Kumvetsetsa Boma ndi Lamulo la Maboma

Dongosolo lalamulo la ku America limagwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la ulamuliro wa aŵiri wokhazikitsidwa ndi Constitution ya U.S. Supremacy Classias mu Mfundo VI imalengeza kuti lamulo la boma ndilo lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo, koma Tenuth Amendment imasunga maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma la boma. Zimenezi zimayambitsa kusagwirizana kwakukulu kumene maboma atha kugwira ntchito monga "mabungwe a demokrase" pamene lamulo la boma la boma limaika pansi kapena denga lodalira pa deralo. Prevotion . . Mfundo imene lamulo la boma limalamulira malamulo a boma lotsutsana ndi boma imakhala ndi kulongosola, ndi kutha kwa mabwalo a milandu, ndi mabwalo okambirana kaŵirikaŵiri. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi kuli kofunika kaamba ka kumvetsetsa malamulo akudutsa ndi kukhudza ufulu wa anthu.

Zotsatirapo za kuswa malamulo a boma mwa kusungitsa malamulo, mabizinesi, misonkho, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kupenda nkhani zenizeni za padziko lapansi kuvumbula ziyambukiro zenizeni za kapangidwe ka lamulo limeneli. Pansipa, tipenda mbali zisanu ndi chimodzi kumene kusemphana kwa nkhondo . kapena kugwirizana kwa boma ndi ulamuliro kwasintha malamulo ndi moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kupenda Nkhani 1: Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Kuloledwa kwa chida cha mtengo wa kansa ya mankhwala ndi zosangulutsa kudakali chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha nkhondo ya boma. Pansi pa Seminale ya Substances Act (CSA), chamba chimaikidwa kukhala Sedyuli, kunyamula zilango zowopsa za boma kaamba ka kukhala ndi, kugaŵira, ndi kulima. Chikhalirechobe kuyambira 1996, pamene California anayamba kuloledwa ndi mankhwala a mbawala, maboma 38 ndi Disiturikiti a Columbia akhazikitsa malamulo olola zamankhwala kapena a anthu achikulire kugwiritsira ntchito chingalawa. Zimenezi zimapanga malo alamulo kumene mabizinesi a boma amagwiritsira ntchito kuswa lamulo lachiganizo.

Kabuku ka Cole ndi Kubwereramo Kwake

Pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Obama, Sexted Attorney James Cole anatulutsa bungwe lolamulira lolangiza loyansitsa a boma kuti asapereke malamulo m’mayiko amene anali ndi malamulo okhwima. Izi zinapatsa malonda a kuteteza. Komabe, mu 2018, Atterney Jeff Sessions anachotsa Cole Mearrandum, kubwezera nzeru zonse ku U.S. Attorney . Ngakhale kuti panali kusokonezeka, Nyumba ya boma yaphatikizapo Rohbaker / Harrater andrendment pa mafailo a a a aupopropries kuyambira 2014, kuletsa Department of Justice kuti ale kuti asokoneze dongosolo la za za zamankhwala. Zimenezi zalola makampaniwo kukula, koma kuopsa kwa mayiko a za msika.

Kupyola pa lamulo, mkanganowo umachititsa katundu wothandiza. Makampani a Cannabis kaŵirikaŵiri sagwiritsira ntchito mautumiki a kubanki chifukwa cha kusungitsa ndalama kwa boma, kuwakakamiza kugwira ntchito mwa ndalama. SAFE Banking Act, imene idzalola mabanki kutumikira mabizinesi a cannabis, apitirira Nyumba nthaŵi zambiri koma aikidwa m'Batena. Panthaŵiyi, kupangidwa kwa [mariana Opportive Revestment ndi Sucrement (ME) Act [ME:1] m'nyumba mu 20222] zizindikiro za boma zosintha, ngakhale kuti kuletsa kwauchitukuko sikunachitika. Odwala ndi ogula zinthu m'mayiko ena ofanana ndi Coloneration kapena akusangalala, pamene akulephera kuletsa kumangidwa, kumangidwa ndi kusoŵa chiletso chaumoyo, kusoŵanso, kutulukira msika waumboni waunyiki, ngakhale kuti malonda apanga lipoti.

Phunziro Lachiwiri: Kusinthasintha kwa Chikhalidwe

Lamulo la kusamutsidwa lakhala malo okha a boma la boma pansi pa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu ya Konsichushoni. Komabe, maboma ambiri ayesa kusungitsa kapena kuwonjezera malamulo a boma oloŵera ku dziko, kutsogolera ku milandu ya Supreme Court imene imalongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma.

Arizona SB 1070 ndi Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu la 2012

Arizona’s Service Law Your Enictment and Safed Courcess Act (SB 1070) ya 2010 inali lamulo la boma lopapatiza losungitsa anthu kusamukira m'dziko m'mbiri yamakono. Inafuna kuti akuluakulu a boma osungitsa lamulo aone mkhalidwe wa kusamuka kwa aliyense amene anaima kapena kumangidwa ngati panali kukayikira koyenera. Lamulo linapanganso chilango cha boma cha kulephera kunyamula zikalata za boma zolembetsera. Obama anasudzulidwa, akumatsutsa kuti lamulo la boma ndilo. [[FLT: 0] [FLT:] [FLD] [1] [ALT] [aria v. United States [FLD:2] [FLD] [2] [20], khoti Lapamwambalo linagwetsa atatu la malamulo anayi, lomazemba lamulolo. Komabe, linasonyeza kuti lamulo la m'pando la m'pambuyo, ngakhale kuti linatsegule.

Pambuyo pa SB 1070 panakhala mafaindi ofananawo ku Alabama, Georgia, ndi South Carolina, ambiri a iwo anayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za khoti ndipo anatsekerezedwa pang'ono. Mosiyana, monga California, akhazikitsa malamulo otchedwa “yapadera” malamulo amene amaletsa kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro a boma oloŵerera. [FLT:] United States v. California [1] [FLT] [2018] [208], akuluakulu a Trump anatsutsa malamulo a California, koma makhoti anachirikiza kwambiri ulamuliro wa California, kutchula za Pentelth Reformation ndi chiphunzitso chotsutsa lamulo. Chiyambire cha kusamuka kumene munthu ali ndi kusungidwa kwakukulu m’dziko limene amakhalamo. Zimenezi sizikukhudza anthu osamukira dzikolo komanso nzika zachikhalire.

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Malamulo Olamulira a Mfuti

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Amereka cha ufulu wa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, monga momwe chinamasulira ndi Khoti Lalikulu, chimakhazikitsa chipinda chapamwamba cha malamulo, koma chimalamulira kukhala ndi ufulu waukulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo amene ali okhwima kapena ocheperapo kuposa malamulo a boma. Pambuyo pake Divergation of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [] ndi] [McDonald v. Chicago (2010]), Khoti linapanga magaŵano apamwamba pakati pa malamulo a mfuti.

Kuyesedwa kwa Boma ndi Kulamulira Kwawo

Mayiko ambiri . . . . . . . . . Texas imaletsa mizinda monga Austin kuletsa mfuti m’mapaki a anthu onse, ngakhale pambuyo pa kuwombera anthu ambiri. Mosiyana, mayiko monga California, New York, ndi Massachusetts akhazikitsa malamulo aakulu, kuphatikizapo kuletsa zida zoukira, kuyang'anira malo onse, malamulo ofiira a mbendera, ndi kudikira.

Boma la boma limakhazikitsa malamulo a maziko kupyolera mu Gun Control Act ya 1968 ndi Brady Act, imene imalamula kuti amalonda agulitsi agulitse. Komabe, amene amatchedwa “mfuti ionetse mgodi” amalola ogulitsa achinsinsi kunyalanyaza macheke m'maiko ambiri. Bipartan Saders Actal Act [[FL:1] Act [2] ya 2022] mayeso owonjezera a ogula pansi pa 21 ndi kupereka ndalama za malamulo a mbendera yofiira, koma sinatseke mpata wa kugulitsa wachinsinsi. Monga chotulukapo, munthu wa ku Chicagolikia angayendere ku boma lopanda kugula mfuti, ndiyeno kubwerako kwa chigamulo champhamvu. Chigawo chachikulu cha 2022 mu Boma C. [RFOctive: 22] Chivomezi cha Brentina cha Brea chivol. Chomwe chikatsa mphamvu ya chikasudzulo cha chika cha chika cha chiwiri cha chiwiri cha chiwiri cha chiwiri cha chiwiri chaku

Kupenda Nkhani ya 4: Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Lamulo la malo okhala limapereka chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha mgwirizano wa boma, kumene boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo yocheperapo ndipo maboma angatenge zitetezero zolimba. Ceaner Air Act , Clean Water Act, ndi Resource Conservation and Recovery Act zonsezo zimaphatikizapo makonzedwe a kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa boma. Komabe, kusagwirizana pa kuchuluka kwa miyezo ya boma . . . ndi kukhoza kwa maboma kuiposa.

