Kuyamba Kukhala Wolemekezeka M’boma

Tsiku lililonse, kuyambira pamene mudzuka kufikira pamene mutseka chitseko chanu usiku, zigamulo zopangidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma pa boma, boma, ndi malo a komwe mumakhala zimadalira pa pulogalamu ya madzi amene mumamwa ayenera kukumana ndi malamulo a boma a Clean Water Act, misewu imene mumaisamalira ndi dipatimenti yanu ya ntchito za onse, ndipo sukulu imene ana anu amapitamo imatsatira malangizo a maphunziro operekedwa ndi bungwe la boma lanu la maphunziro. Kuzindikira kuti ndi mlingo uti umene lamulo siliri phunziro la malamulo a boma — ndi chiŵiya chothandiza kudziŵa amene angakumane nawo pamene mufuna thandizo, kufuna kukonza dandaulo, kapena kuchirikiza kuti musinthe.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane mmene boma lililonse limagwirira ntchito, ikupereka zitsanzo za malamulo ake, ndipo ikufotokoza mmene zinthu zimayendera masiku ano.

Apolisi a Boma Logwirizana

Boma la boma, lokhala ku Washington, D.C., lili ndi ulamuliro pa nkhani zimene zimakhudza mtundu wonse. Mphamvu zake zimaphatikizapo kuyendetsa malonda a mayiko amodzi, kupanga ndalama, kuyendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kupereka chitetezo cha dziko. Komabe, chisonkhezero chake chimafika ku moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku mwa malamulo ambiri a m’dziko amene amakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko, kupereka ndalama, ndi kutetezera zoyenera za dzikolo.

Kupeza Njira Yosamalira Thanzi ndi Njira Yosavuta Yochitira Chithandizo

Mwinamwake palibe lamulo la boma limene lakhudza miyoyo yambiri m'zaka khumi zapitazo kuposa Affordble Care Act (ACA). Mu 2010, ACA inawonjezera inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo kuphatikiza ndalama, Medicaid , ndi kusintha kwa malonda. ACA, oposa 44 miliyoni a Amereka analibe inshuwalansi ya thanzi; pofika 2016, chiŵerengero chimenecho chinatsika kufika pa 27 miliyoni. Banja lokhala ndi vuto lapasadakhale, ACA chotsa mantha a kukanidwa kulipira. Kwa wachichepere, chinawalola kukhalabe ndi cholinga cha kholo kufikira zaka 26. Lamulo linapangidwanso ndi makampani a inshuwalansi a zauni ya zaumoyo kumene anthu angayerekezerere ndi kuyenerera kulipira msonkho. Ngakhale masiku ano, kutsutsana ndi kukonzanso kwa za thanzi, kapena kukonzanso, kapena kukonzanso malamulo a boma.

Maphunziro Akuperekedwa ku Kupyolera mwa Udindo Wanga

Isihloko I cha Elementary and Secondal Education Act (ESEA) imagaŵira ndalama za boma ku sukulu za chigawo chakumidzi cha Chicago ndi maperesenti ambiri a ana ochokera m’mabanja otsika. Programme imeneyi, inapangidwanso posachedwapa monga Wophunzira Yense Wenefieds Act (ESSA), kugaŵira madola mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse kuthandiza kukwaniritsa maphunziro opambana. Mwana wa sukulu m’chigawo chakumidzi cha Mississippi kapena m'tauni Chicago, Ndalama za Mtetho zingatatatanthauza makalasi aang'ono, pambuyo pa maphunziro, kapena zipangizo zophunzitsira zokonzedwanso. Pompano ambiri pansi pa zigawo za boma zikayesayesa kukwaniritsa maphunziro ofunika kwambiri. Programmeyi imafunanso kupereka lipoti la machitidwe a ophunzira a ntchito mwa gulu laling’ono, kutsimikizira mlandu kwa anthu a m'mabwinja.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe: Mpweya Woyera ndi Madzi Oyera

