Kufunika Kowonjezereka kwa Malamulo Posunga Umboni wa Magetsi

Kuvutitsa anthu pa Intaneti kwawonjezeka kuchokera pa malo osungirapo chitetezo mpaka kufika pa nkhani zofala za anthu. Masiku onse mabungwe oonetsetsa za malamulo ku United States amadandaula chifukwa cha kuopseza, kuopseza, kupeka, kuyerekezera, ndi mitundu ina ya kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta. Kufufuza maupandu ameneŵa kumafuna kuti pakhale umboni wochuluka wokhudza zinthuzo. Umboni wachitatu suthandiza kuti anthu apeze mavuto aunjika kapena adwalike, ndipo umboni wamakono susiyana. Umboni wa makompyuta a makompyuta a anthu uyenera kupezeka m'khoti, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri uyenera kupezeka mwalamulo, ndiponso chifukwa cha mfundo zogwirizana ndi mfundo za pa Intaneti. Kumvetsa mfundo za pa mfundo za pa Intaneti ndi pa Intaneti nkhoti n’ngofunika kuteteza anthu, ndiponso kuchititsa oweruza milandu.

Malamulo Opereka Umboni Wokhudza Masamu

Kusintha kwa Kachinayi ndi Kuyembekezera Kukhala Mtseri

Fourth Amendment imati: “Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezereka kwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, molimbana ndi kufufuza kosalingalirika ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, sikudzaswedwa, ndipo pachifukwa chothekera, kuchirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndi kulongosola malo ofunikiridwira, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zofunikira kugwidwa. (2011, Khoti Lapamwamba lapanga kutsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukambitsirana kwawo kwamagetsi ndi chidziŵitso chosungidwa m'makompyuta. Momwemonso, [FTCP] chitsanzo, [FL:]]] v. California. [FLT.1] [zifunsinsinsinsi ya chigamu chachigamu chachikulu chachikulu cha , chikalata choperekedwa ndi chikalata cha .[4]

Kuthandiza Odziwa Zinthu

Pansi pa Act , vidiyo , ndi “zosagwirizana” (m'chiŵerengero). Lamulo la boma lotsogolera kutumiza mauthenga a pakompyuta, kusiyana pakati pa“kutsimikizira” chidziŵitso (m’jereng'ono, vidiyo) ndi“ osagwirizana" chidziŵitso (m’jere, maadiresi, nthawi ndi utali). Kupeza zolembedwazo kumafuna chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chenicheni. Ngakhale kuti sizikuchitika, ngakhale kuti zikutetezeredwabe, zingapezeke kudzera m'malamulo a khoti kapena kunsi yaing’ono. Komabe, pofufuza zinthu zambiri zovutitsa, mauthenga onyoza, ziwopsezedwa, kapena zithunzi zowopsya, kapena kutsimikizira upandu. Chidziŵitso chaumboni chamwamuna, nthaŵi zambiri zofunikira kuwona umboni waumboni wa ma wailesi, ndi makope a ma wailesi a wailesi a .

Lamulo Lofunika Kwambiri Loletsa Zofunika Zosafunika

  • Riley v. California (2014[FL:1]] : Apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo asanafufuze chidziŵitso cha foni ya m'manja, ngakhale ngati foniyo yagwidwa mwalamulo.
  • Karpleent v. United States (208): Boma liyenera kupeza chilolezo cha mbiri yakale kaamba ka chidziŵitso cha malo a selo-sofiki kuchokera kwa onyamula foni.
  • United States v. Warshak (2010) : Dera Lachisanu ndi chimodzi linakhulupirira kuti anthu amayembekezera kukhala okha m'ma email osungidwa ndi ISP; boma linafunikira chilolezo kukakamiza wopereka ndalama kuti awatulutse.

Milanduwo imasonyeza kuzindikira kwa a juli kuti umboni wa digital umafuna chitetezo champhamvu cha Four Amendment.

