Boma la United States lili ndi maulamuliro osiyanasiyana amene amakhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa nzika zake. Kumvetsetsa maulamuliro ameneŵa kupyolera mwa zitsanzo zenizeni za moyo kungathandize kumveketsa bwino tanthauzo lake ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwake. Nkhani ino idzapenda mbali zazikulu zingapo kumene maulamuliro a boma amagwiritsiridwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo msonkho, chitetezo, ndi zina zambiri.

Malamulo a Maulamuliro Audindo

Malamulo a U.S. amapatsa boma la boma lokhala ndi maulamuliro otchulidwa m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, pamene kuli kwakuti limasunganso mphamvu zolamulira ku maboma pansi pa Kusintha kwa Khumi. Magawawa ameneŵa amapanga dongosolo la ulamuliro waŵiri, koma kufikira kwa boma kwafutukuka kwa zaka mazana ambiri kupyolera m'kusintha kwa malamulo alamulo, mamasuliridwe a Bwalo Lapamwamba, ndi zofunika zofunika zothandiza kulamulira dziko lamakono. Mfungulo imasintha, monga ngati 16 (kulandira msonkho) ndi 14 (chitetezero ndi njira yoyenera), imakhala ndi ulamuliro wowonjezereka walamulo. Kumvetsetsa lamulo limeneli kumathandiza kumveketsa chifukwa chake ndi mmene boma limayendera m’malo onga ngati msonkho, chitetezero, ndi ubwino wa anthu.

Msonkho: Kupereka Msonkho

Mphamvu ya misonkho ya levy ndi imodzi ya maulamuliro aakulu koposa a boma, yondandalitsidwa m'Chigawo 8, Classia 1. Ndalama za msonkho ku ntchito zonse za boma, kuyambira pa maziko a zinthu ndi chisungiko cha dziko. Pansipa pali mitundu yaikulu ya msonkho wa boma wokhala ndi zithunzi zenizeni za dziko.

Msonkho

Mu 1913, bungwe la 16 Lokonzanso linapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu yosonkhetsa msonkho pa ndalama popanda kugaŵidwa pakati pa mayiko. Lerolino, bungwe la Internal Revenue Service (IRS) limapereka dongosolo la misonkho yopita patsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wolandira $500,000 mu 2024 amaloŵa m'mawindo 22%, pamene munthu wolandira $500,000 amayang'anizana ndi 37%. Ndalama zimenezi zimayendera pafupifupi 50% ya madigilamu onse a boma. IRS imabwereranso pachaka, kupanga msonkho wochuluka wa kukambitsirana ndi boma wa Aamereka ambiri.

Kulipira Misonkho

Kusiyana ndi msonkho wa malipiro, kulipira misonkho ya misonkho ya Social Security ndi Medicare pansi pa Federal Inssurance Act (FICA). Olemba ntchito ndi antchito aliyense anapereka 6.2% ya Social Security (kuwonjezera pa kapu ya ndalama ya $168,600 mu 2024) ndi 1.45% ya Medicare (yopanda chopereka). Mapindu a ndalama za pamwezi a kupuma pantchito a anthu oposa 66 miliyoni ndi antchito olumala, limodzinso ndi inshuwalansi ya chipatala ya achikulire. Popanda kukhoma msonkho, Social Security Fund idzakhala ikusungidwa m'zaka khumi.

Misonkho

Makampani a boma a msonkho amalandira ndalama 21% pa mlingo wapamwamba (pambuyo pa 2017 Trust Cuts and Jobs Act). Makampani aakulu onga Apple ndi Microsoft amalipira mabiliyoni chaka chilichonse, ngakhale kuti ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zochepetsera ndalama zawo. Msonkho umakhudzanso zosankha za makampani . Makampani angasinthe likulu la makampani kapena kuikizira kufufuza ndi kupita patsogolo kuti achepetseko ngongole zawo. Malamulo aposachedwapa, monga Inflation Reduction Act, anakhazikitsa 15% ya msonkho pa makampani aakulu kutsimikizira kuti apereke pamlingo wochepa.

