Kusintha kwa Khumi kwa Lamulo ndi Ulamuliro wa Boma

United States Constitution ikhazikitsa dongosolo la kaŵiri la boma limene mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Demendment ] yosabisa mawu ku maulamuliro onse amene sanapatsidwe ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa. Kusintha kumeneku kwatumikira monga mzati wa malamulo wa ulamuliro wa boma kumbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo, kuyambira ku thanzi la anthu kufikira ku lamulo. Malamulo otsimikizirika a boma lolimbana ndi ulamuliro wa boma amayesedwa nthaŵi zonse, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera mwa malamulo a boma, ntchito zapamwamba, ndi malamulo a Supreme Courts. Kumvetsetsa nkhondo zenizeni za dziko kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri pozindikira mmene ulamuliro wa boma wa Amereka amachitira ntchito m’kachitidwe.

Kupenda Nkhani: Kuloledwa Mwalamulo ndi Kulamulidwa kwa Milandu

Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha ulamuliro wa boma wolimbana ndi lamulo la boma ndicho kuvomereza chamba. Pansi pa boma Controled Substances Act ya 1970 , chamba chimaikidwa monga Sedyuli I, kutanthauza kuti chingakhale chothekera kwambiri cha kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa ndipo sichimavomerezedwa ndi mankhwala. Kuika kumeneku kumapanga kutulutsa, kugaŵira, ndi kukhala ndi chamba upandu wa boma. Komabe, kuyambira pa lamulo la mankhwala a chamba cha ku California mu 1996, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maboma akhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsutsana mwachindunji ndi chiletso cha boma.

Colorado anali boma loyamba kulembetsa chilolezo cha kusanguluka cha mbanje mu 2012, kutsatira wovota Oma , Demetrime 64. Chiyambireni, maboma oposa 20 Washington , Oregon, ndi California . Kufufuza kumeneku kwa boma kwachititsa ntchito yovuta kwambiri yosatsatizana ndi malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo cha U.S. pansi pa Obama inatulutsa [FL: 0] Cole Memorandum , yomwe inalangiza a boma kusakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa ndi madongosolo olimbitsa thupi, ndipo inachotsedwa ndi Attney General Jeffs mu 2018. Kukayikira kumeneku, koma kwenikweni ndi kumene kumapitirizabe ndi mabizinesi a chamba oyendetsa bwino a boma, olephera kugwiritsa ntchito lamulo la boma, ndi kulephera kuyendetsa malamulo a boma.

Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza vuto lalikulu: ikunena kuti akugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zawo za apolisi zosungidwa kulamulira thanzi ndi chisungiko m'malire awo, pamene boma la boma limasunga ulamuliro wa lamulo kukhazikitsa malonda a dziko ndi kutsata malamulo a mankhwala. Kulimbanako sikungathetsedwe popanda kukhazikitsa chigamulo cha kukonzanso chamba kapena khoti Lapamwamba logamula za mphamvu ya malonda m'nkhaniyi. Kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane pa malemba a Tentith Amendment ndi mbiri yake, Controll Information Institute

Zoyesayesa za Boma ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu

Kupyola chamba, maboma ena ayesa kupempha lamulo lachisanu ndi chimodzi kuti lichotseretu malamulo a boma. Zoyesayesa zotha ntchito zimenezi zagwiritsidwa ntchito ku madera monga Affordal Care Act, malamulo a boma a mfuti, ndi miyezo ya lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lakhala likutsutsa kuti malamulo a boma sangathetseretu lamulo la boma (malamulo otsimikiziridwanso m'nkhani ngati Coper v. Aaron .), zopikikiritsa zimenezi zophiphiritsira ndi zamalamulo kukakamiza boma mobwerezabwereza kutetezera ulamuliro wake. Kuphatikizana pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa dziko ndi kuli mutu wachiŵiri m'boma la America.

Ulamuliro wa Boma ndi Mgwirizano wa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti Tenth Amendment imapatsa ufulu waukulu, Clauscy [1] m'Chigawo VI cha Konsichushoni ikhazikitsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lapamwamba la dziko. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma asemphana, lamulo la boma limakhala lofala, malinga ngati lili m’mphamvu yogaŵidwa ya Congress. Chiphunzitsochi cha chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'malamulo a dziko, kumene boma lili ndi ulamuliro wachilengedwe ndi malire a malire.

Kupenda za Kudwala: Kusamuka ndi SB 1070 ya ku Arizona

Mu 2010, Arizona anakhazikitsa SB [1070, lamulo la boma lolamulira lolinganizidwa kuletsa kusamuka kosakhala kwa lamulo mwa kulamula apolisi kuyang'anira malo a anthu amene anaima ngati panali kukayikira koyenera kuti munthuyo anali m’dzikolo mosemphana ndi lamulo. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti lamulolo linali lofunika chifukwa boma linalephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma oletsa anthu kusamukira m’dziko. Otsutsa anatsimikiza kuti lamulo la kusamuka ndilo thayo la boma ndilo lokha ndipo kuti lamulolo likatsogolera ku ku kukhazikitsa fuko ndi kutsutsana ndi zinthu zofunika za boma.

Mlanduwo unafikira Khoti Lalikulu la United States mu 2012 mu Arizona v. United States . Khoti linagamula atatu mwa mapangano anayi otokosa, kunyamula kuti Arizona anali atalakwa m'dziko. Oweruza anagamula kuti malamulo a boma sangapange malamulo osiyanitsa oletsa kuloŵerera m’dziko amene amatsutsana ndi lamulo la boma. Komabe, Khotilo linalola kuti "kuonetsa mapepala anu" aimidwe, ngakhale kuti linachenjeza kuti angatsutsidwebe pa zifukwa zina. Chigamulochi chinatsimikiziranso kuti lamulo la boma la boma likhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma m'mbali zina. Lingaliro lingaŵerengedwe pa Project.

Chipambano cha Arizona v. United States [1] sanathetse zoyesayesa za boma. Maboma ambiri apita ku tauni yoyera [ malamulo amene amachepetsa kugwirizana ndi akuluakulu a boma oimira anthu, pamene ena, mofanana ndi Texas, akhazikitsa malamulo amene amakakamiza malamulo a boma kuti athandize. Kumenyana kumeneku kumapitirizabe m'makhoti a boma, kukumatsimikizira vuto la kujambula mizera yoyera pakati pa boma ndi boma m'dongosolo lolinganizidwa kuti liyendetse anthu.

Kuyesedwa kwa Malo Okhala

Kusintha kuli osati mbali yokha imene ulamuliro wa boma umalonga malamulo a boma. Malamulo a malo okhala ndi mbali ina yodzala ndi mikangano yapatsogolo. Disorgen Air Act Disc Secrect [FLT] imalola Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kukhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko, koma maboma ali ndi thayo la kuigwiritsira ntchito mwa kulinganiza mapangano a boma. Komabe, California imaika chida chapadera choika miyezo yakeyake yolimba ya kutulutsa galimoto pakati pa kuyendetsa kwake kwa dziko ndi kuyendetsa kwa lamulo la dziko, kaŵirikaŵiri Trump akusonya nkhondo ya lamulo lolamulira.

Mavuto ndi Kuloŵererapo

Pazochitika zamwadzidzidzi . Kaya masoka achilengedwe, mavuto a zaumoyo, kapena kuopseza kwa anthu, zingasinthe kwambiri. Boma la boma lili ndi zinthu ndi ulamuliro zimene zimafuna kuti anthu azikhala ndi ndalama zochepa, koma udindo woyamba wa kuyankha ndi maboma akomweko pansi pa Act [FLD . Dongosolo limeneli lingayambitse kutsutsana pamene ziyembekezo zikusiyana pa liŵiro kapena ukulu wa thandizo la boma.

Kufufuza za Mphepo Katrina (2005)

Mphepo ya Katrina, yomwe inakantha Gulf Coast mu August 2005, ndi imodzi mwa mafanizo amphamvu kwambiri a mmene boma la boma linawonongera zinthu pa nthawi ya mavuto. Mkunthowu unawononga mzinda wa New Orleans ndi madera ozungulira mzindawo, ndipo unawononga kwambiri boma komanso ntchito zina. Bungwe la Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) linatumiza zipangizo ndi antchito ena, koma anthu ambiri anatsutsa kuti anthu ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mochedwa, osamvera, ndiponso osayenerera.

Kufufuza kotsatira kwa msonkhanowo kunapeza kuti milingo yonse ya boma yalephera kulinganiza bwino. Zotsatira zake zinatsogolera ku kusintha kwa FEMA ndi National Response Framework , koma tsokalo linagogomezera chitsutso chachikulu: boma la boma liri ndi mphamvu ya kuyankha, koma boma liyang'anira dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka ngozi. FEMA limapereka tsatanetsatane wa kuyankha ndi maphunziro a boma.

Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zimene zinachitidwa ndi Sandy mu 2012 zinathandiza kwambiri boma ndi boma polimbana ndi kugawira ndalama. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti nthawi zambiri mavuto amayesa kusungunuka kwa dongosolo la boma m’njira zosadziwika bwino.

