Malamulo a boma ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri zimene zimaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, mwayi, ndi ufulu wa nzika zake. Kaya mwa bokosi la pepala, mgolo wa mfuti, kapena malamulo a wolamulira wa cholowa, mmene boma limalinganizidwira mphamvu amasankhira mmene zinthu zimagawidwira, mmene anthu amasamalidwira, ndiponso mmene anthu angalondole bwino moyo wawo. Kumvetsa mphamvu za maboma osiyanasiyana sikuli kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito chabe, kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira malonda pakati pa mtendere, ufulu, kulingana, ndi kulemera. Zimenezi zikufufuza mitundu isanu yaikulu ya boma , ulamuliro wankhanza, ufumu wa mfumu, chikomyunizimu, ndi kuyendetsa bwino ntchito zawo ndi kuyendetsa dziko.

Demokalase

Demokrase, kuchokera ku mawu Achigiriki demokas (anthu) ndi kratos (lamulo), masutu andale, mafashopu a nzika, ogwiritsidwa ntchito mwa oimira apadera. Madongosolo a democracy amakono . "madongosolo a democracyism kapena a palamente" kuyanjana ndi malamulo a nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, ulamuliro wa lamulo, kutetezera ufulu wa anthu, ndi kulekana kwa maulamuliro. Mayiko onga United States, Germany, Japan, ndi Costa Rica ali zitsanzo zotchuka, ngakhale kuti madongosolo awo enieni akusintha kwambiri. Mbali yaikulu ya demokrase ndiyo njira yoyendera ndi yoyenerera kukwaniritsa boma.

Nzika Itengamo Mbali ndi Kuŵerengeredwa Mlandu

Mu democracy yogwira ntchito, nzika zimachita zambiri kuposa mavoti okha. Iwo angapange zipani za ndale zadziko, kugwirizana ndi magulu achifuniro, kusuliza malamulo a boma m'mabungwe a anthu, ndi kuchonderera kaamba ka kusintha. Malo ozungulira ameneŵa amakulitsa mwambo wa [[FLT: 0]] piccobic pic pic [ kumene anthu amamva kukhala odzisunga pa zosankha za anthu. Mwachitsanzo, misonkhano ya m’tauni ku Switzerland imalola zoloŵetsedwa mwachindunji m’ma bajeti, pamene ikuloza kuyendetsa malamulo mu U. S. Aloleni kapena kukana malamulo a m’bokosikiti yosungiramo zoikidwiratu za anthu. Zochita zimenezi zimalimbikitsa anthu kukhala odziŵa zochitika zamakono ndi oŵerengera mlandu. Malinga ndi [FLD:] Nyumba za pachaka [FF:3], zotchuka m'malamulo zandale zadziko zapamwamba, ngakhale kuti zakhala ndi ufulu waumboni zaka zaposachedwapa.

Kukhudza Chuma ndi Makhalidwe a Anthu

Maboma a democracracy kaŵirikaŵiri amagwirizanitsa ndi kutukuka kwa chuma ndi kuyambika kwa zinthu, ngakhale kuti unansiwo suli woyenerera. Kutsutsana kotseguka kumalola kuwongolera zolakwa za lamulo, oweruza odziimira paokha kuteteza ufulu wa katundu, ndi manyuzi aufulu kuvumbula ziphuphu. Nzika za m'maiko a democracy zimasangalalanso ndi maauto owonjezereka a anthu aumwini , ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano, chipembedzo, ndi ufulu wa kuyesa ku chilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo la democracyism lingatsimikizire ufulu wa antchito wa kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza, zimene zingawonjezere ndi kuwongolera chisungiko. Komabe, maboma sangakhale osatetezeredwa ku mavuto onga a za ma droplup, population, kapena chisonkhezero cha olemera pa masankhoti a anthu aungwe aungwe aufuko mu United States. Kuumirira kwa kulingana kwautundu kwa kulingana kwa ndale zadziko kuwonjezera ndi kusasintha kwa zachuma kulinganiza kwa kulingana kwa kakhalidwe.