Msonkho wowonjezereka wa boma umaphatikizapo msonkho wa petulo, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, ndi fodya, limodzinso ndi misonkho ya malo ndi mphatso zimene zimayambukira anthu oyenerera. Zonsezo zinauzidwa, boma la boma lasonkhanitsa ndalama zoposa $4.9 miliyoni m'chaka cha 2023 kupyolera m'zochitika zimenezi, kupereka ndalama zonse kuchokera ku misewu yaikulu kupita ku mapaki a dziko. Phunzirani zambiri ponena za kuwonongeka kwa msonkho pa [[FLT: 0] Crenotional Bactal Bacture Office Office

Kuteteza: Kuteteza Chitetezo cha Dziko

Usilikali wa National ungakhale njira yowonekera kwambiri ya ulamuliro wa boma, yovomerezedwa ndi Kaganizo I ya kukweza magulu ankhondo, kupereka ndi kuyendetsa gulu lankhondo la pamadzi, ndi kulengeza nkhondo. Pulezidenti amatumikira monga Mtsogoleri wa Chikole. Ntchito zenizeni za dziko ndi zazikulu ndi zamitundumitundu.

Kupereka Ndalama za Nkhondo ndi Antchito

Department of Defense (DoD) ndilo wolemba ntchito wamkulu padziko lonse, wokhala ndi anthu oposa 1,3 miliyoni a ntchito yokangalika ndi antchito wamba 800. Ndalama za boma zimaika $886 biliyoni kuti zitetezedwe mu 2024, malipiro, maphunziro, zipangizo, ndi ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, programu ya ndege yankhondo ya F-35 (yotenga ndalama zoposa $70,000,000,000) ndi kugula ndege zonyamula ndege zomenyera ndege za Air Force, Navy, ndi Marines. Masewera onga ngati RIMPAC ku Pacific amasonyeza kugwirizana kwa nthambi za boma.

Nkhani za Anthu Odwala Matenda Oopsa

Kusiyapo zankhondo zamphamvu, boma limapereka chithandizo chaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi kupunduka kwa anthu amene analoŵapo pa Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Va imagwira ntchito njira yosamalira anthu onse pamodzi mu U.S., ikugwira ntchito kwa akatswiri 9 miliyoni pachaka. Maphunziro a pa mapindu a pa Post-9 / 11 GI Bill athandiza mavili 2 miliyoni omwe amapita ku koleji kuyambira 2009. Maprogramu ameneŵa amawononga $300 biliyoni pachaka ndipo ali thayo la boma lachinduna.

Chisungiko ndi Nzeru za M’dera Lakwathu

Kuyambira 9 / 11, Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security (DHS) ili ndi malo apakati otetezera, osungitsa anthu oloŵa m'dziko, otetezera pa Intaneti, ndi kuyankha tsoka. The Federal Bureaument of Investigation (TSA) imajambula anthu oposa 2 miliyoni tsiku ndi tsiku, pamene kuli kwakuti Cybersecurity ndi Infrastrustrual Security Agency (CIS) imagwira ntchito ndi makampani achinsinsi kutetezera malo ovuta monga ma magetsi ndi madongosolo a madzi. Bungwe la Federal Bureauragea of Investigation (FI) limachita ntchito zolimbana ndi zigaŵenga zambiri, kuimitsa ziukiro za boma chaka ndi chaka. Onani [FLT:] DH.

Kuvomereza Malonda a Einterstate

Kuchokera pamene bungwe la New Deal la New Deal, lathandiza boma kuyang’anira pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya zachuma, linapereka mphamvu zoyendetsera malonda m’mayiko ambiri.

Kusintha Malonda ndi Malonda

Federal Trade Commission (FTC) imakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuikizira kuti zigamulo zisamayende bwino ndi kuteteza mpikisano. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2020 FTC inapereka mlandu wotsutsa Facebook (Mata) kaamba ka khalidwe lolimbana ndi kupikisana, ndipo mu 2024 inatsekereza kuphatikizana kwa zimphona za sitolo Kroger ndi Albertsons. Secureties and Exchange Commission (SEC) imayang'anira misika ya masitolo, kupempha makampani a boma kuulula chidziŵitso cha zachuma. Popanda malamulo a boma ameneŵa, oyendetsa makampani a kampani angayang'ane kuopsa kwambiri kwa chinyengo.

Chitetezo cha Zoyendera

Department of Transportation (DOT) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya ndege, njanji, ndi misewu. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) imasintha ndege ndi ndege, imayendetsa zoyendetsa ndege, ndi kukhazikitsa malangizo a zachitetezo. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa ngozi ziŵiri zakupha za Boeting 737 MAX mu 2018-2019, FAA inakhazikitsa zombozo kwa miyezi 20 ndi kukonza masinthidwe. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NTA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya zachuma ndi kuyang'anira [1] mbanda kuphulitsa kwa ndege kukhudza magalimoto 67 miliyoni. Malamulo a bungwe la United States pano amapulumutsa miyoyo ya anthu zikwi zambiri chaka chilichonse.