The Cleena Air Act (1970) ndi Cease Water Act (1972) imaimira zida zamphamvu kwambiri za boma zotetezera zachilengedwe. Momwemo, EPA ikhazikitsa National Awandient Air Servement Sound Sound (NAAQS) kaamba ka zoipitsa zonga ozone ndi opalana. Pamene mzinda wonga Los Angeles ukhala ndi tchete, chifukwa chakuti mpweya wa m’deralo wagwa pansi pa zitsekwezo, ukupangitsa kuchepetsa kutsika kwa kutulutsa kwabwino kwa dziko. Mofananamo, Lamulo la Madzi Oyera limaletsa kutulutsidwa kwa zinthu zoipitsa m'madzi opanda chilo. Zimenezi zimayambukira aliyense amene amapha nsomba, kusamba, kapena kumwa madzi kuchokera ku mitsinje ndi nyanja. Alimi, opanga zinthu, ndi opanga zinthu zina ayenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya m'malo abwino.

Kulabadira Tsoka ndi FEMA

Pamene mphepo yamkuntho iphulika ku Gulf Coast kapena kutentha kwamoto ku California, boma limasonkhanitsa Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). FEMA imapereka chithandizo cha ndalama kaamba ka nyumba zotsala, kukonza nyumba, ndi ndalama zochepera zokongola kaamba ka kuwonongeka kwa katundu. Imagwirizanitsanso ndi maofesi a boma oyang'anira zamwadzidzidzi kugaŵira zopereka ndi timagulu ta ofufuza ndi osamalira. Kwa banja lothawa ndi tsoka lachilengedwe, kukhoza kwa boma kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga — kupyolera chilengezo chatsoka la pulezidenti — kungatatse kusiyana pakati pa kugona m’nyumba ndi kulandira chilo cha kukonzanso nyumba.

Ulamuliro wa Boma

Maboma amatsatira malamulo a boma a ku United States koma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa nthawi ya Kusintha kwa Malamulo a Kumeneku, amayang’anira maphunziro, zoyendera, thanzi la anthu, ndi njira zambiri zoweruzira milandu.

Malamulo Ochepa

Malipiro a boma atsala pa $7.25 pa ola limodzi kuyambira 2009, koma oposa 30 akhazikitsa ndalama zocheperapo. Pa 2025, malipiro a boma la Washington ali $16.28 pa ola limodzi, pamene Georgia adakali $5.15 (boma limafuna mabwana m'malonda a boma kuti apereke ndalama zokwana $7.25). Kusintha kumeneku kumayambukira mwachindunji mphamvu ndi moyo wa antchito m’boma lililonse. Wantchito wachangu mu Seattle angalipire nyumba imodzi yogonamo; wantchito ku Alabama angavutike kulipira ndalama zazikulu ngakhale pamene akugwira ntchito nthaŵi yonse. Malamulo a boma amalamuliranso malipiro ochepa a ndalama, malamulo, malamulo owonjezera, ndi ntchito yaunyamata — ntchito zonse za m'masitolo a m'dzikolo.

Miyezo ya Maphunziro ndi Maphunziro

Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake ya maphunziro, zofunika za kumaliza maphunziro, ndi maulamuliro oyezera. Mwachitsanzo, New York imafuna ophunzira kupambana mayeso a Regents m'nkhani zambiri kuti apeze dipuloma, pamene Texas imalamula State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readificial (STAR). Miyezo imeneyi imakhudza zimene woyeza nambala wachisanu amaphunzira m'masamu, zimene zimaŵerengedwa ndi kalasi yapamwamba ya Chingelezi, ndi mmene mbiri imaphunzitsidwira. Maboma amalamuliranso aphunzitsi a nthanga, zigawo za sukulu, ndi kupereka ndalama zimene zimagawira ku zigawo za dziko lina kupita ku boma lina, zingapeze zonse zimene ana awo amaphunzira, kugogomezera udindo wa boma la maphunziro.

