Kumvetsa bwino kapangidwe ndi maudindo a boma pamlingo uliwonse n’kofunika kwambiri kuti anthu adziwe kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Anthu a m'deralo amakumana ndi zotsatira za ntchito za m'dera lawo, boma, ndi boma tsiku lililonse. Kuyambira mmene misewu ilili komanso mmene sukulu za boma zilili ndi kulimba kwa mpweya ndi kukhazikika kwa chuma. Anthu ambiri amavutika kusiyanitsa kuti ndi mbali iti ya boma imene ingathandize. Kufufuza kowonjezereka kumeneku kumapereka zitsanzo zenizeni za ntchito zimene anthu a m’dera lawo, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma, limodzi ndi njira zovuta zimene zikugwirizana ndi ntchito zaudindozo. Mwa kuzindikira maudindo ameneŵa, ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi angakulitse chiyamikiro chachikulu pa makina opanga maulamuliro ndi kufunika kwa kukhala ndi kugawanamo.

Maziko a Udindo wa Boma Lakumeneko

Maboma a m’deralo ndiwo maulamuliro apafupi kwambiri ndi anthu, kaŵirikaŵiri ogwira ntchito mumzinda, chigawo, maloshi, kapena chigawo chapadera. Udindo wawo mwachindunji umaumba moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chakuti maboma akumaloko ali owoneka kwambiri ndi ofikirika, kaŵirikaŵiri ndiwo malo oyamba a kulankhulana ndi nzika zofunafuna mautumiki kapena zobwezera mavuto.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu: Apolisi ndi Ogwira Ntchito Yowotcha Moto

Madipatimenti apolisi akomweko ndi malo opulumutsira anthu ndizo njira zopitira ku chisungiko cha chitaganya. Maboma amathandizira ntchito zimenezi mwa kukhoma misonkho ya katundu, misonkho ya malonda, ndi ndalama za kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, madipatimenti a moto a New York City Police (NYPD) (NYD) akugwira ntchito maofesala oposa 35,000 ndipo amagwira ntchito pa bajeti yoposa $5,000,000,000,000 pachaka, kusamalira chilichonse kuchokera ku malamulo a za magalimoto kum'akulu ofufuza upandu. Momwemo, madipatimenti a moto akumalo amayankha kumoto komanso ku ngozi zamankhwala, zinthu zangozi, ndi masoka achilengedwe. Madera ambiri aang'ono amadalira makampani ongodzipereka, akugogomezera kusiyanasiyana kwa opanga makampani opanga makampani oyendetsa zinthu a m'dziko.

Maphunziro a Onse: Magawo a Sukulu ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

Maphunziro ndi udindo wakumaloko ku United States. Mabungwe a sukulu, osankhidwa kapena oikidwa, amakhazikitsa malamulo, kuvomereza ma bajeti, ndi olemba ntchito. Los Angeles Intestifine School District (LAUSD) [1], achiŵiri aakulu m'dziko, amatumikira ophunzira oposa 500,000 ndi kuyang'anira masukulu mazana ambiri. Mabungwewa amasankha miyezo ya maphunziro (mu mapulaneti a boma), malipiro a aphunzitsi, ndi malo osungiramo zinthu. Msonkhoma a m'dziko kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za sukulu, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatanthauza kuti zigawo zotchuka zikhale ndi chitokosokoso.

Malo Ophunzitsira: Misewu, Maulalo, ndi Chigawo Chapoyera

Maboma a m’maderawa amasunga misewu, magetsi a m’misewu, makwalala, ndi zizindikiro za pamsewu. Amagwiritsanso ntchito njira zoyendera za anthu onse . Zonga mabasi, njanji younikira, ndi masiteshoni a pansi pa nthaka . Mwachitsanzo, Chicago Transtit Authority (CTA) [FLT )] imayendetsa basi ndi njanji ya mzinda, kuyendetsa ndalama zoyendera ndalama za $1. Makampani a anthu a m’madera akufupi ndi madera ena amachotsa chipale chofewa, kukonza chipale, ndi kugwetsa madzi a mvula. M’madera ambiri amasunga misewu yambiri ndi mabilo amene amalumikizana ndi mafamu a m'masitolo.

