Dongosolo la maphunziro ku United States ndilo kulinganiza kwa mathayo otsatizana pakati pa maboma a kumalo, boma, ndi boma. Mlingo uliwonse umapanga mphamvu zosiyana . kuyambira ntchito zasukulu za tsiku ndi tsiku kufikira maprogramu a ku dziko lonse lapansi ndi kuthandizira ntchito zawo za kukhazikitsa malo ophunzirira ogwirizana. Kumvetsetsa mmene zidutswa zimenezi zimasonyezera ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi njira zolakwika za maphunziro a ku America. Nkhaniyi ikupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za mmene magawo a dziko, malamulo a boma, ndi mabungwe a boma amapangira maphunziro, kutengera pa maphunziro a za konkire ndi chidziŵitso kulongosola mmene ziyambukiro za zigamu zawo.

Mbali ya Boma la Kumeneko m’Maphunziro

Maboma akumeneko . "zigawo za sukulu ndi mabungwe a maphunziro" amalemba ntchito yoyamba ya kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro. Amalemba aphunzitsi, kukonza malo, kukhazikitsa zitsogozo za m'masukulu, ndi kuyendetsa bajeti. Chifukwa chakuti kulamulira kwa kumaloko kuli mwambo wozika mizu kwambiri, mtundu wa maphunziro ungasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku malo apafupi ndi ena.

Kupereka Ndalama Pokhoma Misonkho: Kusawononga Zinthu Koposa

Chosankha chachikulu cha kumaloko ndicho mmene amapezera ndalama m'sukulu. Pafupifupi 45% ya ndalama zimene amakhoma kusukulu za boma zimachokera ku malo akwawoko, misonkho ya katundu, malinga ndi National Center for Education Statistics . Zimenezi zimapanga kusagwirizana kwakukulu: chigawo chokhala ndi chuma chapamwamba chingawononge $200,000 pa wophunzira aliyense, pamene dziko lapafupi limawononga $8,000. Mwachitsanzo, m'dera la Cook County County, Illinois, kugula mwana mmodzi yense kuchokera pa $7,000 mpaka $300,000 mu 20222. Kulephera kumeneku kwachititsa kuswa malamulo ambiri a mayiko akutsutsa kuti dongosolo la dzikolo limaphwanya malamulo a maphunziro ofanana. Mayiko ena, mofanana ndi New Jersey, achitapo kanthu kena, koma mphamvu ya dziko lakwake.

Sukulu za M’chitaganya ndi Mautumiki Ochirikiza Kukhazikika

Maboma ambiri a m’deralo atengera chitsanzo cha sukulu ya m'deralo kuti athetse mavuto a kuphunzira. Ku Cincinnati, Ohio, bungwe la Community Learning Center lomwe limagwira ntchito limodzi ndi masukulu a zipatala zaumoyo, osamalira matenda a maganizo, ndi pambuyo pa maprogramu a sukulu za yunivesite. Ophunzira amapimidwa a mano, kupereka uphungu, ndi kuphunzitsa pamalo. Kufufuza 2020 kochitidwa ndi Learning Policy Institute kunapeza kuti sukulu za anthu odziŵa bwino za m'mudzi zimawongolera chiŵerengero cha opezeka ndi kumaliza maphunziro, makamaka m'madera apamwamba aumphaŵi. Njira imeneyi imasonyeza kulolera kwa kumalo osoŵerera a m'deralo kufunikira zinthu zambiri kapena kusoŵa kaŵirikaŵiri.

Makomiti a Sukulu: Demokalase Ili pa Ntchito Kapena Ntchito ya Dys?

Makomiti a sukulu a m'dzikolo amasankha malamulo kuyambira pa zimene anawaphunzitsa mpaka kukhazikitsa mapangano a antchito. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, misonkhano yawo yakhala malo olimbana ndi mfundo za fuko zotsutsa, malamulo a mahachi, ndi mabuku a laibulale. National Boards Association ikusimba kuti mamembala a sukulu amakumana ndi kuvutitsidwa ndi ziwopsezo, kusokoneza mphamvu zawo za kulamulira. Komabe mabungwe adakalibe njira ya demokrase kwambiri ya demokrase kwa makolo ndi anthu okhala m'dziko kuti asonkhetse maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, Los Angeles Ibut Count School Board posachedwapa igatanti ya apolisi pasukulu, kutumiza ndalama ku mautumiki a zaumoyo [1] Chigamu chimene chingakhale chosatheka kukwaniritsa ntchito ya boma kapena mlingo wa boma.

