Chisankho chalamulo ndi ufulu wosankha zimapangitsa chigamulo cha demokrase ku United States. Chimakhazikitsa malamulo amene nzika zimasankha oimira awo, kutsimikizira kuti njira yosankhira ikhalabe yabwino ndi yofikirika, ndi kuteteza ufulu wofunika wa kuvota ndi kupondereza. Chigawo chimenechi sichisinthasintha. Chimasintha kuchokera ku kusintha kwa malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, ndi matanthauzo achiweruzo. Kuzindikira mbali zake n’zofunika kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, opanga malamulo, ndi oikizira malamulo a ku America. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa zinsinsi za malamulo alamulo, kuchokera ku malamulo a maziko a boma, malamulo odzisankhira ndi oweruza.

Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Malamulo a U.S. amapereka zonse ziŵiri ulamuliro wa malamulo a chisankho cha boma ndi chitetezo choonekeratu cha ufulu wa kuvota. Chigawo 4 chimapatsa mphamvu yokhazikitsa “Nthaŵi, Malo ndi Malamulo a Kusankha kwa Oimira,” koma kukhazikitsa ku Congress ulamuliro wa“ kupanga kapena kusintha malamulo otero. Chigwirizanochi cha boma chakhala mutu wobwerezabwereza m'lamulo la chisankho. Kuwonjezerapo, malamulo angapo amatetezera kuyenera kwa kuvota.

Malamulo Oletsa Kulandira Ufulu

Mapeto anayi aakulu afutukuka ndi kutetezera francce:

  • Fifententh Amendment (1870): Kukana kapena kuchepetsa kuyenera kwa kuvota “chifukwa cha fuko, mtundu, kapena mkhalidwe wa ukapolo wakale. Ngakhale kuti chitsimikizo chimenechi, mayeso oikidwa, makampani oŵerengera, misonkho, ndi zopinga zina za zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi mpaka kukhazikitsa lamulo la ufulu wa Volting Rights mu 1965, chikalata chotsutsa kusanthula wailesi.
  • Ninetenth Amendment (1920): imayambukira akazi, kulengeza kuti “kuyenera kwa nzika za United States kukana kapena kutsekerezedwa ndi United States kapena ndi Boma lirilonse chifukwa cha kugonana.] Zimenezi zinathetsa nkhondo ya zaka makumi ambiri ndi gulu la akazi ndi kusintha chisankho.
  • Kusintha kwa chigawo kwachisanu ndi chimodzi (1964): Misonkho ya kusanthula m'masankho a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ena anali atachotsa kale misonkho yoteroyo, kusintha kumeneku kunachotsa chopinga cha ndalama chimene chinachepetsa ndalama ndi kusanthula kochepa. Iko kunawonjezeredwa ku masankho kupyolera mwa zigamulo za Khoti Lapamwamba.
  • Kusintha kwachisanu ndi chimodzi kwa chisanu ndi chimodzi (1971: Kumachepetsa nyengo ya kuvota kukhala 18.

Boma Lisankha Claus

Kupyola pa ufulu wachivoti wachindunji umenewu, Chigawo I, Chigawo 4 chimapatsa lamulo lalikulu la kuyendetsa masankho, kupotozedwa kwa malamulo a boma olamulira kulembetsa, kuvota koyambirira, kulinganiza, ndi kuŵerengera. Khoti Lapamwamba lachirikiza nthaŵi zonse kuti maulamuliro ali ndi “mphamvu zamphamvu” zolamulira masankho, malinga ngati saswa chitetezo cha boma kapena kukhazikitsa katundu wosafunikira pa ufulu wa kuvota.

Zisankho za Malamulo Olamulira a Bungwe la United States

Bungwe lakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza malamulo loonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma ayendetsedwe bwino ndi kuika malamulo a boma oyendetsera masankho.

Kuvomereza Ufulu wa Anthu ku Chiletso cha 1965 (VRA)

VRA imaonedwa mofala kukhala lamulo lothandiza kwambiri lokhudza ufulu wa anthu limene linaperekedwapo. Malamulo ake oyamba analinso Chigawo 5, chimene chinafuna maulamuliro ndi njira zolozera masankho a boma kuti apeze “kuyambira” kuchokera ku Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo isanasinthe lamulo lililonse la chisankho. Chigawo 2, chiletso cha dziko lonse pa kachitidwe ka kuvota komwe kumayambitsa tsankho, chidakalipobe. VRA inaletsanso kuyesa kulemba ndi kuperekedwa ndi boma kuti alembetse ofufuza m'madera ena. Zinayambitsa kuwonjezereka kwambiri m'kulembetsa ndi kuchotsa pakati pa anthu a ku Black America. Komabe, chigamu cha 2013 chigamulo chapamwamba mu [FLT: 0] County. Khoti la Barder . Bal . [FLT.1:] inagalamulitsa njira yovomerezera njira yotsimikizira kuti apeze mfundo yovomerezeka bwino, VS.

