Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma kuli mbali yolongosola dongosolo la malamulo a United States. Enshrined mu Tenth Amendment, imene mphamvu zosunga sizikugawiridwa ku boma la boma kapena kwa anthu, mphamvu imeneyi imachita mbali yaikulu m'malamulo a ku chigawo chilichonse cha moyo wa Amereka. Kumvetsetsa mmene maulamuliro ameneŵa amagwirira ntchito. Kupyolera m'zitsanzo zenizeni za dongosolo la zaumoyo, maphunziro, malamulo a malo okhala, chitetezo chapoyera, ndi minda ina, nkofunika kumvetsetsa kuvuta kwa ulamuliro wamakono ndi kukambitsirana kopitirizabe pakati pa Washington, D.C., ndi kapeti ya bomayi ikupenda nkhani yaikulu pamene boma ndi mphamvu za dziko zikugundana, kugwirizana, ndi kupikisana, kuyang'ana pa mmene ulamuliro wa dziko lonse m’zaka za zana la 21.

Kusamalira Zaumoyo: Afford Care Act ndi Malire a Magazi

Mwinamwake palibe lamulo limodzi limene limachitira chitsanzo bwinopo chipwirikiti ndi mkhalidwe wosintha wa chipani cha American chigamulo cha Affordble Care Act (ACA) , yosainidwa m'lamulo mu 2010. ACA inaimira kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa misika ya zaumoyo, komabe kukwaniritsa kwake kunadalira kwambiri pa zosankha za boma. Chotulukapo chake ndicho kupenda kosiyanasiyana kumene kumasiyana kuchokera ku boma ku boma lina kupita ku boma lina.

Kufutukuka kwa Medicaid: Kugaŵa Boma mwa Chigawo

Pamapeto pa nkhondo ya boma ya ACA ndi kufutukuka kwa Medicaid. Lamulo loyamba limafunikira maboma kufutukula Medicaid epidial kwa achikulire onse opeza kufika 138% ya mlingo wa umphaŵi wa boma, ndi boma lokwaniritsa ndalama zambiri. Komabe, 2012 Bwalo Lapamwamba mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [1] anapanga chiwonjezeko chodzisankhira mwa kulamulira kuti boma silingawopseze kuchotsa ndalama zonse za Médicaid kuchokera ku zigamu zimene zinakana. Ichi chinapanga gawo lokhalitsa: monga pakati pa 2520, 41 ndi chigawo cha Colity , pamene kuli kwakuti silinachotsepo anthu achikulire 1.

Zotsatira zake n’zoopsa. M’mayiko osafuna kukwera mitengo monga Texas, Mississippi, ndi Alabama, zikwi za nzika za dziko zimagwera mumpata wa "kubisa" . Iwo amapeza ndalama zochepa kwambiri kuti ayenerere inshuwalansi yaumwini kudzera ku misika ya ACA koma sayenerera Medicaid chifukwa chakuti boma lawo silinafune kufutukuka. Zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene kutsutsa malamulo a boma kungakhudzire mwachindunji anthu kupeza thanzi, kusonyeza kuti dziko lenileni la boma likhoza kulowa m’chipata chaungwe cha boma.

Boma Waivers ndi Kusintha

ACA amapatsanso masinthidwe kupyolera m'Chigawo 1332 cha opasawo, kuwalola kuyesa njira zina malinga ngati agwirizana ndi miyezo ya boma. Mayiko ena, monga Alaska ndi Oregon, agwiritsira ntchito zitsogozo zozikidwa pa maprogramu a boma amene amachepetsa ndalama. Ena, mofanana ndi Massachusetts, amangidwa pa ACAa ndi njira zawo zowongolera thanzi. Zitsanzo zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti mphamvu ya boma ingakhale pamodzi ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa boma .

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa kuyesera kwa zaumoyo kwa boma, onani Kaiser Family Foundation yothandizana ya kufutukuka kwa Medicaid ndi [[FLT :2] CMS chigawo cha 1332 cha chidziŵitso .