Kuteteza Anthu

Mabungwe otetezera anthu monga Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ndi FTC kuletsa machitachita achinyengo. CFPB yabwezera ndalama zoposa $15 biliyoni kwa ogula ovulazidwa ndi machitachita a zachuma osakhala alamulo, monga kubwereketsa ndalama zowononga nyumba. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) imayang'anira kutetezeka kwa chakudya, mankhwala, ndi zipangizo zamankhwala . Mabotolo alionse amene mumatenga pa factor amalandira chilo cha boma. Mphamvu zimenezi zimayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, kuchokera ku zinthu zanu zaulere mpaka ku chiwongolatso cha khadini yanu ya ngongole.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Boma la dziko la United States limachokera ku Commerce Claus ndi mphamvu ya chuma cha malamulo. Malamulo aakulu okhazikitsidwa mu 1970 adapanga kakonzedwe kamphamvu ka malamulo.

Kuwomba Mpweya Woyera

Cleena Air Act (1970, yokonzedwanso ya 1990) imalangiza Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kukhazikitsa National Awandient Air Service Sight Sight (NAAQS) kaamba ka kuipitsa konga ozungulira ndi zinthu zogaŵa. Maboma ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mapulani a kukwaniritsa miyezo imeneyi. Chitsanzo cha konkire: lamulo la EPA la 2023 lakuchepetsa 50% ya mabomba a poizoni kuchokera ku zomera za mankhwala ku Louisiana “Cancer Alley” yoletsa mwachindunji kuipitsa kwa maindasitale. Kachitidweko kapeto kapesetsa kuipitsa mpweya ndi 78% kuyambira 1970.

Madzi Oyera

The Clean Water Act (1972) imalamulira kutuluka kwa zoipitsa m'madzi okhoza kuwonongeka. EPA ndi Army Corps of Engines imasankha kuti ndi madambo ati amene amayenerera kukhala “madzi a United States. [1] Mu 2023, Supreme Court’s Sackett . EPA yolamulira ulamuliro wa boma wochepa, koma EPA ikupitirizabe kukakamiza zilolezo za kutuluka kwa maindasitale. Mwachitsanzo, , hywater Diepingle otasuka mafuta anatsogolera ku mabiliyoni ambiri a mafuta pansi pa Cooct a Ceoc Water, kukonzanso Gulf Coast.

Kuwononga Nyama ndi Zomera

The Endangered Species Act (1973) imapatsa mphamvu Service ndi Wildlife ya United States kuti indandalika mitundu ya zamoyo monga zokhala pangozi kapena zowopsezedwa ndi kuikidwa kukhalamo. Lamulo lathandiza kubwezeretsa mitundu ya zamoyo monga chiwombankhanga (kuchotsedwa pampambo wa mu 2007) ndi umbulu wa bulu. Komabe, ingathenso kuletsa dziko kugwiritsira ntchito [1] chitsanzo, kuimitsa kuyambika kwa nyumba ku California kutetezera San Joaquin bit. Mabwalo amilandu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amathetsa mikangano pakati pa kuteteza ndi zikondwerero zachuma. Explo a EPA pa mapulogalamu a pa [[FLT:]

Maprogramu a Chikhalidwe cha Anthu

Maprogramu a zaumoyo wa anthu, oyambitsidwa mu New Deal ndi Great Society, amapereka chitetezo kwa mamiliyoni ambiri.

Chisungiko cha Anthu

Chiyambire mu 1935, Social Security iri programu yaikulu ya boma, ikulipira $1.2 miliyoni miliyoni pachaka kwa antchito opuma pantchito, anthu olumala, ndi opulumuka. Ili ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndi misonkho ya pepala ndipo imapereka ndalama zotsimikiziridwa, zoikika. Pafupifupi 90% ya anthu a zaka 65 + a ku America amalandira mapindu. Bungwe la Social Security Administration (SA) limapereka ndalama zoposa 50 miliyoni pachaka. Chikalata cha masiku a programuyi chimakhala chokhudzana ndi lamulo, koma chimapereka chithandizo cha boma.

Médicaid ndi Programu ya Inshuwalansi ya Zaumoyo ya Ana (CHIP)

Mdicaid (1965) imapereka chikalata cha zaumoyo kwa anthu 80 miliyoni olandira ndalama zochepa a ku America, kuphatikizapo ana, akazi apakati, okalamba, ndi anthu olumala. Ili ndi ndalama zoyendetsedwa ndi maboma ndi boma koma ikugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo a boma. Affordcable Care Act (2010) inawonjezera Medicaidict egigigible mu maboma 40, kuphimba anthu achikulire amene akulandira kufika 138% ya umphaŵi wa boma. CHAIP imasunga ana m’mabanja okhala ndi ndalama zambiri zopidwa kwambiri ku Medid koma ali otsika kwambiri kuti apeze inshuwalansi yaumwini.

Programu ya Chithandizo cha Zakudya Zowonjezera (SNAP)

SNAP (zomwe kale zinali zidindo za chakudya) zimapereka chithandizo cha chakudya chochepa kwa anthu oposa 40 miliyoni omwe amapeza. Mu 2023, avereji ya mwezi ndi mwezi inali pafupifupi $196 pa munthu mmodzi. Mapindu amagaŵiridwa ndi makhadi a FROM FROM FREET Trans (EBT) ooofukiza kwa amalonda alamulo. Boma likulipira 100% za mapindu ndi kugaŵa ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito ndi mayiko. Programmeyi imachepetsa kusatetezeka kwa chakudya ndi 30% mwa olandira.

Maphunziro ndi Chichirikizo cha Federal

Ngakhale kuti maphunziro kwenikweni ali thayo la boma ndi la kumaloko, boma la bomalo limapereka ndalama zambiri, malamulo, ndi maprogramu oikidwiratu kuti atsimikizire kuyenera kwa boma.

Mutu wa Nkhani I ndi K-12 Ndalama

Isihloko I cha Elementary and Secondal Education Act (1965) chimatumiza ndalama zoposa $16 biliyoni pachaka ku sukulu zotumikira anthu olandira ndalama zochepa. Sukulu ziyenera kukwaniritsa ziyeneretso za boma kuti zilandire ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, sukulu ya kumidzi ya Mississippi ingagwiritsire ntchito Theort Init kufunsira akatswiri owonjezera oŵerenga kapena aphunzitsi pambuyo pa sukulu. Ophunzira onse a Sedverts Act (2015) adapanga malamulo osintha kwambiri pamene anali kuyang'anira boma kwa ophunzira ovutika.

Aid Yothandiza Ophunzira ya Federal

Boma la boma ndilo mthandizi wamkulu koposa wa ophunzira, kupereka Pell Grants (zofunika, kufika pa $7,35 mu 2023-24), Direct Loans (wokhala ndi ufulu wochepa ndi wosagonjetsedwa), ndi PLUS kwa makolo. Okongola oposa 43 miliyoni amakongoletsa ngongole ya ophunzira ku chiwonkhetso cha ndalama zokwanira $7,7,000,000. Mwa malipiro a malipiro ndi chikhululukiro cha utumiki wa onse, boma limagwirizanitsa ophunzira ndi ndalama zopitira ku maphunziro apamwamba. Mafomu a FaFISA amagwirizanitsa ndi ndalama zoposa $50 biliyoni mu chithandizo chaka chilichonse.

Maphunziro Apadera

Asocial Perfect Education Act (IDEA) amatsimikizira maphunziro apoyera aulema oyenera kwa ana okhala ndi kulumala. Federal imapatsa chikuto cha 15% cha mtengo wokwera wa mautumiki apadera. Magawo a Sukulu ayenera kupanga ma programu a Maphunziro a IndieP) a wophunzira aliyense woyeneretsedwa, kupereka njira zothandizira, kapena malo ogona. Lamulo limeneli likutsimikizira kuti ophunzira 7.5 miliyoni okhala ndi zolemalakwirira alandira chichirikizo choyenerera. Kaamba ka ndandanda, adzaona [[FLT: 0] AUSS ku Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro [[FL:1].

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira maulamuliro a boma kupyolera mwa zitsanzo zenizeni za moyo . Kuchokera ku mitundu ya msonkho wa malipiro ndi kuikidwa kwa asilikali ku malamulo a ndege ndi ngongole za ophunzira kuwona mmene boma lalikulu limasinthira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Maulamuliro ameneŵa samakhala osakhazikika; amasintha kupyolera mwa malamulo, kupenda, ndi kutsutsana kwa anthu. Mwa kupenda njira zenizeni za ulamuliro wa boma, nzika zingayamikire bwino lomwe zonse ziŵiri mapindu ake ndi kuletsa kwake, ndi kulinganiza kwake, ndi kuchitapo kanthu molingalira kwambiri m'nkhani ya democracy yomwe imalongosola ulamuliro wa dziko. Zitsanzo zosonyezedwa pano ndi chiyambi cha [1] . Zokhudza za boma, kusamuka, chilungamo, ndi kupitirira, nthaŵi zonse zingaletsendeke pa malamulo a malamulo ndi zoyendera limodzi kuti agwirizane ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense.