Chiyambi

United States Constitution imaimira lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, kukhazikitsa kapangidwe ka boma la boma ndi kutchula zoyenera za anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti chikalata choyambirira sichinaletse kukondera kapena kutsimikizira ulingana m’lingaliro lamakono, kukonza kwake ndi kumasulira kwakhala ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri polimbana ndi tsankho. Kuyambira pa Bill of Rights mpaka ku Genetic Amerekation ndi kupitirirapo, Konsichushoni yagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsapo upo wa dongosolo ndi kuchirikiza kulingana kwa kachitidwe ka malamulo. Nkhaniyi ikupenda malamulo alamulo, zigamulo zapamwamba, ndi kutsutsana kopitirizabe kumene kumapanga kusiyanitsa ndi kulingana kwa malamulo.

Mfundo Yoyambirira: Kukhazikitsa Chilungamo ndi Kusalingana

Chiyambi cha Malamulo chimalengeza zifuno za Malamulowo kuti: “Ife Anthu a United States, mwa Kulinganiza kupanga Umodzi wangwiro kwambiri, kukhazikitsa Chilungamo, kutsimikizira kusoŵa kwa banja, kupereka chitetezo cha onse, kuchirikiza Chisungiko cha Aunyinji, ndi kutetezera Madalitso a Lipalensi, kuika ndi kukhazikitsa Lamulo limeneli la United States of America. Mawuwo akuti “Ife anthu" tinali osinthasintha kwa nthaŵi yake, kunena kuti ulamuliro wa boma uchokera ku chivomerezo cha ulamuliro osati kwa mfumu. Ngakhale kuti Lamulo loyamba silinafutukutse unziko wonse kwa akazi, anthu ogwidwa ukapolo, kapena nzika za Iorgen, kuitanira kaamba ka“ Chilungamo ndi “Genekizi” kwa“ Chipulumu.

Brill of Rights: Kutetezera Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense kwa Boma Lolamulira Mopambanitsa

Ziyeso khumi zoyambirira, zovomerezedwa mu 1791, zimadziŵika pamodzi monga Bill of Rights . Zinalinganizidwa kuchepetsa mphamvu ya boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Poyamba, zisinthiko zimenezi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku boma la boma lokha, koma mwa chiphunzitso cha kuphatikiza [1] choyambitsidwa mu Servement’s Process Claus ya 1448 Reformation, masiku ano mabungwe ambiri amagwiranso ntchito ku boma ndi maboma a m’dzikolo. Malamulo angapo a kusintha maganizo a Boma la ufulu wachindunji pankhani za tsankho ndi kusagwirizana ndi kuchitiridwa zinthu zina.

Kusintha Koyamba: Ufulu wa Mawu ndi Msonkhano

Malamulo ameneŵa amathandiza magulu opondereza kufotokoza zifukwa zawo zodandaulira, kukhazikitsa zitsutso, ndi kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, maulendo omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe a m’ma 1960 anadalira kwambiri pa malamulo otetezera Oyamba Owonjezera, ndipo Khoti Lapamwamba lawononga mobwerezabwereza malamulo oletsa kuphwanya lamulo amene anayesa kuletsa msonkhano wamtendere kapena kukhazikitsa nkhani zogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Kusintha kwachinayi: Kutetezera Kukufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Kuunika

Demendment Yachinayi yolonda anthu oloŵerera m'boma. Ngakhale kuti si zoonekeratu za kulingana, chitetezo chake chapemphedwa m'nkhani za kulinganiza ndi kumasulira kwa ufuko. Whren v. United States [1996], Khoti linalola kuimitsa njira za kulembera malemba, zimene otsutsa amatsutsa kwambiri anthu a mitundu. Komabe, milandu yaposachedwapa yonga Utah v. Strieff [[FLT:] (20)] adayambitsanso mikangano yonena za mmene malamulo a Chigamuko chachinayi angagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutonza malamulo autsa lamulo laufuko.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Chisinthiko cha 88 chimaletsa belo lopambanitsa, liwongo lopambanitsa, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Chakhala chofunika kwambiri kutsutsa kutsutsa kusiyanitsa kumene kumavulaza kwambiri oimbidwa mlandu ang'onoang'ono. Furman v. Georgia [77]], Khoti linawononga chilango cha imfa monga momwe chinagwiritsidwira ntchito m'malamulo odzisankhira ndi aufuko, ngakhale kuti pambuyo pake linasunga malamulo okonzedwanso mu Gregbbb v. Georgia [1] [[FLT:] [6] [19]. Posachedwapa, Bwango lagwiritsira ntchito chiletso cha 8h malamulo kuletsa moyo popanda achinyamata, kuzindikira kuti ana ali oyenerera kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Chinsinsi cha Kulingana