Chikalata Choyera cha m’mlengalenga cha ku California

California ali ndi malo apadera pansi pa Deseamor Act: chifukwa chakuti anali ndi miyezo ya galimoto asanaiike boma la boma, boma lingafunsire opasuza kuchokera ku EPA kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake yolimba. Chiyambire 1970, California walandira maopices ambiri, kulola kuti ikhazikitse magasi otentha, nitrogen oxide, ndi magawo ena opatulidwa. Maboma ena angatengere miyezo ya California pansi pa Chigawo 177 cha Act, kupanga muyezo wa dziko la pa magawo oposa khumi ndi aŵiri. Mu 2019, nduna za Trusmp kuyendetsa California kuti ziyang'anire za kuyendetsa mpweya wa magalimoto, kutsogolera ku mlandu. Maboma ena angabwezeretsere miyezo a ku chigawo cha 2022, ndi EPARGeneas Receptions (kuyendetsa Mau a Crunease California) pa zigalamu: [2], kapena zigamu za madera a madera a California: [2]

Pambali pa magalimoto, maboma amasiyana kwambiri pa njira zawo za kutulutsa magetsi, miyezo yamagetsi yotha kukonzedwanso, ndi kutayidwa kwa zinyalala. Texas, pamene kuli kwakuti wotsogolera m'mphamvu ya mphepo, adatsutsana ndi mbiri malamulo a EPA pa zomera za malasha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama kutsekereza Clean Power Plan. Panthaŵiyi, mayiko a North - m'maŵa amatenga nawo mbali m'chigawo cha Regional Greenhouse Gastifinitie (RGI), programu ya kavalo ndi yosatsa malonda imene boma silinailamulira. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amachititsa kuti anthu apeze ndalama ndi kulephera, amakhudza malonda oyera, ndi kuyesa malire a boma pansi pa ntchito ya Amereka ndi Bulungu.

Kupenda Nkhani 5: Kuphunzitsa

Maphunziro ndi udindo wa boma ndiponso wakomweko pansi pa bungwe la Tenth Amendment, koma boma lawonjezerabe mbali yake mwa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama ndiponso malamulo otchuka.

Wophunzira Aliyense Apambana pa Kachitidwe ndi Kulolera Boma

A Students Fueved Act (ESSA), adasainidwa m'lamulo mu 2015, sanaletse Child Lend Behind (NCLB) ndipo anabwezera ulamuliro wokwanira pa kuŵerengera ndi kuyesa malamulo a mayiko. Pansi pa NCLB, mayiko anafunikira kuyesa ophunzira chaka chilichonse poŵerenga ndi kuwerenga ndi kuyang'ana ndi kuyang'ana zinthu: ndi chilango chachikulu, ndi zilango za masukulu zimene zinafupika. ESSA anasungabe kuyesa koma analola maboma kulinganiza madongosolo awo, kukhazikitsa zolinga zawo, ndi kuona njira zothandizira kuti masukulu achepereredwe. Kusintha kumeneku kwachititsa kuti pakhale njira zosiyanasiyana: mawu ena akugogomezera kuti zipindulidwe, ena amasumikidwa pa kumaliza maphunziro kapena kukonzekera kwa pakoleji, ndipo ena ochepa achoka kuchoka pa zopimirapo zonse.