Kusamalira Zakufa ndi Mautumiki a Zachilengedwe

Maboma amayang'anira kusonkhanitsa zinyalala zolimba, maprogramu okonzanso zinthu, ndi ntchito zodzaza malo. Mzinda wa [FLT :0] San Francisco, mwachitsanzo, uli ndi imodzi ya programu zamphamvu kwambiri za zero wa mabomba m'dziko, kufikitsa 80% ya kuchuluka kwa nthaka mwa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi kuchotsa madzi abwino. Maboma a m'dziko amalamuliranso kuchotsa m’zimbudzi ndi m'madzi, kaŵirikaŵiri kudzera mwa ma steactive kapena madera ena apadera.

Mapaki, Zosangalatsa, ndi Mautumiki a M’deralo

Madipatimenti a mapaki a kumaloko ali ndi malo obiriŵira, mabwalo a maseŵera, malo a zamaseŵera, malo ochitirako maseŵero, ndi maprogramu kwa misinkhu yonse. New York City Department of Parks & Respeed [1] imayang'anira maekala oposa mahekitala 30,000 a paki, kuphatikizapo malo a zithunzithunzi monga Central Park. Mabungwe ameneŵa amayendetsanso maprogramu a sukulu, ntchito zapamwamba, ndi misasa ya m’chilimwe, kupititsa patsogolo thanzi la anthu onse ndi mayanjano.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okongola, ndi Malo Osungirako Nyama

Maboma a m'deralo ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa kugwiritsa ntchito mafashoni a malo, zilolezo, ndi makampani olinganiza zinthu. Malamulo ameneŵa amasankha zimene zingamangidwe, kuti, ndi kulemera kwake. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la mzinda lingavomereze kupangidwa kwatsopano kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu mzinda uku akukana chilolezo cha fakitale yaikulu m'malo okhala. Malamulo a kumaloko amaphimbanso phokoso, kulamulira nyama, kubwereka, ndi kubwereka kwa kanthaŵi konga ku Airbbb.

Kulongosola zambiri za mabungwe a boma, USA.gov Maboma a kumaloko amapereka chithunzi chonse.

Ntchito za Boma

Maboma akupanga maulamuliro aakulu osungidwa ndi Tenth Amendment of the Constitution ya United States. Iwo amayang'anira madongosolo aakulu oyambukira mamiliyoni a nzika, kaŵirikaŵiri akumagwira ntchito monga malaboratori kuti apange malamulo atsopano. Boma lirilonse lili ndi malamulo ake, malamulo a boma, kazembe, ndi dongosolo la khoti, zimene zimatulukapo m’machitidwe osiyanasiyana a mathayo.

Kusintha kwa Umoyo wa Anthu Onse ndi Zaumoyo

Madipatimenti a zaumoyo a boma amayang'anira ntchito za Medicaid, amayang'anira zipatala ndi nyumba zolerera, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito zaumoyo wa anthu monga kukatemera ndi kuyang'anira matenda. Mliri wa CHOVID-19, akazembe a boma anatulutsa malamulo okhalira panyumba, kupereka zipangizo zotetezera, ndi kuyesa. Mwachitsanzo, New York State Depart of Health adayang'ana limodzi la otsendereza achiwawa kwambiri a katemera kuchiyambiyambi kwa 201. Maboma anatumizanso akatswiri a za zaumoyo, anamwini, madokota, mapulaitala .