Kuikidwa m'chaka cha 1868, Demetrimenti ya 14th Endment inali chivomerezo chachindunji ku kusalungama kumene kunayang'anizana ndi anthu omwe kale anali akapolo pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni. Ilo liri ndi mawu angapo ofunika kwambiri ochitira ndi tsankho ndilo chinjirizo la Chisankhunzo la Chimodzimodzi ndi machitachita: “Palibe Boma limene lidzakana kwa munthu aliyense wokhala ndi ulamuliro wake kuchinjiriza kolingana ndi malamulo." Mawu ameneŵa akhala chiŵiya chachikulu cha malamulo ndi malamulo otsutsa upandu.

Chitetezo Cholingana ndi Kulingana kwa Fuko

Kutetezera kwa Audial Claus kunamasuliridwa choyamba mofupikitsa mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1856), kumene Khoti Lalikulu linachirikiza tsankho la fuko pansi pa “kusiyana ndi kulingana” chiphunzitso. Pafupifupi theka la zaka zana, Khoti linakana kuti likhale ndi Brown v. Body ya maphunziro [1954] [], kulengeza kuti “masukulu ambiri sagwirizana. [FLT] Brown [[FLT] adagwetsa chiwombo chapo m'masukulu ndi kuika maziko a ufulu wa anthu. Mfundo zowonjezera za m'malamulo, kugawa, ndi kupenda kopeka maukwati, ndi kuyang'nkhanitsa kwakukulukulu kwa malamulo a boma, tsopano amagwiritsira ntchito malamulo otsutsa kwambiri.

Kulingana kwa Mahatchi ndi Kulumikizana

Kutetezera Khirisimasi kofanana kumaletsanso tsankho lozikidwa pa kugonana, ngakhale kuti muyezo wa kupenda uli wopendedwa pang'ono mmalo mwa kusanthula kosamalitsa. Craig v. Boren [197], Khoti linavomereza kuti kusankha akazi pa nkhani za kugonana kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi chifuno chachikulu cha boma. Zosankha za malo zikuphatikizapo [[FLT:] v. [FLT]. [7] [7], zimene zinawononga lamulo losankha amuna pa akazi monga oyang’anira malo; [FLT] Front]. [v5] [7] [7] [zifunsinsi])).

LGBTQ+ Ufulu ndi Mpumulo wa 14

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, Chitetezo cha Aunity ndi Tsimation Classias chagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa LGBTQ+ anthu. M' Obergefell v. Hodges (206], Bwalo lamilandu lizindikira ukwati wa utali wofanana ndi kuyenera kwa mapangano onse aŵiri, kugogomezera kuti “Malamulo amalonjeza ufulu kwa aliyense wokhala pafupi. Lomaster v. Evans [196]]), Bwalo linamenya Colorado la Coloradorado ndi kuletsa chitetezo chilichonse choletsa anthu ogonana ndi akazi anzawo, koma kupendanso mfundo yake. [FLYN:]

Chiphunzitso cha Kusintha

Chikalata cha 14 Demendment cha Lamulo la 14 chagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphatikiza mbali zambiri za Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu waukulu watetezeredwa mofanana m'dziko lonselo. Njira imeneyi yakhala yofunika kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito njira yoyamba, yachinayi, yachisanu, ndi yachisanu, ndi ya Eighth Reformations ku boma ndi maboma akomweko, mwakutero kuchepetsa kugaŵa malo okhala ndi ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa uphungu ([[FLT: 0]] Gedeon v. Wainright , 1963], ndi mwayi wolimbana ndi ufulu wodzitetezera wodziimira wekha ([FLT:]].Molloy . [2], v[FLT], 1964]) akuletsa kuweruza, kapena kuletsa anthu osauka.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Malamulo

Kusintha mawu ndiko maziko a kutengamo mbali m’zademokrase, ndipo Konsichushoni yasinthidwa nthaŵi zingapo kuti ichotse zopinga za tsankho kwa osankha.