Umboni Womwe Umafunidwa Kwambiri M’makhoti a pa Intaneti Ovuta Anthu

Umboni wa Zimene Zimafalitsidwa

Malo ochezera anthambi pa mapulatifomu monga Facebook, Instagram, Twitter (tsopano X), Snapchat, ndi Tik Tok ali magwero a zonena za kuvutitsa. Kuti mupeze mauthenga a mwachindunji, zidindo zachinsinsi, masamu a malo, ndi mitengo yogwirizanitsa, ofufuza ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chilolezo. SCAA nthaŵi zambiri imafunikira chilolezo cha zimene zasungidwa kwa masiku osakwanira 180, pamene mauthenga akale angafunikirebe chilo chovomerezeka pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Mapulati ambiri afalitsa malangizo alamulo osungitsa malamulo, chitsanzo, Laws Enforcement Idective Guides

Umboni wa Zimene Zikuchitika Potumiza mauthenga

Maseŵero olembedwa ndi olembedwa monyenga monga Whassapp, Signal, ndi i Messal ali ndi mavuto apadera. Pamene kuli kwakuti kulembedwa kope lakumapeto kumaletsa woperekayo kupezeka, lamulo loletsa kufunafunabe mameseji monga tsatanetsatane wa kulenga, manambala a foni, ndi chidziŵitso cha makina kupyolera m'zikalata. Nthaŵi zina, iwo angafune chilolezo kukakamiza wowagwiritsira ntchito kutsegula chipangizo chomwe. Malo alamulo adakali kutsegulidwa, ndi magestristrikiti nthaŵi zina amatsata malamulo ofuna ogwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa chiwitso chotsimikizira (meseprint kapena kuyang'ana ndi maso) kuti apeze chiwitso chothandiza, ngakhale kuti malamulo oterowo amayang'anizana ndi zitokososo kuletsa zaumwini.

Madayale Ojambulidwa pa Makina ndi Mameseji

Ofufuza kaŵirikaŵiri amafunafuna maadiresi a IP, mahestamp, ziŵiya zoimira zidaya-nji, ndi zija za pulojekiti. Zimenezi metadata zingagwirizanitse wovutitsa wosadziŵika ku malo akuthupi kapena chipangizo. Pamene kuli kwakuti chidziŵitso chosagwirizana chingapezeke ndi tepi yaing'ono kapena ya khoti, malo ambiri tsopano amafuna chilolezo cha zilolezo za IP zimene zimavumbula chithunzi cha wozigwiritsira ntchito chifukwa chakuti kusiyanitsa chidziŵitso choterocho kungapange mapu atsatanetsatane a ntchito ya munthu pa Intaneti. Khoti Lapamwamba likhoza kufotokoza zachiganizo mu [[FLT: 0] Centententreeter [[FL:1]]]

Chipangizo Chopangira Zinthu

Kufufuza kompyuta, telefoni, kapena tabte ya wonyumwira kaŵirikaŵiri kumafuna chilolezo, makamaka ngati chiwiyacho chiri cha munthu wina (m., kholo kapena bwana). Opareshoni ayenera kulongosola m'kalata chipangizo chapadera, malo ake, ndi mitundu ya zolemba zimene akuyembekezera kupeza (m’mphindi, kusunga mauthenga, mbiri yakale, zithunzi zosungidwa). Kutsegulira malangizo a Chilungamo pa manambala a zinthu zofunikira kusamala ndi kuswa ufulu wachinsinsi.

Zofunika Kuti Tipeze Mlendo

Chochititsa Chachikulu

Malamulo afunika kupereka mfundo zokwanira kuti munthu akhulupirire kuti mlandu wachitika ndiponso kuti umboni wosonyeza kuti umbanda wapezeka pamalo kapena pa chinthu chimene akufuna kufufuza. Ngati anthu akuvutitsa pa Intaneti, mwina angapeze umboni wa zimene wachitiridwa, mafilimu, maakaunti a zaumboni, maAP, kapena kuvomereza kumene munthu wokayikiridwayo wachita.