Maphunziro: Miyezo ya Mafuno ndi Kulamulira Kwa kumaloko

Maphunziro akhala chiyambi cha nkhondo kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma, ndi malamulo a boma okhazikitsa miyezo yaikulu pamene maiko ndi magawo a sukulu akukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa maphunziro, ndalama, ndi kuŵerengera. Kusintha kuchokera ku No Child Let Behind (NCLB) kupita ku Everse Seeds Act (ESA) mu 2015 kunasonyeza kusintha kwadala kulinga ku kusinthika kwa mphamvu kubwerera ku maiko.

Wophunzira Aliyense Apambana pa Kachitidwe Kake (ESA)

ESSA inachotsa dongosolo lapamwamba la NCLB ndi dongosolo limene limapatsa ufulu wochuluka wa kulinganiza mapulani awo a kuwongolera sukulu, kukhazikitsa zonulirapo za kusukulu, ndi kugamula mmene angapimire kuntchito ya sukulu. Komabe, lamulo limafunabe maboma kuti ayese ophunzira chaka chilichonse m’kuŵerenga ndi masamu m'magiredi 3-8 ndi kamodzi m'masekondale, ndi kudziŵitsa ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu otsika kwambiri. Ndalama za boma zimadalira pa zofunika zimenezi.

Kusinthasintha kwa Makonzedwe a Boma

Mayiko agwiritsa ntchito ESSA kulolera zinthu zofunika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Ohio inatengera njira imene imagogomezera kumaliza maphunziro a sukulu ya sekondale ndi kukonzeka kwa ntchito, pamene California anasumika maganizo pa kutseka mipata ya kuchuluka kwa madendena ndi kuchepetsa mlingo. Panthaŵiyi, maboma ena agwiritsira ntchito ESSA kufutukula sukulu mwa kugwiritsa ntchito masukulu a tchata ndi maprogramu otsimikizira zinthu, pamene ena achepetsa kuyesa koyenera. Kusintha kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene lamulo la boma limodzi lingatulukire zotulukapo zosiyana kwambiri malinga ndi zofunika za boma ndi maphunziro.

Chimanga Chofala ndi Boma Libwerera M’mbuyo

Common Core State Direfects Core State, yotengedwa poyamba ndi maboma oposa 40, inakhala malo oonekera oukira boma ngakhale kuti adapangidwa ndi akazembe a boma ndi akuluakulu a zamaphunziro, osati boma la boma. Pamene oyang'anira Obama anagwirizanitsa Fuko Lapamwamba ndi kuchirikiza Thup kutengera "College ndi miyezo ya ntchito" (imene inafotokozedwa monga Come Core), maboma ambiri anayamba kuzindikira kukakamiza kwa boma. Pofika 2015, chiŵerengero cha maiko a “‘ Indiana, South Carolina, Oklahoma, ndi ena . [Ndidreww ku Commone ndi miyezo yawoyawo.]

Kufufuza kozama kwa maphunziro a university, onani Brookings Institution ya ESSA ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa boma [1].

Kusintha Kwamalo: Pamene Mtovu ndi Mphamvu ya Maboma

Malamulo a malo okhala ndi malo amene maboma kaŵirikaŵiri akhala akupereka utsogoleri woposa wa boma, pamene kuli kwakuti abwezeranso kwa ochenjerera a boma. Cease Air ndi Clean Water Act imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko koma momvekera bwino imalola maboma kutenga zitetezero zowonjezereka. Maboma ameneŵa athandiza kukhala malaboratori a kusintha kwa malo okhala.