Ulamuliro wa Boma: Kulamulira ndi Kulungama

Maboma anakhazikitsa malamulo a maphunziro: amafotokoza masiku a sukulu ocheperapo, zofunika za kumaliza maphunziro, ndi zikalata za mphunzitsi. Amaperekanso mayeso otsatiridwa mwalamulo ndi kugaŵira ndalama zokwanira kuchepetsa kusagwirizana kwa malo. M’zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, maboma a boma adziloŵetsa mowonjezereka m’kutsutsana kwa maphunziro ndi madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu.

Kuyesa Zinthu Moyenerera Monga Lamulo Lovuta

Pafupifupi boma lirilonse limafuna ophunzira kutenga mayeso apachaka m'kuŵerenga ndi masamu, kaŵirikaŵiri m'magiredi 388 ndi kamodzi pasukulu yasekondale. Kuyesa kumeneku kumatsimikizira mayeso a sukulu, kusonkhezera aphunzitsi, ndipo, m'maiko ena, kumayambukira kukwaniritsa. Pansi pa boma la All Students Reseeds Act (SSA), akunena kuti amapanga mayeso awo ndi madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, Texas imagwiritsira ntchito Boma la Texassions of Ackademic Reacy (STAAR), zimene zasuliridwa kaamba ka malangizo ochepera a nkhani zoyesedwa. Motsutsana ndi, New Hampshire adalemba mfundo zotsutsira maganizo, PCE, kuti amagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito za kumaloko. Zomwe zimaonetsa kuti zikhoza kupepumula kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuyesa.

Kuchirikiza Malamulo a Boma: Pakati pa Kuyenera ndi Ndale Zadziko

Kuchepetsa kudalira misonkho ya malo, maboma ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira za ndalama zimene zimagaŵira ndalama zowonjezereka ku madera amene kuli umphaŵi wadzaoneni kapena kusoŵa kwapadera. Maboma a California malo a Control Funding Formula (LCF) , omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito mu 2013, ndi chitsanzo chachikulu. Amatsogolera ndalama zowonjezera ku madera amene ophunzira a Chingelezi akuchuluka, kutsika kwa ophunzira, ndi kulera achinyamata. Mafuko ayenera kuyambitsa mfundo za malo oyamba owonongerapo zinthu. Kufufuza koyambirira kwa bungwe la Public Policytical Institute ya California anapeza kuti LFFFP pa chigawo chimodzi ndi 10% mwa kuchuluka ndi pakati pa chigawo chapakati pa 10 ndi 06 ndi 100. Komabe, anthu olemera a m'madera akuderalonjeko adakali kumbuyo kwa chikalata cha chikalata cha msonkho cha ku chigawo chakunja chakuno.

Kuvomereza ndi Njira za Mphunzitsi

Mayiko anaika ziyeneretso zochepa za aphunzitsi, kuphatikizapo madigiri a madesiki a maphunziro, kumaliza mapulogalamu ovomerezedwa, ndi kutumiza mayeso ambiri a mayeso. Poyankha kupereŵera, maboma ambiri apanga njira zina zoperekera zikalata. Mwachitsanzo, Arizona amalola anthu amene ali ndi digiri yapamwamba ndi magiredi apamwamba pa nkhani ya chidziŵitso kuti aphunzitse popanda kumaliza maphunziro a mwambo. A 2021 kuchokera ku bungwe la Education Commission of United States apeza kuti masiku 39 tsopano amapereka mtundu wina wa chizime. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuwonjezera kumeneku kumawonjezera nyuzirensi ya aphunzitsi, kumabutsanso mafunso okhudza kukonzekera ndi kubwerera. Kufufuza kuchokera ku Learge Wogement Institute Active Avity Avity akuti aphunzitsi amene amaloŵa m’njira zina angochoka m’zaka zisanu.

Kuloŵetsedwamo kwa Boma: Chisonkhezero Chopanda Chilamuliro

Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zosakwana 10 peresenti ya K.12 koma limasonkhezera kwambiri pa mikhalidwe yogwirizana ndi ndalamazo. Malamulo a Federal amatetezeranso ufulu wa ophunzira pamene ali opunduka ndi kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya United States imakhazikitsa malamulo ameneŵa, pamene Prezidenti ndi Congress amaika zinthu zofunika kwambiri m’malo oyamba mwa malamulo.

Palibe Mwana Wosiyidwa Koma Wophunzira Aliyense Apambana

Child Child Led Behind Act (NCLB) cha 2002 chinafuna kuti mayiko ayese ophunzira onse chaka chilichonse, kufalitsa za gulu laling'ono, ndi kuloŵerera m'masukulu otsika. Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chinali kutsekera malo ochitira zinthu. Anasulizidwa kuti ayese njira zochepetsera zimene zinaikidwa pasukulu. Mu 2015, Wophunzira aliyense amalephera kuyendetsa (ESSA) [[FL:1] kulowa m’malo mwa NCLB, kukhazikitsa malamulo awo oyenera kuyankha mlandu, kukhazikitsa zolinga zawo, ndi kusankha zoloŵetsera. Mwachitsanzo, Virginia anagwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera za kuphatikizapo njira za nyengo ya sukulu ndi kulephera kwa opatula mayeso. Lamulolo lina linaloletsa boma kuchoka pa miyezo kapena kuyang’anira, boma loyang’anira.