Kulemba

Chisoti cha unduna chimapereka mphamvu kwa mtsogoleri mmodzi kapena gulu lolamulira limodzi, popanda kulekerera kwambiri chitsutso cha ndale kapena kusagwirizana. Gulu limeneli limaphatikizapo juntas, maboma amodzi (m’chitsanzo, China pansi pa Chipani cha Komyunizimu), ndi ulamuliro wankhanza (m’malo mwake, Belarus pansi pa Alexander Lukashenko, Syria pansi pa banja la Asad). Maboma aunithoriti amalamulira kwenikweni a asilikali, amachepetsa ufulu wa anthu, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito apolisi achinsinsi kapena olangiza achinsinsi kuyang'anira anthu.

Malire pa Ufulu ndi Chikhalidwe cha Kungokhala Chete

Kwa nzika, moyo pansi pa ulamuliro wa authoritarian umadziŵika ndi mantha ndi kudzilamulira. Anthu mwamsanga amaphunzira kuti kusuliza boma kungatsogolere ku kumangidwa, kuchotsedwa ntchito, kapena kuipitsidwa. M'maiko onga North Korea, anthu wamba satha kupeza nkhani zaumwini ndipo amayang'anizana ndi chilango chowopsa choyesa kuthaŵa. Ngakhale m'maiko authoritarian, onga ngati Viktor Orbán mu boma la Viktor, kunyonyotsoka kwa ufulu walamulo ndi kuchuluka kwa oulutsa nkhani kumachititsa mkhalidwe umene nzika zimazembana za kuopa kulankhula. Chilango chimenechi [[FLT:] chimaletsa kuyambitsa ntchito ndi kugawana chifukwa chakuti anthu apeŵa ntchito zosafunidwa. Malonda a zachuma ndi: Kudzitetezera kwawo ufulu kapena mabwalo a boma, ndi chiphuphu, ndi chiwopsera cha chiwo.

Kusintha ndi Kuchepetsa Vuto

Maboma a boma la China amasunga mphamvu mwa kuphatikizapo kukakamiza ndi kuwonjezera. Iwo angapereke mautumiki aakulu . Ubwino wa kusamala, maphunziro, ndalama zothandizira chakudya . "kusinthana ndi kukhulupirika kwa ndale zadziko . Mwachitsanzo, boma la China lachotsa mamiliyoni mazana ambiri ku umphaŵi kupyola kukula kwa ndale kochitidwa ndi boma, zimene zimathandiza kutsimikizira ulamuliro wake umodzi wokha. Komabe, kupeza kumeneku kumadza pamtengo wa ufulu wandale ndi ufulu wa anthu. Transparency International imaika maboma a a a authorist kukhala oipa kwambiri, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera kuyambika kwa zitsutso zotsutsana, monga momwe zimawonedwa m'maseŵera 2022 mu Iran pambuyo pa imfa ya Masamini.

Monarchy

Monarchy ndi njira imene mfumu imodzi imakhala ndi chitsanzo cha mfumu, mfumu, mfumu, kapena mbusi . imalamulira kwambiri, nthaŵi zina moyo ndi kutsatizana. Mitundu iŵiri yaikulu ndi ufumu wachifumu ndi ufumu walamulo. M'ufumu wachifumu wonse, mfumu imalamulira mosazengereza; Saudi Arabia ndi Oman ndi zitsanzo za masiku ano. Pampambo wa malamulo, ntchito ya mfumu imakhala ya mwambo, pamene mphamvu yeniyeni ya ndale zadziko imakhala m'nyumba yosankhidwa kapena nduna yaikulu. United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden, ndi Thailand onse amasunga mafumu monga atsogoleri a boma ndi mphamvu yopereŵera.