Miyezo ya Kutsata Lamulo ku California

California ali ndi malo apadera pansi pa Declare Air Act: kuli ndi woletsa kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake ya kutulutsa galimoto, imene ili yotchuka kwambiri kuposa ya boma. Maboma ena kenaka angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya California kapena kumamatira ku malamulo a boma. Pa 2025, 17 maboma kuphatikizapo Desikiti la Colimbia latengera miyezo ya Edvalce Clean Cars ya California, yophikira 40% ya U.S. Aauto msika. Pambuyo pa kuyendetsa Trump, boma la boma linayesa kuchotsa chikole cha California ndi kukhazikitsa muyezo umodzi wa dziko limene linaphonya ulamuliro wa boma. California, limodzi ndi maiko ena 20, osuta, ndi a Biden pambuyo pake anabwezeretsa kuyendetsa kwa lamulo. Mgwirizaloyu wa bungwe la za boma la Bulvel - War anakhazikitsa motani kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma.

Kulimbana ndi Mphamvu za Mphamvu ya Mphamvu Zamphamvu Zokonzedwanso za Boma

Maboma ambiri akhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo yotha kukonzanso (RPS), yofuna kuti pakhale magetsi ochuluka kuchokera ku magwero okonzedwanso. Hawaii ikufuna 100% magetsi okonzedwanso pofika 2045; New York katundu 70% podzafika 2030; ndi Texas, ngakhale kuti imatchedwa kuti ndi mafuta ndi gasi, imatulutsa mphamvu ya mphepo yambiri kuposa boma lina lililonse chifukwa cha kuima kwake kwa nthaŵi yaitali RPS (kuyambira pamene aloledwa kufa). Malamulo a boma ameneŵa achititsa kusintha kwa malonda amene nthaŵi zina amayendera mphamvu za boma kukonza mphamvu za dziko.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumapereka chitokoso chachikulu kwambiri. Boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wolamulira kutentha kwa mpweya wotentha pansi pa Clean Air Act ( Massachusetts v. EPA, 2007), koma malamulo a boma amtundu wa madera alephera mobwerezabwereza m'Congress. Poyankha, maboma apanga mabungwe ngati Greenhouse Gastinection (RGI), kuyesayesa kogwirizana pakati pa 12 kumpoto cha kummaŵa cha kummaŵa ndi ku Mid Atlantic kuchepetsa kutulutsa mphamvu ya zomera. Kufikira kwa pansi kwa malingana ndi mmene maboma angakwanitsire malamulo pamene kachitidwe ka boma kayendetsedwe ka boma kayendetse.

Kaamba ka kuyang'ana mwatsatanetsatane pa malo a mlingo wa boma, ŵerengani EPA magetsi a boma olinganiza zinthu zopangira mphamvu [[FLT: 1].

Kuletsa Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse ndi Mfuti: Boma la Divergent Likufika

Kulamulira mfuti ndi imodzi ya nkhani zogaŵanikana kwambiri m’boma la America.

Malo Opangira Zinthu a Boma Oletsa

Maboma monga Texas, Arizona, ndi Idaho, malamulo asintha kuchotsa ziletso: Kunyamula popanda chilolezo tsopano kumaloledwa, kutanthauza aliyense amene angakhale ndi mfuti mwalamulo angainyamule poyera kapena kubisa popanda laisensi. Kumapeto kwina, malingana ndi California, New York, ndi Illinois akhazikitsa malamulo ofuna kuyang'anira malonda a munthu payekha, kuletsa zida zoukira, ndi nyengo zoyembekezera. Hawaii ndi New York ali ndi miyezo yokwera kwambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti maiko ambiri a Kum’mwera ali ndi malamulo ochepa kwambiri ofunikira kupyola pa maboma a boma.

Zosankha za Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri Ndiponso Mayesero a Makhoti

Khoti Lapamwamba lachita mbali yaikulu m'kulongosola malire a mphamvu ya boma. Diologian of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Khoti linagonjetsa Washington D.C. chiletso cha mfuti cha m’manja, koma chinatchula bwino lomwe kuti chigamulocho sichinachotseretu malire ambiri a malamulo a mfuti omwe alipo. Pambuyo pake, mu [FLT:] Mcvoranded v. Chicago . (2017:3]), Bwalo linagwiritsira ntchito Develo lachiŵiri ku zinenero kudzera pa Dementi ya 145. Posachedwapa, mu [FL: 4, NW] Chigamu cha New York Refle & Polsonv Association Association. [Brut , Brugton: [22], Reviced Coul, "Unicescce, "Unice" chigamulo cha lamulo la chilo, chilolezo chovomerezedwa ndi chilolezo cha lamulo chofala cha Hawaii chofala chofanana ndi Hawaii, chofala Hawaii, chofanana ndi Hawaii, chilo

