Boma la United States la boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro osiyanasiyana amene amayambukira mokulira moyo wa nzika zake. Kumvetsetsa mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amachitidwira m'nkhani zenizeni za dziko kumaunikira mbali ya boma la dziko m’moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Kuchokera ku kulamulira chuma kufikira ku kupereka chisungiko cha dziko, malamulo a boma amene amakhudza mbali iriyonse ya chitaganya cha Amereka.

Kuyamba Kupeza Mphamvu za Maboma Aakulu

Maulamuliro a Federal akuchokera ku Malamulo a U.S., makamaka m'Zigawo I, II, ndi III. Maulamuliro ameneŵa angandandalitsidwa, kusonyezedwa, ndi mphamvu zachibadwa. Maulamuliro oikidwa andandandalika bwino lomwe m'Chilamulo; mphamvu zoyenerera ndizo zimene zimafunikira kupha zoŵerengedwa; ndipo mphamvu zachibadwa ziri za mtundu uliwonse wa dziko lokhala ndi ulamuliro. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza zitsanzo zingapo zenizeni za dziko za mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amawonekera, kupereka kuyang'anira kokwanira kwa ntchito ya boma la dzikolo.

Mphamvu Zokhala ndi Mphamvu Zogwira Ntchito

Maulamuliro amphamvu kwambiri amathandiza kwambiri anthu a boma, monga kupatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu za msonkho, ndalama, kuyendetsa malonda, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa mamaofesi a positi ofesi.

Kulamulira Malonda

Commercial Claus (Wopereka Chigawo 8, Classic 3) imalola Nyumba ya Malamulo kulamulira malonda a mayiko ndi apadziko lonse. Mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa malamulo onse okhudza anthu kuyambira pa miyezo ya ntchito mpaka pa malamulo a malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, Foir Labor Sight Act [[[FL:3]] Fact AC] A adadalira kwambiri pa Klasstiki ya zaumoyo, chigamulo chochirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FLT:] National of Inteclation.[FF]

Msonkho

Boma la boma limasonkhanitsa misonkho kuti likhomereze ntchito zake, kuphatikizapo msonkho wa malipiro ndi makampani. Kayendetsedwe kameneka kamathandiza maprogramu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Social Security, Medicare, chinjirizo, ndi nyumba zapamwamba. Internal Revenuve Service (IRS) kamapereka malamulo a msonkho, amene asinthidwa nthaŵi zambiri kuti apange makhalidwe ena, monga ngati mwininyumba (chifunitso chandama) ndi ndalama zosungidwa pa ntchito yopuma pantchito (401(k). Development ya 16 (13) inavomereza mwachindunji kuti aperekeko a msonkho, kopena kwa makampani ofufuza ndalama.

Kugula Ndalama ndi Kukhazikitsa Lamulo la Kuwononga Ndalama

Nyumba ya boma ili ndi mphamvu yokha yokhoma ndalama ndi kuyendetsa phindu lake. Ulamuliro umenewu umaperekedwa ku Federal Reserve, yomwe imachititsa chiwongola dzanja ndi kulamulira kuchuluka kwa ndalama zoperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, m'chaka cha 2008 cha mavuto a zachuma, ndalama za Feded zinatsika kufika pa zikole ndipo zinayamba kuchepa mphamvu kuti chuma chiyambe kukwera. Mphamvu imeneyi imawononga ndalama, ntchito, ndiponso mphamvu yogula ya munthu aliyense wa ku America.

Kukhazikitsa Maofesi a Mapositi ndi Misewu ya Pambuyo pa Makalata

Constitution imapatsa Congress mphamvu yokhazikitsa maofesi a positi ndi misewu yapambuyo. Lerolino, United States Postal Service (USPS) [FL:1] imatumiza makalata ku maadiresi oposa 160 miliyoni, kupereka utumiki wapadziko lonse pamlingo wotsika. Ngakhale m'nyengo ya manambala, UPS idakali ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya boma, kuisintha malonda mwa kutumiza masheya ndi kutumikira kumadera akutali kumene onyamula katundu aumwini sangakhale ogwira ntchito.

Otchuka ndi Olemba Mpukutu

Mfundo I, Chigawo 8, Classia 8, Chigawo 8 chimapereka mphamvu yopititsa patsogolo sayansi ndi maluso opindulitsa mwa kusungilira kwa olemba ndi opanga ufulu wokha wa zolemba ndi zotulukira zawo. U.S. Paten and Trademark Office (USPTO) [1] imapatsa mphamvu zopangira ndi zizindikiro, kulimbikitsa zinthu zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, makompyuta a mankhwala amalola makampani kukonzanso zinthu, pamene lamulo la zopanga zinthu limateteza ntchito ngati nyimbo, mafilimu, ndi mapulogalamu a kompyuta.