Zoyendera

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOTS) amasunga makilomita zikwi makumi ambiri a misewu, mabuloji, ndi masiteshoni . Amayang'aniranso makampani a anthu oyenda, akuluakulu a padoko, ndi masiteshoni a njanji . Ku Colorado, boma la DOT likuchititsa kuchotsa chipale chofeŵa pa I-70 ku Rockes, kholawe, khomo lovuta kwambiri la oyenda ndi katundu. Ku California, Caltrans imayang'anira maulalo aakulu kwambiri a dzikolo, kuphatikizapo golden Gate Bridge . Pamene msewu ufunikira kukonzanso, kapena khwalala latsopano la njinga likuwonjezeredwa, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi ntchito ya boma — ngakhale ngati ikuchirikizidwa ndi boma lopereka ndalama. Mseaweya wa tsiku ndi tsiku, ngakhale kukwera kwa zonyamula katundu zabwino, ndi kuyendetsa ndege kuzungulira koyenda koyambirira kuzungulira.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Uyang’aniro wa Medicaid

Maboma amayang'anira programu ya Medicaid mogwirizana ndi boma la boma, kukhazikitsa mlingo wa kuchuluka kwa ndalama, ndi mautumiki ogwirizanitsidwa m'zitsogozo za boma. Mayiko ena, monga California ndi New York, awonjezera Mdicaid ku achikulire onse olandira pang'onopang'ono pansi pa ACA, pamene ena, monga Texas ndi Florida, sachita. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti mkazi wokhala ndi pakati m’boma limodzi angayenerere chisamaliro chapasadakhale pamene mkazi wofananayo m’boma linalo mwina sangakhalenso. Mabungwe a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira maprogramulimi, maresitale, ndi matenda. Mlimo wa CHOVAD , akunena kuti akonzere malo osungirako mankhwala, kaya angafunikire kuphimba ndalama zawo zamankhwala, ndi kubisa malo awo aunitsa ntchito yaumoyo.

Ulemu wa Boma Lakumaloko

Maboma a m’derali, kuphatikizapo mizinda, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera, ndi amene ali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Malamulo Opeka ndi Malo

Malamulo ogaŵanitsa nyumba ya boma kukhala zigawo — nyumba zokhalamo, malonda, maindasitale, ulimi — ndi kulamulira zimene zingamangidwe. Wokonza nyumba yomangidwa ndi madzulo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo apamwamba ngati nyumba ya banja limodzi. Mwini nyumba wowonjezera malo angafunikire chilolezo chotsimikizira kuti zinthu zofunika kuyendera. Zosankha zokhudza ndalama za nyumba, magalimoto, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwachitsanzo, mizinda monga Portland, Oregon, yagwiritsira ntchito kupititsa patsogolo chuma cha mizinda ndi kuchepetsa kukwera kwa madera, pamene kuli kwakuti midzi yonga ija ya ku Harris County, Texas, zalola zitukuko zazikulu za banja limodzi. Zosankha zochita za banja zimakhudza ntchito, kuyenda kusitolo, kugula masitolo, kapena kupeza nyumba zako zakwake zimaganidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a m’dzikolo.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu: Apolisi ndi Ogwira Ntchito Yowotcha Moto

Madipatimenti a apolisi ndi zigawo zamoto za m'deralo ndizo zoyamba kupereka chithandizo pa ngozi. Zimakhazikitsa madera olondera, nthaŵi zochitirapo kanthu, ndi njira zapolisi za boma. M’tauni monga Minneapolis, bungwe la tauni liyang'anira ndalama za apolisi ndipo lingapereke ndalama ku mapulogalamu ena othandizira pakabuka mavuto. M’chigawo chakumidzi, dipatimenti yodzifunira ingadalire ndalama zothandizira boma ndi ndalama zothandizira kuteteza anthu. Mautumiki a boma amasiyana kwambiri chifukwa cha msonkho wa boma ndiponso malamulo amene amalandira. Pamene apolisi ayamba kuchitika, osati boma kapena FBI — iyang'anira kufufuza koyambako ngati sipachitika milandu ya boma kapena lamulo.