Zoyendera: Njira zapamwamba ndi Misa

Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera (DOT) amasunga misewu ya m’madera osiyanasiyana, njira za boma, ndi maulalo. Department of Transportation (Caltrans) imayang'anira magalimoto a boma oyenda makilomita oposa 50,000 ndi milatho 13,000. Maboma amasunganso ndalama ndi kuyang'anira njira za sitima ndi mabasi, zonga ngati Massachusetts Bay Totion Authority [MBTTY]. Msonkhoma ndi zopereka zipata za boma ndizothandizira kwambiri. DOT ndizo ziri ndi thayo la kufufuza chitetezo, polekezera za galimoto, ndi ntchito zomanga.

Maphunziro: Miyezo, Ndalama Zoyendetsera Ntchito, ndi Maphunziro Apamwamba

Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya zamaphunziro, kupereka mayeso oyeza, ndi kugaŵira ndalama ku magawo a sukulu akwawo. Iwonso amagwira ntchito m'mayunivesite a boma, makoleji a boma, ndi masukulu a ntchito. ] Kupanda chikondi kwa California, ndi masukulu khumi, ndi chikole chokhazikitsidwa cha boma chotumikira ophunzira oposa 280,000. Makomiti a maphunziro, kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa ndi bwanamkubwa, amalandira mabuku ndi kuvomereza masukulu. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, makampani atsogolera makambitsirano pa zophatikizidwa, sukulu, ndi zifuno za mphunzitsi.

Mautumiki a Mayanjano ndi Chitukuko cha Anthu Onse

Mabungwe a boma amayang'anira maprogramu ofunika kwambiri a ukonde kuphatikizapo inshuwalansi ya ulova, Thungwe la Kanthaŵi kamodzi la Mabanja (TANF), Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP, zidindo za chakudya), ndi chithandizo cha nyumba. Textas Health ndi Human Services Commissioner , mwachitsanzo, amakonza mafomu mamiliyoni ambiri a zikalata za Médiaid ndi SNAP chaka chilichonse. Maboma amagwiritsiranso ntchito njira zothandizira ana, mautumiki otetezera ana, ndi maprogramungwe a okalamba ndi opunduka.

Kuteteza Malo Okhala ndi Zachilengedwe

Mabungwe a boma asungitsa mpweya woyera ndi madzi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, kusamalira mapaki a boma, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito ya migodi, kudula mitengo, ndi kusodza. Department of Environmental Protection [1] imayang'anira Everglades, imodzi ya ntchito zazikulu koposa m'dziko. Maboma amagwiritsiranso ntchito malamulo a boma a malo okhala, monga ngati Caneac Water Act, ndi kutengera miyezo yokhwima kwambiri kuposa boma. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo ya California ya kukonza galimoto yasonkhezera makampani a zamakono amakono a .

Kukakamiza Lamulo ndi Chilungamo cha Chipanduko

Apolisi kapena mabungwe olondera m'misewu yaikulu amakhazikitsa malamulo a pamsewu pakati pa mayiko ndi kuthandiza kusungitsa malamulo a boma. Maboma amayang'aniranso madongosolo a ndende, mabungwe otsekera milandu, ndi malo osungirako ana. Textas Department of Criminal Justice imayendetsa mandende 100 ndipo imayang'anira zikwi za maparalole. Makhoti a boma amayang'anira milandu yambiri ya aupandu ndi yachiŵeni, kuyambira kuswa kwa magalimoto mpaka ku mabwinja.

Kaamba ka kuchepa kwakukulu kwa ntchito za boma, Conferenceal of State Legislatures (NCSL) [1] imapereka kufufuza ndi chidziŵitso chachikulu.

Ntchito za Boma Loona za Dziko

Boma la boma la boma lapatsidwa maulamuliro amene amatumikira dziko lonselo: chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo achilendo, kukhazikika kwa chuma, ndi kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Zochita zake zimayambukira nzika iriyonse, kaŵirikaŵiri kupyolera m’maprogramu aakulu ndi ulamuliro wa lamulo.