Malamulo a boma asinthanso maphunziro kupyolera m'malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe . "" ndi Antes Ofesser Ofessence and Culture Education Act (IEA)) ndi Anu ndi Awo Omwe Ali ndi Malamulo Opatsirana. Koma kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malamulo ameneŵa kumasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, maboma atenga malo osiyanasiyana pa mmene Atikiti IX ayenera kugwirira ntchito kwa ophunzira osinthasintha ufulu wa anthu, ndi zina zofunikira kuti masukulu alole kuloŵetsedwa ndi amuna ndi ena kupitirira malamulo amene amaletsa. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro yolingaliridwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Biden yayang'anira zalamulo yayang'anizana ndi mavuto alamulo, kusiya sukulu m'dziko losatsimikizirika. Mofananamo, kuthandizira kusiyanitsa kwa maphunziro, maphunziro (momwe amatero kutengera miyezo ya Boma Common State, imene ina inanena kuti pambuyo pake ikhalenso malamulo a boma, ndi zifuno zachifunsi ya malamulo onse, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo aakulu, ndi kutsogolera kwa mabungwe, mapangano a maphunziro.

Phunziro 6: Malamulo Opatsa Thanzi ndi Kuchotsa Mimba

Kwa zaka pafupifupi 50, chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Roe v. Wade [773]) anapereka ufulu wa boma wa kuchotsa mimba, ngakhale kuti maboma angalamulire mokulira. Kusintha kwa Roe m'malamulo kutsikira ku dziko lonse. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] (20222]) inabweza funso la kuchotsa mimba mwalamulo, kuyambitsa vuto la mwamsanga ndi lochititsa mantha ndi kuswa m'malamulo.

Kukongola kwa Mamembala a Masana

M’miyezi ya Madobs opangika ndi ziletso za kutaya mimba, 13 adayambitsa “pafupifupi ziletso za mlingo wa zaka” kupyolera mwa malamulo amene analipo kapena malamulo atsopano. Ameneŵa anali kuphatikizapo malamulo onga Texas, Oklahoma, ndi Missouri, kumene kuchotsa mimba kuli koletsedwa kusiyapo za matenda kapena kugwirira chigololo. Pa nthaŵi imodzimodziyo, maiko ena monga California, New York, ndi Illinois adatsagana ndi malamulo otetezera ndi kufutukuka, kuphatikizapo zotetezera ndi odwala kuchokera ku ku zofufuza za dziko. Zimenezi zachititsa kugawa kwakukulu kwa malo kumene akazi monga Louisiana ayenera kuyenda makilomita mazana ambiri kuti achotse mimba, ulendo wovuta wa kuletsa kuchotsa mimba ndi kuletsa kuchotsa mimba.

Gawo la boma lidakalibe kutsutsa. Oyang'anira Biden adatsutsa kuti malamulo a boma, monga ngati Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), amafuna zipatala kuti zipereke kutaya mimba m’mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi, ngakhale m’zigawo zoletsedwa. Malo amenewo anatsutsidwa m'khoti, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba linalola Idaho'kuletsa ndi zonse kugwira ntchito pamene kulibe lamulo. Nyumba ya Malamulo sanapatsire ufulu wochotsa mimba, kusiya nkhaniyo yonse ku maulamulirowo. [[FLT: 0] Suprememe's Courts’s [Chrion of kutembenuza chigamulo chalamulo chalamulo. M'kusintha ndi kuzungulira kwa lamulo lalamulo. United States ndi kuzungulira chigamu chalamulo chalamulo.

Kumaliza

Kufufuza kwa nkhani zisanu ndi chimodzi kumene kwachitika pamwambapa kumasonyeza kuti ziyambukiro za boma ndi lamulo la boma sizimangokhudza chabe moyo weniweni, maindasitale, ndi malamulo alamulo. Kuchokera ku malamulo a zachuma ndi kusungitsa anthu ku ufulu wa mfuti, chitetezo cha malo okhala, maphunziro oyenera, ndi kusamala za kubereka, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amakhudza anthu onse a ku America. Ukulu wa lamulo wa boma m’madera onga a zamalonda ndi ufulu wa anthu umakhala pamodzi ndi kuyesa kwa boma kolimba, ndipo makhoti amachita mbali yaikulu m'kufalitsa mikangano. Monga momwe Congresss ndi nthambi yapamwamba imasinthira zinthu zatsopano pa nkhani za boma monga ngati kugonjera ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, malo a dziko lapansi adzapitirizabe. Ophunzira ndi kumvetsetsa kwamphamvu kwa boma ndi kuyendetsa njira yalamulo ya kuyendetsa zinthu.