Kufotokoza Mwachidule

Demendment yachinayi ikufuna kuti “malo ambiri ofufuzira, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zotengedwa. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ofufuza sapeza chikalata chofufuzira zinthu zonse za munthu. Ayenera kutchula nkhani zenizeni, zipangizo, madeti, ndi mitundu ya chidziŵitso. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata chingavomereze kufufuzidwa kwa “Samsula Gacy S23 SLEAS, pa udindo wa John Doe, wokhala pa 123 Main Street, Aspell, USA, kuti apereke umboni wa kuvuta kwa pa Intaneti kuphatikizapo kulankhulana pakati pa January 1, 2025 ndi March 1, 2025. Mwachitsanzo, chikalata chovomerezera kuopsa kwa Jane Smith . Kuposa kuyang'anizana ndi kutseka kwa anthu ena kuti apeze umboni waunyinji wa U.

Mtundu wa Affidavit

Affidavit ndi mawu olumbira a msilikali amene amafotokoza motsimikiza mfundo zotsimikizira chochititsa. Ayenera kuphatikizapo nkhani ya wodandaulayo (victim). Mlandu uliwonse wotsimikizira, ndi malongosoledwe a mmene chidziŵitso chopemphedwacho chidzagwirizanira ndi upanduwo. Maapointi ayeneranso kufotokoza za kuyambika kwa umboni [1] mwachidziŵikire, kuti chidziŵitsocho chidakalipobe ndipo sichinachotsedwe. M'nkhani za kuvutitsa kwa pa Intaneti, mikhole yobwereza kusimba za nthaŵi ina yapita, chotero apolisi ayenera kulongosola chifukwa chake chidziŵitsocho chidakali choyenererabe ndi chosalakwika.

Njira Yoperekera Mlendo

  1. Lipoti la muunyinji ndi Malembo: Opaleshoni a dandaulo, amapereka matelefoni, ndi kusungitsa umboni. Oyang'anira amalemba nthaŵi, amadziŵikitsa mapulatifomu oloŵetsedwamo, ndi kuyamba kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chosagwirizana chimene chingapezeke ndi pepala laling'ono (m. g., chidziŵitso chamaziko olembetsa).
  2. Kuloŵetsa Affidavit : Ofesi yofufuzayo imalemba tsatanetsatane wosonyeza zenizeni zochirikiza chochititsa. Mabungwe ambiri ali ndi masinthidwe, koma affidavit iliyonse iyenera kulinganizidwira ku mlandu wowo. M’nkhani zovuta, woimira boma kapena woyang'anira walamulo angapende za kulembedwa kwa mapepala asanagonje.
  3. Kuvomereza kwa Woweruza kapena Wanzeru [1]: Ofisala akuwonekera pamaso pa woweruza kapena woweruza (kaŵirikaŵiri pamaso kapena kupyolera mwa vidiyo) kulumbira kupenda affidavit. Woweruza angafunse mafunso ponena za magwero a chidziŵitso, kudalirika kwa mboni, ndi kufunsa kwa pempholo.
  4. Zikalata za Warrant : Ngati woweruza apeza chochititsa ndi chilolezocho chifikiritsa ziyeneretso zapadera, iwo amasaina chikalatacho ndi kuchibwezera kwa wapolisi. Chidziŵitsocho chimalongosola zimene zingagwire ndi kumene zingachoke.
  5. [[FLT: 0] Accutition : Ofesi amatumikira chilolezo kwa woperekera utumiki kapena kuchita kufunafuna kwakuthupi kwa chipangizo. Opereka ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi njira yoikidwiratu yalamulo yodyera (m., Law Enforcement Guides [FLT]]). Asilikali ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chilolezo cha nthaŵi (kaŵirikaŵiri masiku 10).
  6. Kubwerera ndi Kuŵerengera [1]: Atapha, ofesala ayenera kujambulanso ndi mndandanda wa zinthu zogwidwa, ndi kupereka ndandanda ya munthu amene katundu wake anafufuzidwa.