Nzika Zidziŵa Zonse m’Malamulo a Malamulo

Kusiyana kwa nzika kwa maufumu a monarchy otsimikizirika ndi alamulo nkwakukulu. M'maufumu a monarchy, nzika zili ndi mbali zochepa kapena siziimira nkomwe za ndale zadziko. Mfumu kapena mfumu imapanga malamulo, imaika oweruza, ndi kulamulira magulu ankhondo. Ku Saudi Arabia, akazi analetsedwa kuyendetsa galimoto kufikira 2018 ndipo adakali kuyang'anizanabe ndi ziletso za malamulo. Magulu andale andale amaletsedwa, ndipo ngati asungidwa, amakhala a mabungwe a boma okhala ndi ulamuliro wochepa. Boma kaŵirikaŵiri limachirikiza mabungwe achipembedzo (Saudi Arabia, kumasulira kokhwima kwa Chisilamu) kuti avomereze ulamuliro wake, kuwonjezera kuletsa ufulu wake waumwini. [[FLT:] Maiko a World Book [FLD:1]

Mosiyana, nzika za maufumu a monarchy ziri ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa m'ma republic. Mfumu ndi munthu wosapartina amene amaimira umodzi wa mtundu ndi mwambo. Mwachitsanzo, mfumu ya Briteni imatsegula Palamende ndi kupatsa “Nkhani ya Mfumu” (yolembedwa ndi boma), koma siingaletse lamulo. Nzika za Japan zimavotera oimira awo, ndipo Mfumuyo ilibe mphamvu zandale. Malamulo a monarchy amakhala ndi ulamuliro wokhazikika chifukwa chakuti mutu walamulo wa boma uli pamwamba pa kulimbana kokhala ndi ufulu wa dziko lonse. Chiyambukiro cha makhalidwe abwino: Mfumu kaŵirikaŵiri imalimbikitsa lingaliro la dziko ndi kupitirizabe, ngakhale kuti otsutsa amachirikiza mwaŵi wa choloŵa ndi gawo la magulu.

Chikomyunizimu

Chikomyunizimu, monga mtundu wa boma, nchozikidwa pa malingaliro a chitaganya chopanda magulu mmene njira zopimira zili za onse. Mwakachitidwe, maboma a chikomyunizimu (m’chitsanzo, China, Cuba, Vietnam, Laos , North Korea) ndi dziko limodzi lomwe lili ndi mbali pamene Chipani cha Komyunizimu chimalamulira mbali zonse za ndale zadziko, zachuma, ndi moyo wa anthu. Boma limalinganiza chuma, limayang'anira ntchito za maindasitale, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zambiri, nyumba, ndi maphunziro. Chifuno cha kuchotsa tsankho la m'magawo a dziko kaŵirikaŵiri chatsagana ndi kulamulira kwa a a auchiphangalansi pa nzika.

Ziletso pa Ufulu Waumwini ndi Kukonzanso

Nzika m'madongosolo a komyunizimu zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi boma. Boma lingalamulire ntchito zimene zilipo, kumene anthu angakhale, ndi zimene angaphunzire. Mwachitsanzo, ku Cuba, boma limagaŵira nyumba ndi chakudya, koma dongosololo limatulutsanso kupereŵera kwa zinthu zogula. Makampani a boma amaletsa, zimene zimaletsa kuyenda ndi kusintha kwa zinthu. Kutsutsa kwandale sikumalekereredwa, ndipo ochirikiza kuyang'anira kuyang'anira kapena kuikidwa m’ndende. [FLT: 0] Mabuku a International International akufotokoza zachuma amalemba la ufulu wa anthu ku China, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa Ughurism ndi kuletsa kulankhula kwaufulu. Pamene maboma andale apeza zipambano zazikulu m'kuchepetsa umphaŵi (kuchepetsa umphaŵi ndi ku China) ndi kukonza zachuma kwa anthu (kuthandiza pa zandale, ndi kubweretsa ndalama zandale.