Mapaki ndi Zosangulutsa

Maboma a m'derali amayang'anira mapaki a anthu onse, mabwalo a masewera, ndi malo a anthu. Malo amenewa amapereka mwayi waulere kapena wapamwamba wochita masewera, mabungwe a achinyamata, ndiponso amatumikira monga malo a makhonsati ndi mapwando. Dipatimenti ya paki ya mzinda ikhozanso kuyendetsa mapulogalamu a sukulu, ntchito zapamwamba za nzika, ndi misasa ya m'chilimwe. Kwa banja lopanda nyumba yaikulu, paki yapafupi ya mzinda ndi malo awo okhalako. Kupezeka ndi kukonzedwa kwa malo ameneŵa kumadalira pa makampani a msonkho, ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, ndi zopereka.

Madzi, Seya, ndi Kusamalira Mavu

Makampani amadzi akumwa amachiritsa ndi kupereka madzi akumwa, pamene kuli kwakuti makampani okonza mafakitale otaya zinthu amagwiritsira ntchito zimbudzi. Madongosolo ameneŵa amayendera malamulo a boma (m’chitsanzo, Safety Meater Act , Clean Water Act) koma amamangidwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi kudalirana kwa komweko. Munthu wokhala ku Flint , Michigan, anakumana ndi zotsatira zowononga za kulephera kwa boma ndi kulephera kwa boma pamene mzindawo uchotsa madzi popanda kuwonongeka, kutsogolera kuipitsa. Kusonkhanitsa kwa zinyalala kolimba — kuchokera ku pulogalamu yapansi ya malo osungira zinthu — kulinso thayo la kumaloko. Maro, ndandanda a zopereka zopereka, ndi njira zotaya zikuikidwa ndi mabungwe a mzinda kapena mabungwe a boma, pokhudza bajeti ya nyumba ndi ziwongo za malo.

Kuchitira Zinthu Pamodzi Pakati pa Maulamuliro

Kumvetsa bwino mfundo imeneyi kumathandiza anthu kuti azitha kuchita zinthu mwanzeru komanso kuti azichita zinthu zimene zingawalepheretse.

Federal Friagestars: Chitsanzo cha Bedicaid

Mdicaid ndi programu yogwirizana ya boma. Boma la boma limakhazikitsa zofunika zochepera ndi kugwirizanitsa ziphatikizo za boma pamlingo wosiyana (kuyambira pa 50% mpaka 90%, kudalira pa chuma cha boma ndi anthu amene anatumikira). Maboma amapanga mathirakiti awo opindulitsa, kusankha kaya kuwonjezera kulimba, ndi kusankha mmene angaperekere ndalama zothandizira. Banja lopereŵera ku New Hampshire lili ndi mautumiki osiyana kuposa mmodzi mu Mississippi chifukwa cha zosankha za boma. Federal wa wa wa Awaivers amalola kuyesa mafilimu operekera zinthu, monga zofunikira za ntchito kapena zosunga zaumoyo. Kugwirizana kumeneku kumasonyeza mmene programu imodzi ingawonere mosiyana kwambiri pa mizera ya boma pamene ikumamatirabe ku zifuno za dziko.

Maunansi a Boma: Kupereka ndi Kulandidwa

Maboma ndi mizinda amapeza ulamuliro wawo waukulu kuchokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amachotsa malamulo a kumaloko — mwachitsanzo, kuletsa malipiro ochepa a kumaloko kapena kuletsa kuyang'anira lendi. M'mayiko ambiri, misonkho ya katundu imatsekedwa ndi lamulo la boma, kuchepetsa ndalama zimene anthu amalandira ku sukulu ndi ziwiya zamakono. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maboma amapereka ndalama zambiri ku malo a sukulu (mwa njira za mankhwala), misewu (mwa misonkho ya gasi), ndi chitetezo cha anthu onse (mwa malipiro). M'boma la boma likhoza kusungitsa laibulale yatsopano imadalira pa malire a boma, pamene kuli kwakuti bungwe la boma limapereka chigamulo cha kutsetsa mathiro a ndalama za zoyendera za boma.