Mphamvu Zogwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Chiyambukiro Chake

Mphamvu zogwiritsiridwa ntchito sizikutchulidwa mwachindunji koma nzofunika kuweruza mphamvu zoŵerengedwa. Maziko a mphamvu zotanthauza ndi Chifuniro ndi Chiyeneretso cha Claus (Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, Claus 18), chimene chimapatsa Nyumba za Malamulo zonse zimene zidzakhala zofunikira ndi zoyenera kuchititsa kuphedwa kwa maulamuliro otchulidwawo. Mawu otsetsereka ameneŵa athandiza boma kusinthira ku mikhalidwe yosintha.

Kulengedwa kwa Dera la Federal

Kupyolera mu Federal Reserve Act ya 1913, bungwe limeneli limayang'anira njira ya ndalama ya dziko, kusonkhezera mitengo ya kukwera mtengo ndi kukwera kwa ntchito. Ngakhale kuti silinatchulidwe mwachindunji m'Bungwe la Malamulo, Fad adapangidwa kukhazikitsa dongosolo la kubanki ndi kuyendetsa kuperekedwa kwa ndalama. Lerolino, zosankha za Federal Reserve , monga ngati kukweza ziwongola ndalama zothandizira kuchepetsa kukwera kwa ndalama, kuyambukira mitengo ya ngongole, kukongola kwa ngongole, ndi kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito. [ Lwiro la External: Federal Reserve History]

Malamulo a Zaumoyo

Affordal Care Act yofutukulidwa ya njira zaumoyo ndipo inalungamitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya Congress ya kulamulira malonda. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza zambiri za ACA mu 2012, ngakhale kuti linachepetsa Commerce Claus kuti aone kuti ndi yoyenerera, mmalo mopeza kuti lamulo la malamulo pansi pa mphamvu ya Congress. ACA Serpony imalola boma kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inapangidwa ndi lamulo la akuluakulu mu 1970 kukhazikitsa malamulo pansi pa Diec Air Act ndi Clean Water Act . Pamene kuli kwakuti Constitution silitchula za kutetezera malo okhala, Congress anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yamalonda kuletsa kuipitsa kumene kumadutsa mizera ya boma. Ulamuliro wa EPA wagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa mpweya wa galimoto, kuchepetsa kuipitsa kwa mphamvu yamagetsi, ndi kuyeretsa malo otayidwa ndi ngozi. [ Mawu a muyezoloŵereka a External: EPA]

Malamulo Oyenderana ndi Anzeru

FEDAL Bureau of Investigation (FBI) ndi Department of Homeland Security (DHS) imagwira ntchito pansi pa maulamuliro otanthauza kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma ndi kutetezera dziko. FBI imafufuza maupandu amene amadutsa m’mizere ya boma, monga ngati Internetcrime, uchigaŵenga, ndi upandu wolinganizidwa. DHS, inapangidwa pambuyo pa 9 / 11, imagwirizanitsa chitetezo cha kusamutsira, ndi chivomerezo. Mabungwe ameneŵa amadalira pa Klaus ndi Claus kuti ayendetse ntchito zawo.

Mphamvu Zimene Tinabadwa Nazo Ndiponso Chitetezo cha Dziko

Maulamuliro achibadwa ndi aja amene boma la dzikolo lili nawo kokha mwa kukhala ndi ulamuliro. Maulamuliro ameneŵa ali ofunika kwambiri kuti dziko likhale lotetezereka ndi kuti likhale ndi maunansi a mayiko.

Kulamulira Kusamuka

Boma la boma limalamulira malamulo a anthu oloŵa m’dziko, kuphatikizapo visa yachibadwa ndi chisungiko chamalire, zofunika kaamba ka ulamuliro wa dziko. Kusintha ndi Nationality Act [1] imalamulira amene angaloŵe, kukhala, ndi kukhala nzika. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, boma lagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake zachibadwa kuletsa ulendo, kufutukula zinthu zofunika, ndi kuwongolera njira zotetezera. Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuti boma lili ndi mphamvu ya kusamuka, kutanthauza kuti silingapange malamulo awoawo a kusamuka.

Kugwirizana ndi Mapangano a Mayiko Ena

Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wopanga mapangano ndi kugwirizana ndi mitundu ina, imene ili yofunika kaamba ka zikondwerero za dziko. Mwachitsanzo, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) [NALT:1] adakhazikitsidwa mwa pangano, kukakamiza United States kutetezera. Pulezidentiyo amachitanso zokambirana, monga kukhazikitsa mapangano a nyukiliya ndi Iran kapena malonda. Pamene kuli kwakuti mapangano angafunikire khonsati, mapangano a akulu angapangidwe popanda chilolezo, kachitidwe kamene kawonjezera mphamvu ya pulezidenti m'nkhani za maiko akunja.