Kusintha kwa 15 (1870)

“ Kuyenera kwa nzika za United States kwa kuvota sikudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo. " Mosasamala kanthu za chitsimikizo chimenechi, amagwiritsira ntchito misonkho yofunsira, mayeso a kuwerenga, agogo, ndi zigamulo zachiwawa zochotsa Black cotiontion. Zinatenga pafupifupi zaka zana limodzi chisanafike Chiletso cha Voting Rights cha 1965 mokhutiritsa kukhazikitsa Komkishoni ya 15, kuletsa njira zimenezi ndi kufuna kuti boma liyang'anire ndi mbiri ya tsankho. Khoti Lapamwamba linafooketsa Chigawo 5 preglicate mu [FLD:]. [FLT. County .[FFFct:1] , (20.3]), koma kuimira kulingana kwa gulu la mafuko audindo la mafuko audindo la anthu.

M’chaka cha 19 Kusintha (1920)

“ Kuyenera kwa nzika za United States kuvota sikudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lililonse chifukwa cha kugonana.” Pambuyo pa zaka makumi ambiri za kuukira kwa gulu la akazi, kuletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa kusankha akazi. Ilo linali sitepe lodziŵika la kulingana kwa amuna, ngakhale kuti linapindulitsa akazi achizungu; akazi ambiri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana anali kuyang'anizanabe ndi ziletso zozikidwa pa fuko ndi malo a nzika kufikira lamulo ndi khoti pambuyo pake.

Amereka Aamakumi aŵiri ndi Asanu (1964)

“ Kuyenera kwa nzika za United States kuvota m'chosankha chachikulu chilichonse ... sikudzakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa ... chifukwa cha kulephera kupereka msonkho wa kuvota kapena msonkho wina.” Msonkho wamwambo unagwiritsiridwa ntchito modabwitsa kuchotsa osankhidwa apamwamba, makamaka Aafirika ku South. Kukonza kumeneku sikudzaletsedwa chopinga cha zachuma chosankha, ngakhale kuti malamulo ena oletsa monga malamulo a voti a kampani akupitiriza kutsutsana ndi kusankhidwa kwa anthu amodzi.

Kusintha kwa Mabuku Owonjezera 20 (1971)

“ Kuyenera kwa nzika za United States, za zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kapena kuposapo, kusakanidwa kapena kuletsedwa chifukwa cha msinkhu.” Kuchepetsako pakati pa 21 ndi 18, kuvomereza kumeneku kunayankha chitsutso chakuti awo a msinkhu wokwanira kulembetsedwa kunkhondo ayenera kukhala ndi liwu m’boma lawo. Kuwonjezera kusankhako kukakhala kwa gulu latsopano la nzika, kuchepetsa tsankho la msinkhu posankha.

Kukakamiza Ufulu Wopereka Ufulu wa Oweruza

Pambuyo pa kusinthako, Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti mlingo wa Kuteteza Claus ukufuna “munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi” ( Reynolds v. Simmals, 1964), kuchotsa nyumba zovomerezeka za boma zimene zinasokoneza kuvota kwa anthu a m’mizinda ndi a m’madera ochepa. Khoti lasiyanso kugamula lamulo la fuko logwirizana ndi ndale. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kugawana kwa ndale kofanana.

Nkhani za M’nthaŵi Yathu ndi Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Malembo a Konsichushoni ali okhazikika, koma kumasulira kwake kumasintha pamene chitaganya chikusintha.

Ntchito Yotsimikizira

Malamulo otsimikiza a cholinga cha kuthetsa tsankho la m'mbiri mwa kulingalira kuti mtundu kapena ukazi ndiwo chimodzi mwa zinthu zimene zimachititsa kuti anthu azilandira, kulembedwa ntchito, kapena kutenga. Khoti Lapamwamba lathandiza maprogramu ongopeka a fuko powayang'anitsitsa kwambiri, monga mu Grauteuth v. Bollinger[ [[2003] [imene imalola kuti kusiyana kwa], ndipo imalola kusiyana kwa mitundu kukhala chikondwerero chosonkhezera m’maphunziro apamwamba. Komabe, Khoti lilinso ndi kachitidwe kochepa koletsa, kugonjetsa madongosolo ([[FLT:]]]] Regetsss of University of California. [FLT] [FF]]) yosagwirizana ndi yosagonjetsedwa. Zigamu zake zoikidwa m’manja zoikidwa zoikidwa m'patu, zinalephera kugawa. [4]