Lamulo la National Voter Brinibration Act ya 1993 (NVRA)

Kaŵirikaŵiri yotchedwa Motor Voter Act , NVRA imafuna kuti boma lipereke mipata ya voti pamene nzika zifunsira kapena kukonzanso laisensi ya dalaivala kapena mautumiki ena a boma, ndi kupereka mafomu a kulembetsa. Limalamulanso kuti lisunge mavoti olondola ndi kuti silikuchotsa ovota chifukwa cholephera kuvota. Lamulo lawonjezera kwambiri mlingo wa kulembetsa, koma kutsutsa zitokosozo monga momwe maboma akulepherera kulembetsa pamaofesi a maofesi othandiza a anthu.

Thandizani America Kutulutsa Chivomezi cha 2002 (Hava)

Atavomerezedwa pambuyo pa chisankho cha pulezidenti cha 2000, HAVA anakhazikitsa bungwe la Evotion Application Commission (EAC) ndipo anapereka ndalama za boma kuti boma lithandize kukweza madongosolo ovota. Inachititsa miyezo yochepera ya ovota a kanthaŵi koyambirira amene analembetsa ndi makalata, ndi mapepala olembetsera olembetsera. Pamene kuli kwakuti HaVA ziwiya zowongoleredwa ndi zolowa, kugwiritsa ntchito kwakhala kosagwirizana, ndipo ulamuliro wa EAC uli ndi malire.

Malamulo Ena Ofunika Kwambiri

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Malamulo a Boma ndi Malamulo

Malamulo a boma amapanga kusiyana kowonekera kwambiri m’njira imene masankho amachitidwira. pamene kuli kwakuti ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma, maboma amasangalala ndi kuchenjera kokulira, kutsogolera ku malamulo osiyanasiyana amene amayambukira wosankha kukhalamo ndi phande ndi kuyang’anira masankho.

Malamulo Ofotokoza Zinthu

Malamulo a zamalonda ali pakati pa malamulo a boma otsutsana kwambiri. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti amaletsa kunyenga kwa anthu odziyerekezera; otsutsa amalimbana ndi kutsendereza anthu ang'onoang'ono, okalamba, ndi ovota ochepa amene sangakhale ndi mitundu yovomerezeka. Pa 2025, 36 amapempha kapena kupempha mtundu wina wa maID pa kusanthula, ndi zifuno zopimira kwambiri m'maboma 10. Maphunziro ochokera ku [FLT: 0] Brennan Center ya Woweruza [malamulo okhwima ochepetsera oyenerera popanda kuchepetsa chinyengo. Makhoti kwakukulu achirikiza malamulo ameneŵa pansi pa “mtolo zolemetsa zowopsa za", pokhapokha ngati muyezedwa woikidwa muyezo [FFFON] [FFF].[200]

Kulembetsa Malo Ofera ndi Kulembetsa Malo Osungira Zinthu Mwachibadwa

Masiku olembetsera amasiyana ndi kulembetsa tsiku la chisankho (lomwe lilipo m'mayiko 22 kuphatikizapo D.C.) kuti achotsepo masiku 30 chisankho chisanachitike. Kufufuza koyambirira kumasonyeza kuti kulembetsa tsiku limodzi kumawonjezera kulembetsa. Zolembedwa za Voter Religionation (AVR), zimene tsopano zavomerezedwa ndi maboma 24 ndi D.C., zimalembetsa nzika pamene zikugwirizana ndi galimoto kapena mabungwe ena a boma pokhapokha ngati asankha. AVR wasonyezedwa kuti akuwonjezera ndandanda ya kulembetsa ndi kuwongolera bwino. Mosemphana ndi izi, malamulo ovomerezeka ndi oyeretsa a NVRA ndi VRA.