Kukhoma Msonkho ndi Kuchirikiza Ndalama

Kupyola madera ena a malamulo, unansi wa zandalama pakati pa maboma ndi boma ndi mphamvu yaikulu. Boma la boma limagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoperekedwa ndi ndalama . zotsalazo zopatsa ndi mikhalidwe yokhwima ndi zopinga zimene zimapatsa kusinthika kwambiri .Kulimbikitsa kachitidwe ka boma m'madera kuchokera ku kumanga misewu yaikulu kufikira ku thanzi la anthu onse.

Zingwe Zopereka Malonda

Chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri ndicho nyengo ya kumwa moŵa ya dziko lonse. Mu 1984, Congress inapatula National Monter Age, imene inaletsa ndalama za boma za m’msewu uliwonse zimene zinalola anthu azaka zosafika 21 kugula moŵa. Maboma analibe thayo lachindunji lakutsatira, koma chitsenderezo cha filimu chinali champhamvu kwambiri kwakuti maiko onse 50 anakweza msinkhu wawo wakumwa pofika chakumapeto kwa ma 1980. Kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama ndiko mlandu wa "cococenive consivelism," kumene maboma ayenera kulinganiza malamulo oletsa kutaya ndalama za boma.

Ulamuliro wa Boma wa Msonkho

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa kukhazikitsa msonkho wawowawo .ndalama, malonda, katundu, ndi kuletsa malamulo a boma. Intaneti ya Trutho Freedom Act imaletsa msonkho wa boma pa kupezeka kwa intaneti, ndi Tchall Cuts ndi Jobs Act ya 2017 yokhatsa boma ndi msonkho wakwawo (SALT) pa $100,000, kuyambukira kwambiri maboma apamwamba monga California ndi New York. Maboma abwerera kumbuyo mwa kukhazikitsa masinthidwe awo.

Kuloledwa Mwalamulo ndi Lamulo la Mpandu la Federal

Kumenyana pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma sikumawonekera kwambiri kuposa m'malo a chamba. Pa 2025, 24 maboma ndi Washington D.C. alola chamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’zosangulutsa, ndipo 38 a boma ali ndi maprogramu a zamankhwala a chamba. Komabe pansi pa lamulo la boma, chamba chimakhalabe Shedyuli, chosaloledwa ndi lamulo kupanga, kugawira, kapena kukhala nacho. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kupsinja kwa lamulo: malamulo a boma ovomereza mwachindunji ntchito zimene ziri milandu ya boma.

Nzeru ya Magulu Ogwirizana

Obama ndi Biden onse aŵiri anatengera malamulo a osakhala a mnzawo, kulangiza ozenga milandu ya chamba m'zigawo zimene zathandiza kwambiri madongosolo a kayendetsedwe ka mapulogalamu. Bwana wamkulu woyamba wa Trump, Jeff Sessions , adachotsa malangizo amenewa mu 2018, koma Congress adayankha mwa kugwirizanitsa ma apulogalamu a oyendetsa chamba (Rhohrachbach-Blumener) amene amaletsa Dipatimenti ya Jaji kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma kuweruza chamba chakunja. Chigamu cha Regiona chionetsere mmene Nyumba za Ufumu zingachitire bwino monga mayeso pa mfundo za nthambi ya boma, amalola boma kugwira ntchito mosasamala kanthu za lamulo la boma.

Komabe, kusatsimikizirika kwa lamulo kukupitirizabe. Mabanki safunabe kutumikira mabizinesi a chamba a boma chifukwa chakuti amaika pangozi ndalama zowawa. Mabizinesi satha kuchotsa ndalama zowonongedwa pa misonkho ya boma chifukwa cha IRS Language 280E. Zopinga zothandiza zimenezi zimasonyeza malire a ufulu wa boma pamene lamulo la boma likhalabe. Mabizinesi ndi ogula, mumsika wa boma ndi wa boma umachititsa kuti malonda azikhala osatetezeka ndiponso osayendetseka mokwanira.