Kudziwika kwa Mayiko ndi Ufulu Wopereka Ufulu wa Anthu

Anthu omasulira anayang'anizana ndi tsankho m'zipatala, ntchito, maphunziro, ndi malo ogona a anthu. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Bostock v. Clayton County [[FLT:] (2020) anakhulupirira kuti tsankho lozikidwa pa mkhalidwe wa kuchuluka kwa odwala ndi mtundu wa kukondera kwa chisembwere pamutu pa Dipoti VII ya ufulu wa anthu onse. Pamene kuli kwakuti siliri lamulo la lamulo la lamulo, lasonkhezera makhoti aang'ono kumasulira Chitetezo cha Classia. Mwachitsanzo, chigawo chachinayi chinalamulira .Grim. Counter Counter Board Board [Fl "Flg3:20]) kuti sukulu imachita zinthu zogwirizana ndi mfundo zachiyeneretsa Chitetezo cha Clasciod ndi mfundo zalamulo cha Groma.

Chilungamo cha Fuko ndi Tsankho

Magulu amakono onga Black Live Confect agogomezera kusiyana kwaufuko kopitirizabe m'chilungamo cha upandu, nyumba, ntchito, ndi maphunziro. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo amaletsa tsankhu mwadala, ambiri amatsutsa kuti malamulo osaloŵerera m’nkhope angakhale ndi ziyambukiro zosiyanitsa zimene zidakalipo kulingana. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likufunikira umboni wa cholinga cha kugamula osati kungochotsako chiyambukiro cha kugaŵana kwa fuko m'malo mwa kungochotsa chiyambukiro cha kuswa lamulo la lamulo la boma ([[FLT: 0]] Shahington v. Davis [1], 1976. Chigamu chimenechi chasulizidwa ndi otsutsa ufulu wa anthu amene amatsutsa kuti chimalephera kulankhula za tsankho lapansi pa kachitidwe ka boma. Mayanthidwe otero monga George Flod Justice mu Chigant, poyesa kufotokoza nkhani za malamulo a Chilungamo, zokambirana za malamulo a Chilungamo cha Chilunga cha Chilunga cha Chilunga cha Chilunga cha .

Kulingana kwa Zachuma ndi Malamulo

Malamulo satsimikizira mwachindunji kulingana kwa chuma, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu lakana mwachisawawa kuvomereza kuyenera kwa kuchepetsa miyezo ya moyo kapena kupezeka kwa zinthu. San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1] , Bwalo lamilandu linakana kunena kuti kusiyanitsa chuma kozikidwa pa ndalama kusukulu kumaswa Supersona, kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro kukhala kusakhala kuyenera kwalamulo la boma. Komabe, malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chitetezo champhamvu kaamba ka maphunziro ndi ubwino, ndi chitsimikizo cha lamulo la malamulo apamwamba ochirikiza kuteteza chuma chimene chidakalipobe chogwirizana ndi malamulo ozikidwa pa nkhani zina, monga kulowa m'makhoti ([FL:2]). Komabe, intaneti ya Illinome. [5]

Kumaliza: Konsichushoni monga Chiphunzitso Chosinthasintha cha Kulingana

Malo a Konsichushoni a kuyang'anira tsankho ndi kuchirikiza kufanana kwakula kwambiri kuyambira 1787. Mwa Bill of Rights, Reconsolences, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ufulu wovota, chikalatacho chasinthidwa kukhala chipangizo champhamvu chotetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kutsimikizira kuchitidwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo. Khoti Landmark Supreme poyang'anira zosankha [[FLD:0]] Brown v. Body of Ex' [[FLM:1] ku [FLD]] ku [FL:]] ku [FLT] 0] ku . Hodge broll v. Hodges [umboni ya mmene kumasulira kwa lamulo kwa lamulo kungapitirizirikire chilungamo ngakhale pamene malemba oyambirira anali chete kapena ochotsedwa. Komabe ntchitoyo siinathetsedwa pa kachitidwe kachitidwe kamodzi, kuweruza kopanda tsankho, ndi kuweruza kwa ufulu waudindo waunyiko, ndi kuyankha kwa chikalata chatsopano chamakono cha ku America.

[[ML:0] Ziŵiya:[[Mboni:1]