Kuteteza ndi Chitetezo cha Dziko

Dipatimenti ya U.S. ya U.S. ya U.S. Imasunga asilikali amphamvu koposa padziko lonse, ndi antchito okangalika pafupifupi 1,3 miliyoni ndi bajeti yoposa $800,000 . Izi zimaphatikizapo Gulu la Nkhondo, Air Force, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force . Dipatimenti ya Homeland Security (DHS) imayang'anira chitetezo cha malire, kusungitsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko, kusuntha, ndi kuyankha tsoka kudzera m'mabungwe onga FEMA, CBP, ndi Alonda a ku gombe. Mwachitsanzo, TRANTRATIOTRTION Auntrity Administration (TS) [FLD]]

Nkhani Zakunja ndi Zochititsa Chidwi

Dipatimenti ya Boma ya United States imayang'anira maunansi a mayiko pafupifupi 200, ikugwirizana ndi mapangano, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha kumaiko ena. Malamulo ndi oimira atumikira nzika za America kumaiko akunja ndi kusonkhezera malonda a mitundu yonse. Mitundu Yogwirizana ndiyo yothandizira kwambiri pangano laukonzi wa United States. Boma la boma limalamuliranso malamulo a malonda kupyolera mwa zigamu, ziletso, ndi mapangano apadziko lonse monga USMA.

Kayendetsedwe ka Zachuma ndi Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito ya Monetary

Federal Reserve, bungwe la boma lodziimira lokha, limakhazikitsa lamulo la ndalama zoyendetsera kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu ndi kuwonjezera ntchito. Dipatimenti ya United States ya ndalama za Ndalama, imasonkhanitsa misonkho, ndi kuyang'anira ngongole ya dziko. Boma la boma limalamulira kubanki, kukongola, ndi zinthu zachuma kudzera mwa mabungwe onga Securities ndi Exchange Commission (SEC) ndi bungwe la Consumer Provice Bureaunior (CFPB). Mwachitsanzo, [FL:0] Federal InsferInservicer (FAC) . imasungitsa ndalama kubanki zothandizira ndalama zokwana madola $50, zomwe zimasunga chidaliro m'dongosolo la za ndalama.

Kutetezeka kwa Anthu Ndiponso Kupuma Pantchito

Bungwe la Social Security Administration (SA) limapatsa anthu opuma pantchito, opunduka, ndi opulumuka. Anthu oposa 65 miliyoni a ku America amalandira ndalama mwezi ndi mwezi kuchokera ku Social Security, zimene zimalipiridwa ndi misonkho ya pulogalamu ya boma. Medicare, yomwenso imapatsa anthu a zaka 65 ndi achikulire ndi achinyamata ena amene ali ndi vuto. Boma limakhazikitsa malamulo oyenerera ndi kupindula, ndipo mapulogalamu ameneŵa ndi mbali yaikulu ya ndalama za boma.

Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi Kulingana

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa lamulo lokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe, kuphatikizapo Civil Rights Act ya 1964, Voting Rights Act ya 1965, ndi American Wodwala Act (ADA). Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo (DOJ) imafufuza tsankho m’nyumba, ntchito, maphunziro, ndi kuvota. Mwachitsanzo, [FLT: 0] Accounting Option Offcition Commissiontion (EOC) [FLT: 1] imaweruza milandu yoposa 60,000 ya kutsendedwa pantchito chaka chilichonse. Makhoti a boma, kuphatikizapo Khoti Lapamwamba, kumasulira malamulo ameneŵa ndi kuukira boma kapena zochita zimene zimaswa malamulo otetezera lamulo.

Kusamalira Malo Okhala ndi Malo Okhala ndi Anthu Onse

Mabungwe a bungwe la Eccape Federal monga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Park Service (NPS), ndi United States National For For Service amayang'anira chuma chachikulu. EPA imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko lonse ya mpweya ndi madzi abwino, pamene NPS imayang'anira mapaki a dziko lapansi oposa 400, zipilala zosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi malo a mbiri yakale. Mwachitsanzo, Yeaststone National Park Park ndi kutetezedwa ndi lamulo la boma. Boma la boma limaletsanso kukumba magetsi, mitundu ya kuwonongeka, ndi kutaya zinthu zangozi.

Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chokwanira cha mabungwe a boma, chezerani USA.gov Federal APRITUS .

Kugwirizana m’Maboma: Nkhonya Yomwe Imalamulira Zinthu Pamodzi

Palibe mlingo umodzi wa boma umene umagwira ntchito popanda kanthu. Kulamulira kogwira ntchito kumafuna kugwirizana kwanthaŵi zonse , kugwirizanitsa ntchito, kugwirizana, ndi madongosolo a chidziŵitso. Kugwirizana kwa boma kuli kofunika kwambiri makamaka panthaŵi ya mavuto ndi ntchito zanthaŵi yaitali zimene zimadutsa malire a dziko.

Zimene Zinachitika Pakagwa Tsoka Ndiponso Kusamalira Zinthu Mwadzidzidzi

Pamene mphepo yamkuntho, moto wa mlengalenga, kapena kuukira kwa zigaŵenga, oyamba ovomereza malowo. Ngati tsokalo lapitirira malo akwawo, bwanamkubwa wa boma akupempha thandizo la boma kudzera mwa chigamulo cha tsoka chokhudzana ndi tsoka. Pambuyo pake pagwirizana chuma cha boma, kuphatikizapo nyumba zongokhalira, kufufuza ndi kufunafuna, ndi chithandizo cha ndalama. Kuyankha kwa mphepo Katrina mu 2005 kuvumbula mipata pakati pa bungwe la za zaumoyo, kuchititsa kusintha konga [ Plat-Katrina Management Act Act [FFFFF:3]. Mlipo ya 2020 CHOVID , inasonyezanso kufunika kwa kugawana kwa maulamuliro pakati pa madrectorice ndi CDC.

Thanzi la Onse ndi Kulabadira Koipa

Boma la boma, kupyolera mwa CDC ndi NIH, limapereka zitsogozo ndi ndalama. United States imagwiritsira ntchito maprogramu a katemera, malo oyesera, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo wa anthu. Madipatimenti a zaumoyo akumapanga kupenda ndi kutsata chitaganya. Mkati mwa katemera wa Covid-19, katemera wa boma wa Warp Warp wa boma [1] Azamankhwala, pamene maboma akuwagaŵira kupyolera mwa madipatimenti a zaumoyo ndi zipatala. Kuyesayesa kumeneku kunafuna kukambitsirana kosalekeza ndi kutumiza katundu ku milingo yonse itatu.

Ntchito Zopanga Zinthu ndi Zoyendera

Makonzedwe aakulu a zamaziko nthaŵi zambiri amaphatikizapo milingo yambiri. System Highwary System , yoyambitsidwa ndi boma la boma mu 1956, inamangidwa ndi 90% ya boma ndi ndalama 10% ya boma. Maboma ndi malo tsopano amasunga misewu imeneyi. Chitsanzo chamakono ndicho Chitsogozo cha Gateway Pa chigawo cha New York-New Jersey, chimene chikufuna kumanga njanji zatsopano pansi pa Mtsinje wa Hudson. Projekitiyi imaphatikizapo U. Dipatimenti ya , Amraktak (bungwe la boma), Portuer of New York ndi New Jersey (asystem , ndi boma lakwathu) ndi boma lakwanu.

Chitetezo cha Malo Okhala Kupyola Zilango

Zitokoso za malo okhala monga kuipitsa mpweya, kuchuluka kwa madzi, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo sizilemekeza malire a ndale zadziko. [FLT: 0] Chapeake Bay Program . Iwo amagwira ntchito pamodzi kuchepetsa kuipitsa ndi kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mofananamo, [[FLT:] maboma a Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, Delaware, ndi Delaware, ndi chigawo cha Columbic , limodzi ndi maboma a kumaloko ndi zinthu zina zopanda phindu. Amagwira ntchito pamodzi kuchepetsa kuipitsa ndi kukonzanso zachilengedwe. Mofananamo, Colorada Ribuctive Convity [[FL:3]]

Kukakamiza Malamulo ndi Chisungiko cha Kumudzi

Apolisi ogwirizana amaphatikiza apolisi akomweko, asilikali, ndi oimira a boma (FBI, DEA, ATF, ICE) kuti athetse upandu wolinganizidwa, kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi uchigaŵenga. Magulu a Chitukuko a Chitukuko (JTTFFs) amagwira ntchito m’mizinda yoposa 100, kugawana nzeru ndi ntchito. Boma ndi apolisi a kumaloko amalandiranso mapangano a ziwitsogozo ndi maphunziro onga mwa maprogramumboni a Chigaŵenga cha Malo [JTG:3]. Chidziŵitso cha . Chidziŵitso chogwirizana ndi malamulo a [FL:]FF:FIFFFF]

Maphunziro ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Boma la boma limapereka ndalama kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga I "Ini mutu [ya masukulu olandira pang'ono] ndi Audididias okhala ndi Understation Act (IDEA) . Maboma amakhazikitsa miyezo ya maphunziro ndi kugaŵira ndalama. Masukulu a m'dziko amagwiritsira ntchito sukulu ndi kuyang'anira masukulu. Kukula kwa ntchito ndiko malo ena ogwirizana: Makomboni a ntchito ya Inproject ndi Ogwira ntchito (IOUT) [IFLT:5] imagaŵira chilo cha boma ndi mabolo a ntchito kuti agwiritsire ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri kuthandizira ntchito ndi makoleji.

Kumaliza: Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsetsa Mathayo Amenewa Kuli Kofunika

Nthaŵi iliyonse pamene wophunzira akwera basi ya sukulu, banja lipita ku paki ya dziko, mwini wa bizinesi waung’ono amagwiritsira ntchito loni yotsimikiziridwa ndi Small Business Administration, kapena nzika ya chisankho cha kumaloko, iwo amalankhula ndi makampani a boma m’miyezo yosiyanasiyana. Mathayo otchulidwa m’nkhani ino sali chabe malingaliro ovuta. Iwo ali machitidwe odziŵika bwino amene amaumba madera, maboma, ndi dziko. Kuzindikira kuti ndi liti la boma limene lili ndi thayo la kupatsa nzika mphamvu zochirikiza mokhutiritsa, kuchititsa akuluakulu kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kukhala ndi moyo wa anthu.

Kwa aphunzitsi, chidziŵitso chimenechi nchofunika kuthandiza ophunzira kukhala otengapo mbali odziŵa bwino mu demokrase. Kwa ophunzira, kuzindikira mbali zimenezi kungayambitse chikondwerero mu utumiki wapoyera ndi lamulo. Ndipo kwa nzika iliyonse, kumveka bwino kwa mathayo a boma kuli sitepe yoyamba yopangira ntchito ya demokrase monga momwe yalinganizidwira. Mwa kuzindikira ntchito zosiyanasiyana za kumaloko, boma, ndi boma la boma, ndipo kufunika kwakukulu kwa kugwirizana kwa boma pakati pa boma.

Limbikitsani ophunzira anu kupezeka pamsonkhano wa bungwe la m’tauni, kutsatira programu ya boma ya malamulo pa Intaneti, kapena kuyang’anira njira yoperekera ndemanga pa gulu la boma. Zokumana nazo zimenezi zimabweretsa malingaliro ophunziridwa ndi kusonyeza kuti boma siliri longopeka koma dongosolo lamoyo limene limadalira pa kutengamo mbali kodziŵidwa pamlingo uliwonse.

Kaamba ka kufufuza kowonjezereka, malongosoledwe alamulo a Nyumba Yoyera ya boma la U.S. amapereka malo oyambira odalirika, pamene kuli kwakuti Conreg. gov amapereka windo kupangira lamulo m'ntchito ya boma.