Maboma Othandiza Anthu Kuti Akhale ndi Thanzi Labwino

Posachedwapa, mliri wa Covid-19 unagogomezera kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro a America. Boma la boma, kudzera ku Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu, linapereka malangizo okhudza kubisa, kuyesa, ndi kugoma. Koma mayiko anapanga zosankha zawo pa kutsekedwa kwa sukulu, ndi kulamula kwa machinsinsi. M'mayiko ena anatulutsa malamulo a akuluakulu amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma, kupanga ntchito yoika malamulo otsekedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linayesa kutsekereza kuletsa kuchotsa mapulaneti ndi akatemera, likutsimikizira lingaliro lakuti pamene boma lingachitepo kanthu mwamsanga, liyenera kulemekeza malire ake ogaŵa mphamvu zake. Bungwelo silinanso kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma lalamulo lalamulo lalamulo.

Lamulo la Maphunziro ndi Kulamulira Boma

Maphunziro ndi malo amwambo osungidwa kaamba ka maboma, popeza satchulidwa mu Constitution . Kusintha kwa Tenth Amendment kumasiya lamulo la maphunziro kwakukulukulu ku boma la malamulo ndi mabungwe a sukulu a kumaloko. Komabe, boma la boma lagwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka mphamvu yake yogwiritsira ntchito ndi Clause [1] kusonkhezera miyezo ya maphunziro, kutsogolera ku kutsutsana ndi kuŵerengera.

Kupenda Mlandu: Palibe Mwana Wosiyidwa ndi Zotsatira Zake

Atadutsa mu 2001 ndi kuchirikizidwa kwambiri, Non Child Lend Behind Act (NCLB) inaimira kuloŵerera kwa boma kwamphamvu kwambiri m’maphunziro a masiku ano. Inkafuna kuti mayiko apange mayeso oyezedwa, kuika zoikidwiratu, ndi kusonyeza " kupita patsogolo kwa chaka ndi chaka" kwa magulu onse a ophunzira. Sukulu zimene zinalephera kukwaniritsa ziyeso zoyang'anizana ndi zilolezo, kuphatikizapo kukonzanso ndi kuthekera kwa kutaya kampani ya Udindo I. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma asungabe malamulo pa maphunziro ndi ma CLB, NCB imatistristtion zimene aphunzitsi ambiri amaona kukhala zopereka mlandu waukulu.

Kumapeto kwa 2000, chiŵerengero chomakulakula cha maboma ndi aphunzitsi chinatsutsa kuti ziyeneretso za NCLB zinali zosatsimikizirika ndi zopitirizidwa. Obama adayankha ndi . . . . . . . . . . programu yopereka chikalata chimene chinalimbikitsa kuti ayambe kutsatira miyezo ya pakoleji ndi yoyambira ntchito (monga ngati Common Core) ndi kupenda aphunzitsi ozikidwa pa mayeso ambiri a ophunzira. Maboma amene anatsutsa kutaya mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zimene osuliza adanena kuti n’zothandiza.

Mu 2015, Nyumba ya Malamulo inalowa m’malo mwa NCLB ndi [[FL:0] Wophunzira aliyense Wesseeds Act (ESSA) , imene inabwezera ulamuliro waukulu ku maulamuliro. ESSA imasunga ziyeso za boma koma imalola maboma kukhazikitsa zolinga zawo, kupanga madongosolo awo odziŵerengera mlandu, ndi kugamula mmene angaloŵerere m'masukulu otsika. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza kuthamanga pakati pa boma ndi boma losinthasinthasinthasintha kwa mfundo za maphunziro. Dipatimenti ya maphunziro ikufotokoza za

Kulamulira Boma ndi Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni

Pambuyo pa mlandu, malamulo a maphunziro amagwirizanitsanso ndi kusungidwa kwa ufulu wa anthu a boma. Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro woletsa kupereka ndalama ku masukulu amene amasankhana pamaziko a fuko, kugonana, kapena kupunduka, pansi pa malamulo onga Thit VI, Thit It, ndi anthu Ofess okhala ndi Lucrement Education Act (IEA). Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma amayang'anira madongosolo awo a sukulu a boma, ayenera kugwirizana ndi zofunika zimenezi za boma kuti apitirize kulandira ndalama za boma. Malamulo ameneŵa akhala magwero a mavuto, makamaka pankhani zokhudza ufulu wa ophunzira kapena kuchotsa maphunziro. Luso la boma la kukhoza kuthandizira zinthu monga "kuthandizira mphamvu" . . . Ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri kuti zinthu zisonkhetso zosonkhezera khalidwe, koma Khoti Lapamwamba liyenera kukhala ndilo logwirizana ndi likulu la thanga la pulome.

Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kukakamiza

Kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kwakhala kukufunikira kuloŵerera kwa boma kuti athetse tsankho la boma. Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni isanayambe, maboma anatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kugamula unzika ndi kukakamiza tsankho laufuko pansi pa chiphunzitso cha "Ufulu wa dziko. Conformationon Amendments (Thirteenth, 1450, ndi 15) ndi lamulo la boma linasintha kwambiri kulinganiza kwa boma, kutheketsa boma kukakamiza maboma kuchirikiza chitetezo chofanana ndi choyenera.

Kuphunzira za nkhaniyi: Brown v. Board of Education and School Dese Convation

Chisinthiko cha 1954 Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula mlandu Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka[FLT :1] ndi chitsanzo cha lamulo la boma lokhala ndi lamulo lokhazikitsa ufulu walamulo. Khoti linzake linavomereza kuti malamulo a boma akhazikitsa masukulu a anthu akuda ndi oyera omwe amakhazikitsa masukulu a anthu. Chigamulo chimenechi chachindunji cha kulamulira "FLT koma n’chofanana" chokhazikitsidwa mu 1896 mu [FLT:]. [FLT:] v.FLT] [FL:3]. [2]

Mosasamala kanthu za chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu, maboma ambiri a Kum’mwera anakana kuchotsedwa kwa zaka zambiri. Olamulira ena, monga Orval Faubus wa Arkansas, anatumiza National Guard kuletsa ophunzira akuda kuloŵa m'masukulu onse a zungu. Pulezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhoer anayankha mwalamulo mwa kutumiza Arkansas National Guard ndi kutumiza asilikali a U.S kuperekera ophunzira asanu ndi anayi pa Little Rock Central High School. Mkanganowuwuwu unachitira chitsanzo mwamphamvu kuti ulamuliro wa boma uletsedwe ndi asilikaliwo kusungitsa zoyenera zalamulo pamene maboma akana kutsatira.

Kusintha kwa Maboma Kwamakono: Kupereka Ufulu ndi Kudziŵikitsa

M'nyengo yamakono, Chikalata cha ufulu wa anthu cha 1965 chinapatsa boma ulamuliro waukulu kuti liloŵetsemo m'masankho, makamaka m'mayiko amene anali ndi mbiri ya kusankhana mitundu. Chigawo 5 cha ntchito yofuna maboma ena ndi malo ena kuti apeze "precrative" kuchokera ku U.S. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo isanasinthe malamulo awo osankha. Malamulo ameneŵa anali ofunikira kuloŵerera mu ulamuliro wa boma, koma anavomerezedwa ndi chikondwerero chokakamiza kutetezera ufulu wa kusanthula.

Komabe, m'nkhani ya 2013 Shelby County v. Homer adatsutsa njira yodziŵira maulamuliro amene anali oyenera kusankhidwa, kutsutsa kuti njira yoperekera inakhala yachikale. Khotili silinachotse njira yolowera yokha, koma popanda njira yatsopano, Chigawo 5 chinasiya kukakamizidwa. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasintha mphamvu ku mayiko, kuwalola kutengera malamulo a ovoti, kuyeretsa maroko, ndi kusintha njira zopangira mavoti popanda chilolezo cha boma. Mpando, Nyumba ya Malamulo yalephera kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano lokhudza malowo, kusiya kulinganiza ulamuliro wapamwamba pa kayendetsedwe ka ulamuliro.

Kumaliza: Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Zitsanzo zofotokozedwa . "zochokera ku kuvomerezedwa kwa lamulo ndi kutsata lamulo la kusamukira ku kulabadira tsoka ndi ufulu wa anthu . Zisonyezero zikusonyeza kuti unansi pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma sumakhala wachikhalire. Chimapangidwa ndi malamulo, zigamulo zachiweruzo, ntchito za mabwana, ndi maulamuliro andale osinthasintha. Demendment ndi Supremacy Claus imasonyeza malingana ndi malingana; zochita zenizeni za dziko zimagwira ntchito pakati, ndipo maboma amagwira ntchito monga malaboratoritari ya demokrase ndi boma lopereka miyezo yofanana pamene kuli kofunika.

Kuzindikira mphamvu zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense wogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro sikumathetsedwa potsirizira pake; kumasintha ndi mkangano watsopano uliwonse wa malamulo, chitokoso cha lamulo, ndi mavuto. Aphunzitsi, opanga malamulo, ndi nzika mofananamo ayenera kukhalabe ozindikira mmene mphamvu zimenezi zimapangira malamulo ndi ndale zadziko za dzikolo. Mtsogolo mwa ulamuliro wa boma lidzadalira pa mmene dongosolo la dziko lidzasinthira bwino ku kuyambika kwa mavuto , kusintha kwa malo okhala, thanzi la anthu, kapena ufulu wa anthu kuyambira pamene lakhazikitsa dzikolo.