Chisonkhezero cha Kukonzanso Malonda

Chimodzi cha zintchito zowopsa m'maiko a komyunizimu ndicho kutsutsana pakati pa kulingana ndi chisonkhezero. Mwakulinganiza, dongosololi limafuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ndalama zopezedwa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri limachotsa mapindu a zinthu zakuthupi kaamba ka ntchito yolimba ndi upandu wa malonda. Monga chotulukapo, misika yakuda ndi chuma zamwamwaŵi zimayamba kudzaza mpata, ndipo nzika zingachotsedwe ku mabungwe a boma. Kugwa kwa Soviet Union kunachititsidwa ndi kuchepa kwa chuma kochititsidwa ndi kulinganiza kwapakati. Komabe, maiko ena a chikomkomyunizimu asintha, makamaka China, chimene chinayambitsa kusintha kwa malonda m'ma 1980 pamene anali ndi lamulo limodzi. Dongo lachikale limeneli latchedwa “kudzitukukira ndi mikhalidwe ya China [1] lakulanso mwamphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama koma la chitukulo ndi kuchuluka kwa kusalingana kwa anthu.

Oligarchy

Oligarchy imatanthauza “kulamulira ndi anthu ochepa.” Mosiyana ndi ufumu wa monarchy, utsogoleri sumadalira kwenikweni pa choloŵa, ndipo mosiyana ndi demokrase, ambiri alibe mawu ogwira ntchito. Gulu lolamulira la oligarchy lingafotokozedwe ndi chuma (platocracy), mphamvu yankhondo (junta yomwe si mtsogoleri mmodzi), kugwirizana kwa banja (kusankhana), kapena kugwirizana kwa kampani. Mayi ambiri amene alidi ndi democracy amagwira ntchito monga olearchis , kumene nthaŵi zambiri kunapangidwa ndi anthu olemera amalonda ndi andale pakati [1] kumapanga zosankha zenizeni. Ku Russia pansi pa Kladimite, Philippines pansi pa banja la Marcos, ndi mayiko ena a Latin America afotokozedwa kuti ndi demolicracy.

Kuthetsa Mgwirizano ndi Kusalingana Malingana

Kwa nzika wamba, moyo wa m'dongosolo la anthu wamba umadziŵika ndi kunyansidwa kwambiri ndi chisalungamo. Njira ya ndale zadziko imatumikira zifuno zapamwamba mmalo mwa anthu ochuluka. Malamulo angalembedwe kutetezera malo amodzi kapena kupeŵa msonkho kwa olemera. Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, anthu biliyoni ambiri otchuka anadzipezera chuma chambiri m’makampani a boma, ndipo anatsutsa kwambiri chuma cha boma m'ma 1990, pamene anthu ambiri a ku Russia anaona kuti miyezo yawo yamoyo ikutha. Mpata wa pakati pa olemera ndi osauka ndi a maannate. Anthu ambiri samaona kaŵirikaŵiri kuti amafunikira zinthu zawo m’boma, kutsogolera kudalirana ndi kutsutsa kochepa, monga 20111320, kutsutsa kotsutsana ndi chinyengo cha ku Russia.

Kusokonezeka Maganizo ndi Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu

Madongosolo a Oligarchic ali odetsedwa chifukwa chakuti amapatutsa ambiri. Popanda njira zovomerezeka zosinthira, magulu otsutsa angasinthe. Zipanduko za Alab Spring m'maiko onga Egypt ndi Tunisia zinali mbali zina za kuvomereza kwa akuluakulu andale zadziko okhazikika omwe analamulira chuma ndi chuma. Ngakhale m'mademokrase okhazikitsidwa, chisonkhezero chomakulakula cha ndalama m'ndale zadziko. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito zopereka za ndawala ndi kusonkhezera zinenezo kwa “oligarch. Chotulukapo chake ndicho dongosolo la ndale zadziko limene limavomereza zikondwerero zabwino mmalo mwa zabwino za anthu. Kusunga mtendere, maboma otchuka kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito chigalamulo, machenjera, ndi lamulo lopanda lamulo lolondola lotsutsana ndi otsutsa otsutsa.