Kukangana ndi Kugwirizana: Nkhani ya Kusamuka

Kusungitsa kusamutsidwa kuli kwakukulukulu thayo la boma, koma maboma ndi maiko angasankhe kugwirizana kapena kutsutsa. Maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo ofunikira apolisi akumaloko kuyang'anira malo a kusamuka (m., SB 1070), pamene kuli kwakuti ena adzilengeza iwo eni kukhala “malamulo apadera a boma ” akuletsa kugwirizana ndi oimira a boma. Makhoti kaŵirikaŵiri amalamulira kaya boma ndi malamulo a kumaloko osaloŵerera pa ulamuliro wa boma. M’kulondola, banja lakukhala mumzinda wopatulika lingakhale ndi mantha pang'onong’ono poopa kuthamangitsidwa pamene likugwirizana ndi apolisi, pamene banja limodzi ndi boma loyang'anira lingapeŵe kufunafuna mautumiki a boma. Makhoti ankhondo a mobwerezabwereza akusonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa boma.

Maphunziro a Case of World

Kulabadira kwa Chivomezi cha Covid - 19

Mliri wa chorovirus unayesa mlingo uliwonse wa boma panthaŵi imodzi. Pamlingo wa boma, makampani a Trump ndi Biden anapereka zilolezo zamwadzidzidzi za kugwiritsira ntchito akatemera, anagaŵira mabiliyoni ambiri kupyolera ku centreSS Act ndi American Rereplation Plan , ndi kulamula kuti agwiritse ntchito zinyawu za m’galimoto za anthu onse. Olamulira a boma analengeza zamwadzidzidzi, anatulutsa malamulo otsalira malo a mabizinesi, ndi kukhazikitsa malo oyesera, ndi kuyang'anira zipatala za katemera. Malamulo otsutsana kaŵirikaŵiri — a boma limodzi. Anatulutsa malamulo otsegulidwa kwa anthu ena — ogwiritsidwa mwala, koma anaonetsanso kulinganiza kwa malamulo. Kupenda mliri wa mphamvu ya mphamvu. Kupenda mlirigalamuyo kumasonyeza mmene njira yake ina ya kulephera (g., kapenyedwe kamodzi) kungafafanizidwe ndi ena.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo Kumayamba

Malamulo a zanyengo asintha, koma maiko ndi malo aloŵa m'mpata. California, kupyolera mwa California Air Resources Board (CARB), imasunga miyezo ya kutulutsa galimoto yolimba kuposa ya boma — wolephera wololedwa ndi Ceather Air Act . Maboma khumi ndi aŵiri atengera miyezo ya California, yowongolera bwino malonda a galimoto. Panthaŵiyi, mizinda monga Boulder, Colorado, kukhazikitsa misonkhoma ya carbon pa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa magetsi, ndipo makampani ambiri adzipereka ku kukonzanso zonulirapo za mphamvu. Mwini nyumba m'tauni yokhala ndi malamulo amphamvu kwambiri adzayang'anizana ndi ziŵiro zotsika ndi ziŵiro zazing'ono za carbon zolembedwa popanda malamulo otero. Kuyendetsa zinthu za boma ndi zachiwawa kukonza malo otetezedwa, ngakhale kuti kulibe, dziko lopanda dongosolo la dziko.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Chiyambire 2012, maboma ambiri alola kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chamba, koma si lamulo la boma monga Sedynal I. Izi zimapangitsa malo ovuta kwambiri: Opereka a boma amagwiritsira ntchito poyera pamene akunenedwa kukhala ozengedwa mlandu. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo pansi pa boma la Obama yapereka ntchito zoletsa kugamulidwa m'maboma, pamene boma limawonjezera lamulo lina lokhudza kumene opereka msonkho angapeze ndi mmene amachitira msonkho. Chitsanzo chimenechi chikusonyeza bwino lomwe, wodwala cha cha cha cha cha chamba ku Colorado angagule majeremani popanda chilango cha boma, koma sangayendetse ntchito yokhudza boma kapena kutsegula chikalata cha kubanki chokhudza malamulo a boma. Boma akuwonjezeranso chikalata china mwa kugamula kumene akupereka msonkho ndi mmene amachitira. Chitsanzo chimenechi chisonyezeretsochi pakati pa chiletso ndi chilolezo cha boma.