Mphamvu za M’ngozi

M'nthaŵi za mavuto a dziko, boma lingapange njira zotetezera nzika, monga ngati pa masoka achilengedwe kapena ziwopsezo za uchigaŵenga. National Emertitutions Act [[FLT 1:] (197] imapereka maziko a pulezidenti kuti alengeze zangozi ya dziko lonse ndi kusonkhezera mphamvu zapadera. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Trump anakhazikitsa ngozi ya dziko lonse mu 2019 kuti apereke ndalama zomangira malire. Mliri wa CHOVID-19, boma linapempha [[FLT:] Defense Revotion Active Act kukakamiza makampani a zamankhwala kutulutsa chithandizo chamankhwala. Zimenezi, pamene kuli kwakuti, kuonetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamphamvu zapampando.

Maphunziro a Case of World

Kupenda nkhani zenizeni kumapereka chidziŵitso cha mmene mphamvu za boma zimagwirira ntchito, kuvumbula kuyerekezera kwa mphamvu zotchulidwa, zosonyezedwa, ndi zachibadwa.

Njira Yatsopano

Mkati mwa Kutsika kwa Chuma Kwakukulu, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt anagwiritsira ntchito New Deal, kugwiritsira ntchito maulamuliro a boma kupereka mpumulo, kukonzanso, ndi kusintha. Izi zinaphatikizapo:

  • Sacial Security Act ya 1935: adakhazikitsa msampha wotetezera kwa okalamba ndi malova, kusonyeza kugwiritsira ntchito misonkho ya boma ndi mphamvu za kugwiritsira ntchito. Programuyo inalipiriridwa kupyolera m'misonkho yolembedwa pa pepala ndipo yakhala maziko a chisungiko cha kuleka ntchito.
  • Public Works Administration (PWA):[FLT ] Maprojekiti a zachuma oyendetsedwa monga Hoover Dam, Lincoln Tunneln, ndi zikwi za sukulu ndi zipatala, kusonyeza mbali ya boma m’kuwongolera chuma ndi kulenga ntchito.
  • [[FLT : 0] National Labor Relations Act (NLRA): Anatsimikizira antchito kuyenera kwa kulinganiza ndi kutsatsa malonda pamodzi, kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wa boma mu Commerce Claus . Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kachitidwe ka NLB v. Jones & Laugh Steel Corp . (1977)], kusonyeza mafotokozedwe a mphamvu ya malonda.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Boma la boma linachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m’kupititsa patsogolo zoyenera za anthu m’ma 1960. Zochita zazikulu zinaphatikizapo:

  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964: [[FLT: 1] Tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko m'malo a anthu onse ndi ntchito. Congress anadalira pa Communist Claus , akumanena kuti kusankhana m'malesitilanti ndi m'mahotela kunayambukira malonda a dziko. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kulingalira kumeneku mu [[FLT:] Atlanta Motel v. United States [FLT:]
  • Kuvota Rights Act ya 1965: [[FLT: 1] cholinga chochotsa zopinga zovota za Aafirika, kupereka kuloŵerera kwa boma m'nkhani za boma kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Kachitidweko kanafuna maulamuliro ndi mbiri ya tsankho kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo ovota. Malamulo a boma anagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake pansi pa Demetria ya 15 kuti asungitse ufulu wosankha.
  • Executive Order 11246 (1965): Lofalitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti Lyndon B. Johnson, lamulo limeneli linaletsa omanga a boma kuchotsa maprogramu a kuchotsa ndi kufuna kuvomereza. Linapereka chitsanzo cha mphamvu yachibadwa ya pulezidenti ya kulamulira antchito ndi kugula ntchito.

Nkhondo Ili Pansi

Pambuyo pa ziukiro za September 11, boma laboma linapempha mphamvu zonse ziŵiri zachibadwa ndi zotanthauza kuti zigonjetse uchigaŵenga. PARITOTT AK (2001) (analola malamulo kukhazikitsa mphamvu zoyang'anira, kuphatikizapo kuyang'ana ndi kupezeka kwa mafashoni a malonda. Pulezidentiyo ananenanso kuti ali ndi ulamuliro wachibadwa woletsa adani, kukhazikitsa ntchito zankhondo, ndi kuchititsa drone kuzungulira kunja kwa dziko. Khoti Lapamwambalo limakhala ngati [FLT:] v. Rumsfeld (200] ndi [FL:] [FLD]] [BUUD] .BY [FFF:]]

Mphamvu Zolamulira m’Mikangano Yapanthaŵi Yathu

Lerolino, mphamvu za boma zikupitirizabe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m’nkhani zosiyanasiyana zamakono, kaŵirikaŵiri zophatikizapo mikangano yotsutsana ponena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma wokhudza maboma ndi anthu.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo

Pambuyo pake kutsutsana kwa za kutha kwa zaumoyo ndi kukhoza kumasonyeza mbali ya boma poyang'anira njira yosamalira zaumoyo. ACA adakalibe malo ofufuzira, ndi zoyesayesa zaposachedwapa kukulitsa (m., kuchepetsa zaka za Medicare egigituras) kapena kuibweza. Maulamuliro a Federal amawonekeranso mu Medicare ndi Médicaid programu , zimene zimadalira pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kulipira msonkho. Act yotembenuza Revuction . . . . . . .D.D.D.D.D.D. kukambirana za mankhwala ogulitsa kwa nthaŵi yoyamba, kugula zinthu za m'dziko.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kumayamba

Malamulo a boma olinganizidwa kuchepetsa kutulutsa carbon akusonyeza chitsimikizo cha boma cha kusamalira mavuto a malo okhala. EPA’s Purease Plan [[FLT: 1] Pulogalamu Yamphamvu (2015] (2015) yofuna kuchepetsa kuipitsa kwa carbon kuchokera ku zomera zamagetsi zogwiritsira ntchito Deseat Act. Ngakhale kuti mapulaniwo anatsekedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2016, EPA ikupitirizabe kulamulira mpweya wotentha pansi pa [FLT:] Massachusetts v. EPA: 3] (2007), zimene zinanena kuti carbon dioxide ndilo lopendedwa kuyang'anira. [FL:4] ENTERN protection Agency [FFFFF:]

Malamulo Olamulira Mfuti

Boma la boma lakhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana olinganizidwa kuwongolera mfuti, kusonkhezera chisungiko cha anthu ndi zoyenera zaumwini. Chikalata cha Kulamulira cha 1968 chinaletsa kugulitsa mfuti kwa anthu opanda laisensi. [[FLT:] [FLT]] Bulgun Violet Prevention Act Act [[FLT:] [1993]] (1993]) kuyang'anira zinthu zogulitsidwa ndi ogulitsa ololedwa. [Chaposachedwapa], [[FLT:] Bipartiston Reftion Active Act [[FLD:]] [5]] [202])) kupenda kwa ogula pansi pa 21 ndi malamulo ofiira. Malamulo ameneŵa akusintha m'makoleza Clausciast, koma chigamu chachikulu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha chikalata chapamwamba mu . [Retclect; Brect; Rruptions.[2]

Kudzipatula pa Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Pamene luso la zopangapanga likusintha, boma la boma lalimbana ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zachinsinsi ndi kusatetezeka kwa kampani. Fateral Trade Commission (FTC) imagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wake kusungitsa kuletsa machitidwe oipa kapena onyenga, monga makampani ogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zogulitsa zinthu. Cybersecurity ndi Infracturaturactive Security Agency (CISA) adakhazikitsidwa kutetezera madongosolo a boma ndi kugwirizanitsa machitidwe a kagulu kagulu kapesechezetsedwe ka zinthu zowopsya. Malamulo a boma, monga [FLD:] Memony ndi Chitetezo ndi Chitetezo cha Chitetezo [FFF:5], kukonza malamulo a dziko kuti apange malamulo a Classictopt ku pronetic proces of California. CC.

Kutumizidwa ku Dziko Lina ndi DCA

Kusamuka kudakali malo otsutsidwa kwambiri a ulamuliro wa boma. Chikalata chachitapo kaamba ka Kufika kwa Mwana (DACA) programu , yopangidwa ndi lamulo la akuluakulu mu 2012, imalola osamukira ena osaikizidwa omwe anafika monga ana kudzalandira zilolezo ndi chitetezo ku kusamutsidwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza DACA mu Decuit of Homeland Security v. Regets of the University of California[FLT:] (2020) pa malo otetezeredwa, koma amakhalabe otsutsana ndi lamulo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimasonyeza mmene nthambi yapamwamba ingagwiritsirire ntchito ya oze ntchito yachiweruzo mu mphamvu yoyendera ufulu wa kusamuka.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira ntchito zenizeni za dziko la maulamuliro a boma kumapereka chidziŵitso chopindulitsa cha mmene boma la dzikolo limagwirira ntchito. Malamulo ameneŵa aumoyo amene amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa Amereka, kuyambira pa kukhazikika kwa chuma mpaka kuyenera kwa anthu, kuyambira pa thanzi la anthu mpaka kusungika kwa dziko. Malamulo osinthasintha ndi operekedwa, osonyezedwa, ndi maulamuliro achibadwa amalola boma la boma kuzoloŵera mavuto atsopano pamene likupitirizabe kukhala ndi mlandu kwa anthu. Mwakupenda zitsanzo za m'mbiri ndi zamakono, timapeza chidziŵitso chomveka bwino cha mbali yofunika ya boma lolamulira dziko lonselo m’chitaganya chathu ndi kutsutsana kopitirizabe pa malire oyenera a ntchito imeneyo.