Kupenda Koyerekezera

Kuyerekezera mitundu imeneyi ya boma kumasonyeza malonda amene amayambukira mwachindunji ubwino wa nzika. Zakudya zotsatirazi zimasiyanitsa zinthu zazikulu:

  • Ufulu Wachipoloteya [[FLT: 1]: Wamkulu koposa m'maufumu a demokrase ndi maufumu alamulo; woletsedwa mokulira pansi pa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism, monarchy, communism, ndi oligarchy.
  • Opportunity : Mwachisawawa mudemokrase chifukwa cha mpikisano wa msika ndi ufulu wa katundu; wochepetsedwa m'maboma a chikomyunizimu ndi maufumu a monarchy; wopotozedwa ndi kugwidwa kwapamwamba kwa maufumu a olaguarch.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chisalungamo [[FLT: 1]: Maboma Achikomyunizimu cholinga cha kulingana kongoyerekezera koma kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga maulamuliro atsopano ozikidwa pa kukhulupirika kwa chipani. Maufumu akuona kusalingana kwa anthu koma amalola zipani za kusintha. Oligarches entrench.
  • Kukhazikika [1]: Maufumu a malamulo ndi mademokrase angakhale okhazikika panyengo yaitali ngati mabungwe alemekezedwa. Maufumu a monarchive ndi angwiro amasunga bata mwa mphamvu, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsogolera ku kugwa kwadzidzidzi pamene zitsenderezo za mkati ziyamba.
  • Umboni [1]: Kokha mademokrase amapereka kusamutsidwa kwanthaŵi zonse, kwamtendere kwa ulamuliro kudzera m'masankho. M'madongosolo ena, atsogoleri amachotsedwa kokha mwa imfa, kulanda boma, kapena kuukira boma.

Kuyerekezera kumeneku kumasonyeza kufunika kwa kulinganiza. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale kuti demokalase imasonkhezera anthu ambiri kutenga nawo mbali, ikhozanso kuwonongeka ndi malamulo a populist amene amawononga thanzi la kanthaŵi ka zachuma. Koma, pamene kuli kwakuti ulamuliro wa authoritarianism ungapereke masinthidwe ofulumira kubweretsa (m’chitsanzo, nyumba yapamwamba ya China), imalephera kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imaletsa kusemphana maganizo kumene kungathetse zolakwa za malamulo. Palibe dongosolo ladongosolo langwiro, koma kachitidwe kake ka mbiri kakhala kakuyenda pang'onopang'ono ku ulamuliro wodalirika, ngakhale kuti zinthu zasinthasinthasintha pa nthaŵi.

Kumaliza

Madongosolo a boma amapanga chisonkhezero chachikulu pa mmene nzika zimakhalira ndi moyo wawo watsiku ndi tsiku . Kuyambira ku ufulu umene zimapeza ku mwaŵi wa zachuma. Maboma amapereka ukulu waukulu wa kukhala ndi phande ndi ufulu waumwini koma amafuna kulonjezana kwamphamvu kwa nzika kuti zigwire ntchito bwino. Madongosolo a zandale ndi apamwamba amapereka dongosolo la kuwonongetsa ufulu ndi kusintha. Maboma a Komyunizimu amapangitsa zinthu zina zoyendera ufulu wa munthu mwini ndi wa zachuma koma amakhazikitsa ziletso zolemera kwambiri pa ufulu waumwini ndi wa zachuma. Olikhasitaracrey amasumika mphamvu pakati pa anthu ochepa, kusalingana ndi kusakhazikika kwa . Pamene dziko landale likusinthasintha kwa demokrase [1] ndi kufalikira kwa demokrase m'madera ena ndi kukonzanso kwa mphamvu. Maboma a Komyunizimu ayenera kukhalabe ozindikira zinthu zimene zimawalamulira. Kungodalira pa kumvetsetsa ufulu, kulinganiza, kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika.