaŵiri panthaŵi ya kuzenga mlandu, pamene kuli kwakuti judicata imagwira ntchito pambuyo pa chiweruzo chomaliza pa zoyenera za mlandu wa boma.
  • Partis : Upandu waŵiri uli kuyenera kwa munthu woimbidwa mlandu; woimbidwa mlandu yekha ndiye angaupemphe. Resjucata angadzutsidwe ndi chipani chilichonse ku kachitidwe ka boma kachiyambi, ndipo nthaŵi zina, ngakhale ndi mbali zachitatu kuimbidwa mlandu.
  • Wait: Mfumu ingawononge ngozi ziŵiri (mt., mwa kupempha mlandu wolakwika), koma juli kaŵirikaŵiri imalingaliridwa kukhala chitetezero chimene chingatayike ngati sichikudzutsidwa mwamsanga.
  • Appals : [[FLT :1] Pambuyo pa kukhululukidwa, boma silingapitire mlandu chifukwa cha ngozi zoŵirikiza. M'nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni, aliyense angapereke chiweruzo choipitsitsa, ndipo jujustate samagwira ntchito kufikira kuchondererako kwatha.

Kulakwa kungachitike ngati chigamulo cha upandu kapena kukhululukidwa kuli ndi zotulukapo zotsimikizirika. Mwachitsanzo, chigamulo chaupandu cha chinyengo chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito monga umboni m'milandu yachiŵeniŵeni yotsatira, ndipo nkhani ya liwongo ingachotsedwe kumbuyo kwa mlandu . Koma kokha ngati mlanduwo unapereka mwaŵi wokwanira ndi wosakondera" kufotokoza. Kuimba kumeneku nkovuta ndi kodalira kwambiri pa mfundo ndi kaimidwe kachibadwa.

Chifukwa Chake Malamulo Amakhalidwe Abwino Aŵa Ali Ofunika M’dongosolo la Chiweruzo

Makhoti akakhala opanda malamulo, malamulo angakayikitse boma kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kuvutitsa boma, ndi kuweruza motsutsana.

Kuchokera ku smendical reso [[FL:1], ziphunzitso izi:

  • Sungani ndalama zachiweruzo mwa kuletsa makhoti kuweruzanso mikangano imodzimodziyo.
  • Kutsekedwa kwa maganizo kwa anthu amene apirira kale mlandu. Munthu womasulidwa ku upandu angapite patsogolo popanda kuopa kuti angaikidwenso mlandu womwewo.
  • Tsalani zigamulo zokhulupirika mwa kuweruza khoti monga lomaliza ndi lomangitsa. Chimaliziro chimenechi chimalimbikitsa anthu kuvomereza zotsatirapo mmalo mopitirizabe kuzitsutsa.
  • Kufuna kugula zinthu ndi kukonza milandu yambiri m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino.

Movuta, zitetezero zonse ziŵiri zimatumikiranso monga zopinga pa ulamuliro wa boma. Kuyenera motsutsana ndi ngozi ziŵiri mwachindunji kumaletsa kukhoza kwa boma kuukira munthu mobwerezabwereza. judicata, pamene kuli kwakuti kwakukulukulu ndi chiphunzitso chachiŵeniŵeni, imaletsanso mabungwe a boma kuikiza mlandu nzika mobwerezabwereza pa mkangano umodzimodziwo, wonga ngati m'nkhani za msonkho kapena zopereka malamulo.

Zitsanzo Zothandiza kwa Nzika za Tsiku ndi Tsiku

Kuti muone mfundo zimenezi mwachidwi, ganizirani zochitika zotsatirazi:

Chitsanzo 1: Ngozi ya Pamsewu ya Apandu

Tiyerekeze kuti Alice wachita ngozi ya galimoto imene imamuphetsa dalaivala wina. Boma limam’weruza chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa munthu wina, koma linapeza kuti alibe mlandu. Pansi pa ngozi ziwiri, boma silingamutsutse chifukwa cha upanduwo, ngakhale atapeza kuti apeza kuti ali ndi zingwe zooneka ngati zolemba makalata. Komabe, banja la munthu wakufayo lingam’phebe mlandu wakupha Alice chifukwa chakuti milandu ya anthu ili ndi yotsika kwambiri popereka umboni (umboni wa) ndipo limakhala ndi zochita zosiyana zalamulo. Ngati sugwirizana ndi lamulo, suyeneranso chifukwa chakuti kunena kwakeko kuli kosiyana (kuwononga chilango chaupandu).

Chitsanzo 2: Mkangano Wochititsa Mkangano

Bob akuzenga mlandu wa ntchito yowonongeka pa nyumba yake, akupempha kuswa ntchito. Khotilo limapeza kuti ntchitoyo inachitidwa bwino. Pambuyo pake, Bob apeza kuti womangayo anagwiritsira ntchito zinthu zosalimba, zimene akanazipeza poyambapo mwachangu. Akupanga mlandu watsopano wa chinyengo chozikidwa pa ntchito yolakwika yomweyo. Mothekera Res judicata adzaletsa chinenezo chachinyengo chifukwa chakuti chimachitika chifukwa cha malonda amodzi ndipo chingakhale chitadzutsidwa ndi suti yoyamba. Bob anamangidwa ndi zotsatira za mlandu wake woyamba.

Chitsanzo 3: Kumenyedwa m’Banja

Carlos amaimbidwa mlandu wa kuukira kwapanyumba. Pa mlandu wake waupandu, ajuli satha kugamula mlandu, ndipo zimenezi zingachititse kuti aikidwe pa mlandu woweruza. Woweruzayo analengeza mlandu wolakwika. Maupandu aŵiri sazenga mlandu chifukwa chakuti kulakwa koyamba sikunatuluke chifukwa chomukhululukira kapena kukana. Woweruzayo angamutsutsenso Carlos. Komabe, ngati Carlos adamasulidwa, kuweruzanso sikungatheke. Panthaŵiyi, wolakwayo angafunebe lamulo lotetezera kapena kulipira, monga momwe zija zimakhalira zotetezera anthu.

Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti ngakhale kuti ngozi ziŵiri ndi jucata zimapereka chitetezo champhamvu, sizili zopanda malire. Zimagwira ntchito m’malamulo ovuta a malamulo, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumafuna kusanthula kwalamulo kosamalitsa ndi loya. Nzika zophatikizidwa m’kugamula ziyenera kuzindikira kuti kutheratu kuli lamulo lotsogolera, koma kusiyana kulipo, makamaka ngati nkhani za anthu ndi zaupandu zikugwirizana.

Kuŵerenganso za kuwonjezereka kwa maupandu oŵirikiza, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information securetion translation translate translate imapereka chidule chabwino kwambiri. Kufufuza jucata mukuya, onani [[[FLT:]] LITATE MPUTA MP [pamutu] [[FLT: 3] , zomwe ndizo chigamulo cha khoti lapamwamba mu [FLT:]. [FTCT]]. United States[FLT:] (20]) (20) ikupezeka [[FLT:] Oyz's chidule [FLT:] [FL:] [5], chifukwa cha kulongosola kwachiŵiri .[5]

Mwachidule, ngozi ndi majesitivi ndi zigawo ziŵiri za kumalizira kwa lamulo la America. Imodzi imatetezera woimbidwa mlandu waupandu ku kuzengedwa mlandu mobwerezabwereza; ina imatetezera zigamulo zonse ku kuperekedwa kwa lamulo kosalekeza. Imodziyo, imatsimikizira kuti zigamulo zikulemekezedwa, chuma zikusungidwa, ndipo anthu savutika ndi nkhondo zosatha za lamulo. Nzika iriyonse iyenera kukhala ndi chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito cha malamulo ameneŵa kuti igwiritsire ntchito ufulu wawo ndi kumvetsetsa malire a lamulo.