Ntchito Yotumiza Makalata ndi Yotumiza Mabuku

Mliri wa Covid-19 unachititsa kusankhidwa kwa anthu osakhalapo ndi opanga mapepala a kampani. Pakali pano, maboma 28, amalola wovota aliyense kupempha wochotsedwa wovota popanda kupereka chifukwa; maboma asanu ndi atatu (kuphatikizapo Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Utah, ndi Hawaii) anachititsa masankho makamaka mwa makalata. Maboma amalamuliranso kuponya mabokosi, kusaina njira zotsimikizirika, ndi kuchiritsa nkhondo zalamulo pa kusainidwa kwa zikalata zowonjezereka mu 202020 ndipo amapitiriza kuchitika pa madeti a nthaŵi zonga ngati mapepala osindikizira ndi kuŵerenga mapepala olembedwa ndi Ecommetic .

Kukonzanso Malo ndi Majeremanijani

Zaka khumi zilizonse, likulongosola kuti kujambulanso zigawo za mabungwe ndi zalamulo zozikidwa pa kuŵerengera anthu. Malamulo amafuna kuti m'madera akhale ndi anthu ofanana (munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi) ndipo, pansi pa Gawo 2 la VRA, sangachepetse mphamvu ya kuvota kochepa. Komabe, kujambula mizera kuti ithandize gulu limodzi. Ricommon [Ifull] v. (2029), Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira kuti makhoti a boma asakhale ndi chigamuwenga, kusiya lamulo ku makhoti ndi mabungwe. Mayi ena anapanga makomiti odziimira , pamene ena akuyang'anizana ndi malamulo opatulika pansi pa ulamuliro wa North Ohio.

Malamulo Aakulu a Ulemu

Makhoti achita mbali yaikulu pomasulira malamulo a masankho ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo ololedwa.

Milandu Yoyamba ya Ufulu wa Anthu

Mu Guinn v. United States (1915), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa “chikalata cha agogo” chimene chinamasula ovota amene makolo awo anakhoza kuvota asanakwane 1867 . motsimikiza kuchotsa Adamfenchi amene makolo awo anaikidwa muukapolo. [FLT:] Smith v. Allright (19444) anamaliza oyera ku Texas, ndi Harper v. Virginia Board of Evotions [FLD:5] (6]

Gore (2000)

Chigamulo cha Supreme Court chinaimika nkhani ya m'manja m'chosankha cha pulezidenti cha Florida, mokhutiritsa kupatsa George W. Bush. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti kusoŵa kwa miyezo yofanana yotsatizana yoswa Chitetezo cha Experiture Claus. Chigamulocho chinali chokha pa mlanduwo koma chosonkhezeredwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kupitirira HAVA. Chikupitirizabe kutsutsa ndi kugogomezera mphamvu ya jadicary ya kusankha zotsatira za chisankho.

Shelby County v. Hoker (203)

Pachigamulo 5764, Khoti Lalikulu linapeputsa Chigawo 4(b) cha Voting Rights Act j () njira yodziŵira malamulo ofunikira kudziŵira asanasinthe malamulo a chisankho. Khotilo linanena kuti njirayi inatha ndi kuswa malamulo a uchifumu wa boma wofanana. Popanda njira yatsopano, Chigawo 5 nchosaloledwa, ndipo maulamuliro akale obisidwa ndi malamulo oletsa kuvota amene akanatsekedwa. Chigamulocho chinasonkhezera kutseka malamulo atsopano a ovota, kutseka, ndi kulembetsa ziletso m'mayiko onga Texas, North Carolina, ndi Alabama.

Brnovich Komiti ya Democratic National National Komiti (2021)

Chigamulo chimenechi chinagwirizana ndi malamulo a Arizona oletsa kubwezera pepala la ochotsedwa ndi kukana mapepala oikidwa m'malo olakwika. Khotilo linakhazikitsa njira yatsopano yopendera Chigawo 2 cha VRA, likulamula kuti mapoto asonyeze kuti kachitidwe ka kuvota kamapereka mtolo wa “oposa” pa kupezeka. Ofufuza a zamalamulo amatsutsa chigamulo chimenechi kukhala chovuta kwambiri kutsutsa ziletso zosankha monga chilolezo cha fuko, ngakhale ngati iwo ali ndi chiyambukiro chosayenerera.

Malamulo Opondereza Aposachedwapa

Mu Rucho v. Chochititsa Chachikulu (2029), Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti kuyendetsa kopanda chilungamo kwa boma kumapereka funso lopanda chilungamo landale, lomwe likanapereka mphamvu za boma zosatseguka pa zisankho za boma. Komabe, mu Mageotre v. Harper [1] [2023] [2] [2] [kapenyetsetsa], Khotilo linakana “chiphunzitso cha boma, chimene likanapatsa makhoti mphamvu zosatseka pa masankhoti a boma. Khoti linabwerezanso kuti makhoti asungenso malamulo a chisankhiridwe pansi pa malamulo awoawo, kufufuza koyenera pa mapulogalamu awo ofiira.