Mutu Wankhani Woyamba: Kupezera Ophunzira Zosowa Zawo

Zikalata za Elementary and Secondal Education Act zimathandizira kwambiri sukulu zimene zili ndi maperesenti ambiri a ophunzira ochokera m'mabanja otsika olandira. M'chaka cha 2023, programu ya masukulu amagaŵira ndalama pafupifupi $16 biliyoni. Sukulu zimagwiritsira ntchito ndalama zimenezi pophunzitsa anthu aang'ono, kuthandizira, ndi pambuyo pa maprogramu a maphunziro apamwamba. Komabe, lipoti la 2021 la Boma Authority Aucasurety Office linalemba kuti masukulu ambiri a I akulimbanabe ndi kukopa aphunzitsi ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri chifukwa cha malo ndi zithumba za ndalama. Misonkhoma ya m'mafakitale yakumapangidwa ndi makampani a boma, yomwe siinakhale yaikulu kwambiri yokwanira kuikwana kuchuluka kudutsa m’zigawo za madera.

Maphunziro Apamwamba: Opereka Mafuta ndi Ophunzira Athandizo

Federal kuloŵetsedwamo kumaposa KÍ12. Pell Grants , adakhazikitsidwa mu 1972, amapereka chithandizo chozikidwa pa thumba kuti ophunzira a pakoleji achepetsedwe. Mu 202223, chiwonjezeko chachikulu chinali $6,895, yokha ya mtengo wa pa avareji ya yunivesite ya onse ya chaka chimodzi. Boma la boma limayang'aniranso ngongole za ophunzira, tsopano mabizinesi aposachedwapa monga kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito ya Public Service Loan Recorence pulogation .

Kufufuza Nkhani: Mmene Masewera Oloŵera M’maseŵera

Zitsanzo za dziko lapansi zenizeni zimasonyeza mmene malamulo a dziko, boma, ndi boma amagwirizaniranirana ndi thamandani (kapena kuti atulutse maphunziro.)

Masukulu a Anthu Onse a ku Chicago: Kulamulira kwa Maboma Kumagwirizana ndi Boma ndi Chitsenderezo cha Maboma

Bungwe la sukulu la Chicago laikidwa ndi meya (ngakhale kuti bungwe losankhidwa likuikidwa). chigawocho chayamba kugwirizana ndi masukulu a chigawo chimodzi, kufutukuka m'masukulu a ubwana, ndi kukweza ziŵerengero za omaliza maphunziro kuchokera pa 56% mu 2010 mpaka 80% mu 2022. Chikalatacho chidakali pansi pa wolondera wa Illinois State Board of Education, chimene chimalamula kusintha mapulani a sukulu zotsika. Federal Thit I ndalama zochirikiza sukulu zake zapamwamba zapamwamba zokhala ndi chuma. Kulankhulanako kumasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angasungirire zigawo za dzikolo ku kusintha zinthu, pamene kuli kwakuti ndalama za boma zimapereka ndalama zofunikira koma zosakwanira.

Bungwe Loona za Kulamulira la ku California: Kuyesa kwa Boma Lonkerging Formula

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, LCFF imapatsa madera oyenerera koma imafunikira LCAPs imene iyenera kuvomerezedwa ndi bungwe la sukulu lakumaloko. Boma limayang'aniranso ngati ndalama zowonjezera zifika kwa ophunzira ofuna. 2023 kupenda kochitidwa ndi American Institutes for Research kunapeza kuti LCFF imawongolera ziŵerengero za ophunzira ovutika pakati pa 8%. Komabe, kuyendetsa kumasinthasintha: madera ena anapatsa aphunzitsi onse malipiro popanda kukakamiza kuwonjezera sukulu zapamwamba zokwana [1] Kuchepetsa chiyambukiro chake. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa boma kungapambane kokha ngati ulamuliro wa kumaloko ugwirizana ndi cholinga chake.