Kusintha: Chikhalidwe ndi Kupulumutsidwa Kosayeneretsedwa

Kusuntha kuli mbali kumene boma la boma liri ndi mphamvu yaikulu ya lamulo, koma maboma atsimikizira mowonjezereka ulamuliro wawo, makamaka m'kusoŵeka kwa kusintha kokulira kwa boma. "Gulu la Sanctuary" ndi "boma la chivomezi" malamulo oletsa kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumalo ndi akuluakulu a boma oloŵa m'dziko.

Boma ndi Kukaniza Kwawo

Maboma onga California ndi Illinois akhazikitsa malamulo oletsa apolisi ndi oweruza kufunsa za malo oloŵa m'dziko kapena kutsekera anthu ozikidwa pa osunga a boma. Oyang'anira Trump anafunafuna kulanga maulamuliro ameneŵa mwa kuchotsa ndalama za boma, koma makhoti kwakukulukulu anatsekereza zoyesayesa zimenezi. Mu United States v. California California . (2017), khoti laboma linakantha mbali zina za malamulo a kachisi a California pamene linali kuchirikiza ena, kusonyeza kuvuta kwa malamulo alamulo. Mtsogoleri wa Biden anatenga njira yowonjezereka yopereka chivomerezo, koma nkhaniyo ikalibe yonenezedwa ndi nkhani ya zandale.

Mphamvu ya Boma la Apolisi

Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba latsimikizira mobwerezabwereza ulamuliro wa boma pa kusamukira ku dziko ( Arizona v. United States, 2012), lazindikiranso kuti maboma amasunga mphamvu za apolisi kaamba ka chisungiko cha anthu. Maboma sakhoza kupanga makonzedwe awoawo osungitsa anthu kusamuka, koma angasankhe mmene angaperekere zinthu za m'dziko. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumasiya malo a nkhondo yosatha, monga momwe maboma akuyendera mzera pakati pa kugwirizana ndi boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa nzika zosaikiridwa.

Kumaliza: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu Mopirira

Monga momwe zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko zimenezi zikusonyezera, kulinganizika kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma a boma ndi a boma sikuli makonzedwe osasintha koma kukambitsirana kosalekeza kopangidwa ndi malamulo, kuvomereza mlandu, ntchito yapamwamba, ndi lingaliro la anthu. M'kusamalira zaumoyo, ACA adavumbula zonse ziŵiri kufikira ulamuliro wa boma ndi kulimba kwa zosankha za boma. M'maphunziro, ESSA anafuna kuwongolera unansiwo mwa kubwereranso ku maulamulirowo pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo a boma asungitsa mlandu. Malamulo a zachilengedwe anasonyeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito monga apainiya, ofunitsitsa kupititsa patsogolo ngakhale pamene ntchito ya boma isoweka kapena isinthidwa. Ndipo m'madera onga ngati kulamulira mfuti, chamba, ndi kusamukira m'dziko, mikangano pakati pa boma ndi lamulo, imayambitsa mikangano yakuti makhoti afunikira kutsimikiza kuti mabwalo asulidwe aungwe nthaŵi zonse.

Kuzindikira mphamvu imeneyi nkofunika . Kuphatikiza pa opanga malamulo ndi ophunzira a boma okha komanso kwa nzika zimene zimakumana ndi zotsatira za utsogoleri wa boma m’moyo wawo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mafunso a mtundu wa boma amene ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulo, ndi ukulu wa malamulowo, adzakhalabe maziko a demokrase ya Amereka. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira omwe omwewo, kufufuza kumeneku kumapereka mpata wa kusintha, kusintha, ndi kwenikweni njira yaumunthu kulamulira dziko lalikulu ndi losiyana.