Ntchito ya Maboma

Evolution Application Commission (EAC) imatumikira monga nyumba yochotseramo nkhani za masankho, imapatsa zitsogozo za dongosolo la kuvota modzifunira, ndi kukhazikitsa ndalama. Dipatimenti ya Chigamulo cha Chilungamo Chisungiko ikhazikitsa VRA, NVRA, ndi HAVA, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imagwira ntchito yosankha milandu. Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC) imayang'anira kampani ya ndawala ya za chisankho, pamene kuli kwakuti Cyberécurecurity ndi Infraculture Security Agement (CISAUNICE) yokhazikitsidwa kumene ikupereka chitsogozo chitetezero cha masankhoti. Mabungwe ameneŵa akupereka mphamvu zoletsa zosankha zongoyerekezera ndi maulamuliro a boma, koma ntchito yawo ndi yofunika kwambiri posunga chidaliro m'masankhotiro.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Kutsendereza kwa Vota v.

Malamulo a boma ofuna maoda oumirira kwambiri ovota, kuchepetsa kuvota kwa makalata, ndi kuletsa kuvota msanga kaŵirikaŵiri amalungamitsidwa ndi kunena kuti pali chinyengo chofalikira . Zinthu zina zophunziridwa ndi makhoti apeza kukhala zosachitika kwambiri. Otsutsa amatsutsa njira zimenezi mopambanitsa kukhudza anthu ochepa, achichepere, ndi olandira ndalama zochepa. Osankha Brennan Center [1] amapanga malamulo oletsa kuyambitsidwa kwa pulogalamu iliyonse. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, ochirikiza kukhulupirika kwa masankho amatsutsa malamulo amene amati ngofunika kutsimikizira chidaliro chaponse m'mipikisano yoyandikana.

Kukhumudwa Kochititsa Chidwi

Boma lililonse kusiya Maine ndi Vermont limaletsa ufulu wosankha anthu amene ali ndi zikalata zowachititsa kulakwa panthaŵi ina ya kumangidwa, kulangidwa, kapena kuikidwa m'ndende. Pafupifupi anthu 4.6 miliyoni a ku America amachotsedwa chifukwa cha kulakwa, ndi anthu achikulire akuda otayidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa azungu kuwirikiza kanayi. Mayiko ena, monga Florida ndi Iowa, abwezeretsa ufulu wosankha mwa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira kapena malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, koma kuyang'anizana ndi ziletso zotsatira. Malamulo a boma akuletsa ngati malamulowo akuswa lamulo lachikale la 15 la Kukonzanso zinthu adakali osatha.

Kukhudza Ndalama pa Zosankha

Kampani ya malamulo a zachuma yogwirizana ndi ufulu wosankha: kuwonongera ndalama zosaŵerengeka ndi ma PC ndi magulu a ndalama zakuda kumakhudza zimene zimapezedwa ndi kuthamangira ku ofesi. Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu mu Citizens United v. FATIC (20:0) ndi [FLT:] MCcheon v. FEC [malamulo a] (2014] ziletso zoperekedwa pa zopereka ndi zopereka zogaŵa, motsutsana ndi malamulo ena opitirirapo ndi operekedwa pagulu.

Kumaliza

Chisankho chalamulo cha dongosolo la kachitidwe ka chisankho ndi kuyenera kwa kuvota n’zozama zonse ziŵiri, kuphatikizapo kukonza kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwa malamulo a boma, ntchito yogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma, ndi mpambo wa malamulo a khoti apadera amene amamasuliranso malamulo a maziko. Monga 2024 ndi 2026, makambitsirano a chisankho, ziyeneretso za kuvota, za ID, kutetezera, ndi kutetezera zigamu za boma zikupitirizabe kuwonjezereka. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi odziŵa, kumvetsetsa maziko ameneŵa sikuli kokha kofunikira kutetezera kuyesayesa kwa democrase. Kukhulupirika kwa democrase. Chosankha chachi chingakhale chogwirizana ndi chivomerezo cha boma, chimakhalabe chitetezo chabwino koposa popangika pa kuchotsa kwa kuyeneraku, koma kulonjeza kwa nzika zonsezo. Chigawo chachikulu cha nzika chika chachikulu chika cha kuwonjezera chigamulo cha lamulo chogwirizana ndi chigamu: [Flansi] [F3] pa mfundo yosanja yachiŵiri yosanja ya pa: [F]