Mapell Grant: Aidl Aid ndi Majeremusi a Boma

Pell Grants amachotsedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya United States koma chiyambukiro chake chimadalira pa malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a Cal Grant a California a Pell kaamba ka ophunzira otsika olandira, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma onga Florida ndi Texas amapereka chithandizo chooloŵane kwambiri. Wophunzira ku Miami angalandire Pell Grant ndi chowonjezera chaching'ono cha boma, akumasiya zikwi zambiri m’kusoŵa. Malamulo a boma amagwirizananso ndi zofunika za kukhala ndi zingwe za . Dongosolo limeneli likutanthauza kuti ophunzira aŵiri okhala ndi ndalama zofanana za banja angayang'ane ndi ndalama zapakoleji yosiyana kwambiri malinga ndi malamulo awo a boma.

Mavuto Ochuluka M’mayiko Ena

Ngakhale kuti panali kusintha, ntchito zambiri zaulimi zafala m’dziko la America, ndipo zambiri zimachokera pa kugawanika kwa ulamuliro.

Kupereka Ndalama Zopanda Ntchito Ndiponso Zinthu Zochepa

Kudalira misonkho ya malo kumakhalabe magwero aakulu koposa a kusalingana. Ngakhale ndi malamulo ndi zowonjezera za boma, zigawo zachuma zowononga pafupifupi kuŵirikiza kaŵiri mwana aliyense kuposa mwana wang'onoang'ono, mogwirizana ndi lipoti la 2022 kuchokera ku Ed Builda. Zimenezi zimasintha kukhala kusiyana kwa malipiro a aphunzitsi, kukula kwa makalasi, luso la zopangapanga, ndi zipangizo. Mwachitsanzo, ku Pennsylvania, khoti lalikulu la boma linalamula dongosolo latsopano la ndalama mu 2023, likulamulira kuti malamulo amakono aswe malamulo a boma. Komabe, kulephera kwa ntchito ya malamulo kuwonjezera, kusiya zigawo za kumalowo kuti apereke katundu.

Kulephera Kutsatira Lamulo ndi Kudalirana

Masukulu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ambirimbiri kuchokera ku milingo itatu yonseyi. Kufufuza kwa 2021 kochitidwa ndi Kaiser Family Foundation kunapeza kuti atsogoleri a sukulu amathera 20% a nthaŵi yawo pa kulemba mapepala ovomerezeka. Nthaŵi zambiri amasintha ulamuliro wa boma (m., NCLB to ESSA) ndi kusintha kwa malamulo a boma kumachititsa kusakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, pamene maboma amatsatira miyezo yatsopano ya sayansi, madera ayenera kugula mabuku atsopano ndi aphunzitsi ophunzitsa, kaŵirikaŵiri popanda ndalama zokwanira. Makampani okhazikikawa amachepetsa njira zowongolera zinthu.

Maphunziro a Zachilengedwe

Kuyesa kochitidwa pansi pa boma ndi boma kukhazikitsa malamulo ophunzitsira mayeso. Kufufuza kwa 2019 kuchokera ku National Education Policy Center kunapeza kuti sukulu za madongosolo otsendereza apamwamba oŵerengera mlandu zinachepetsa nthaŵi ya kujambula, nyimbo, ndi malo ochitirako zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti makonzedwe a ESSA aposachedwapa amalola maboma kuphatikizapo njira zosafunikira, monga ngati nyengo ya sukulu ndi kutsalira, maiko ambiri akhala ochedwa kuzitenga. Aphunzitsi a kumaloko kaŵirikaŵiri amalingalira kuti akufunikira kuwonjezera mayeso ndi kufunika kwa kukulitsa luso lakukonza zinthu ndi kukonza nzeru.

Kumaliza: Kufikira Njira Yogwira Ntchito Mwamphamvu

Zitsanzo zofotokozedwa zikusonyeza kuti palibe mlingo umodzi wa boma umene ungathetsere maphunziro okha. Maboma akudziŵa bwino kwambiri anthu awo koma alibe chuma. Maboma angapange zitsanzo zogwirizana ndi ndalama koma angapereke malamulo okhwima. Boma la boma lingakhazikitse malo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi kupereka chithandizo choikidwiratu, koma silingayang'ane makalasi a Chicago. Kusintha kwenikweni kumafuna kulinganiza: njira zothandizira kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa malowo, chithandizo cha boma chimene chimachepetsa kusiyana kwa malowo, osati kuwonjezera, ndi kusintha kwa malowo kuti agwirizane ndi mfundo zofunika zenizeni za ophunzira. Zochitika zachipambano . Zochitika zachipambano . Zomwe za Pafupifupi Zambia, sukulu za Chicaliania, ndi maphunziro a Chigrant Grant , zonse zikuonetsa lonjezo pamene mizera itatu ikugwirizana ndi njira imodzi. Kupita patsogolo, opanga malamulo ayenera kumanga malamulo m’malonjezera m’malo mwa kutsutsana ndi kuyendetsa bwino kwa United States.