Kugwirizana ndi Boma

Kudziŵa mlingo wa boma n’kothandiza kokha ngati kutsogolera ku zochita. nzika zingasonkhezere lamulo lililonse mwa kuzindikira njira yoyenera yoloŵera nkhaŵa zawo.

Kukonza Ntchito ndi Kupanga Mkupiti

Zisankho zimachitika m'milingo yonse. Kutsatirira mamembala a bungwe la sukulu, oimira boma, opanga malamulo, ndi ziŵalo za Congress kumayambukira mwachindunji akuluakulu amene amapanga malamulo ofotokozedwa pamwambapa. Pambuyo pa kuvota, nzika zingadzipereke kaamba ka makampani, kupereka kwa oyembekezera, kapena ngakhale kuthamangira ku malo. Nthaŵi zambiri masankho a kumaloko amakhala ndi chigamulo chotsika, kutanthauza kagulu kakang’ono ka osankha otolera kangakhale ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu.

Ndemanga za Onse ndi Miyambi

Mabungwe a boma nthaŵi zonse amapempha anthu kuti anenepo malamulo operekedwa kudzera ku Federal Register. Mabungwe a boma amaweruza milandu ya zilolezo za malo okhala kapena malamulo atsopano. Mabungwe a mizinda amakonza nyengo zoyankha anthu asanavote pa malamulo. Munthu wokhala m'deralo angachitire umboni pa msonkhano wa bungwe latsopano, wolembedwa mofanana ndi umboni wa wolimbikitsa. Misonkhano yambiri imeneyi ikupezeka pa Intaneti, kuchepetsa chopinga kuti asakhale ndi phande.

Magulu a Aphunzitsi ndi Magulu Ogwirizana

Magulu a anthu ogwirizana kapena kuchirikiza gulu la anthu oukira boma achulukitsa mawu a munthu. Mabungwe onga League of Women Voters, Sierra Club, zipinda za malonda, ndi makampani a nyumba amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana kuti apange malamulo. Magulu ameneŵa amapanga malamulo, kulimbikitsa anthu kuti alankhulane ndi oimira, ndipo nthaŵi zina amakambirana milandu yotsutsa boma. Kwa mphunzitsi wokhudza za ndalama za sukulu, gulu la maphunziro a boma angagwirizanitse anthu ena ndi cholinga chimodzi ndi kupereka malangizo apamwamba a ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama za ndalama za banki.

Kumaliza

Masitepe atatu a boma — a boma, a boma, ndi a kumaloko — amapanga dongosolo lokhala ndi maluŵa limene limakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wamakono. Kuchokera ku mpweya umene timapuma ndi madzi amene timamwa ku masukulu athu ndi kutetezeka kwa makwalala athu, malamulo osankha pampambo uliwonse amapanga mikhalidwe ya moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwa kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko monga ACA, malamulo a boma, kupatsa kwa kumaloko, ndi kuyankha kwa mliri, nkhani ino yasonyeza mmene milingo imeneyi imagwira ntchito payokha ndi pamodzi. Nthaŵi yotsatira mumamva kusokonezeka kwa maluwa, inshuwalansi, kapena malamulo a kusukulu, mudzadziŵa bwino lomwe boma lingachitepo mlandu — ndi mmene mungachitire kuti mumve.