Pamene Sikungakhale Kofunika Kumenya Nkhondo

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kwa ofufuza kupeŵa kuchedwa kosafunikira popanda kuswa zoyenera:

  • Mikhalidwe yotsimikizirika [1]: Ngati pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga ku moyo kapena chisungiko [1] Mwachitsanzo, wokayikira angapereke ziwopsezo za chiwawa . Ofisala angachite popanda chilolezo kuletsa kuvulala. Iwo angagwire chipangizo kapena choperekera ndalama kuti asunge chidziŵitso. Komabe, umboni uliwonse woperekedwa mopanda chiwopsezo uyenera kulungamitsidwa m’khoti.
  • Conice : Ngati wogwiritsa ntchitoyo avomereza dala kusanthula chipangizo chawo kapena konti, chilolezo sichifunikira. Chivomerezo chiyenera kukhala chodziŵa ndi chaufulu; kuvomereza ulamuliro kosavuta kungakhale kosakwanira. Anthu ovutika kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka chivomerezo cha zipangizo zawo, koma ofufuzawo sangakakamize kuvomereza.
  • Subpoenas vs. A Wartics : kwa chidziŵitso chosasakanizidwa [1] monga keyala ya IP yogwirizanitsidwa ndi post(a subpoena kapena lamulo la khoti pansi pa 18 U.S.C. 76 2703 (d) ingakhale yokwanira. Zolemba zina, mofanana ndi chidziŵitso cha olembetsa, zimapezedwa ndi chipuana. Komabe, zitsanzo zimafuna kwambiri zilo zofunikira kaamba ka zilolezo za ziŵiya za IP zimene zimavumbula chizindikiritso cha ogwiritsira ntchito.
  • Malingaliro Opotoka .: Ngati mkulu wa asilikali aona mololedwa zolembedwa zopereka mlandu pa kanema (m’ lekuatiso, panthaŵi ya kumangidwa mwalamulo), angapeze umboniwo popanda chilolezo. Koma kuputira m'mabuku kudzera mwa chipangizo sikuloledwa.

Mavuto ndi Zolephera Popeza Ogwira Ntchito

Nkhani Zotsutsa

Kuvutitsa kwa pa Intaneti kaŵirikaŵiri kumadutsa boma kapena malire a dziko. Mnkhole ku California angavutitsidwe ndi wonyumwiridwa mu Texas, akugwiritsira ntchito oseŵeretsa ku Virginia kapena kumaiko akunja. Kupeza chilolezo m'manja mwa wodwalayo sikungakakamize wopereka wachitatu kuvomereza. SCA imalola makampani kufuna chilolezo cha ku ulamuliro kumene wopereka ndalamayo amaikidwa mutu kapena kumene amasunga chidziŵitsocho. Bungwe la [FLT: 0] STOred Acts Comment Act ya mapangano alamulo a thandizana ndi maiko akunja, koma zimenezi zingatenge miyezi kapena zaka, kutsutsa kowopsa kufufuza.

Kubisika ndi Kunama

Ofufuza amagwiritsira ntchito maakaunti a kutaya, ma flu, Tor, kapena anthu onse Wi-Fi kuti adziwike. Ngakhale ndi chilolezo, keyala ya IP ingatsogolere ku kompyuta kapena sitolo ya khofi yowonongeka. Ofufuza ayenera kupeza zilolezo zowonjezereka za mitengo kuchokera kwa woyendetsa malo kapena woperekera makompyuta a pa Intanetiyo, kupanga mpambo wa zikalata. Palinso kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kowonjezereka kwa ma apps obisika amene samasunga metam' mothekera.

Kugwirizana Kochokera kwa Opereka Utumiki

Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu ambiri amagwirizana ndi malamulo, ang'onoang'ono kapena amayiko ena angatsutse. Makampani ena amafalitsa malipoti a kuonekeratu, pamene ena alimbana ndi zilolezo pa malo achinsinsi. Mu 2016, Microsoft adatsutsa chikalata cha DOJ cha ma email osungidwa ku Ireland, chotsogolera ku CLOUD Act (2088), chomwe chinavumbula kuti opereka ndalama ayenera kuvumbula chidziŵitso pansi pa U.S. Chikalata mosasamala kanthu za kumene chasungidwa. Ngakhale ndi CLOUD Act, chikalata china cha boma lachilendo, choyambitsa mkangano.

Kuchepa kwa Zinthu

Mapulatifomu ambiri amachotsa mwadala mauthenga pambuyo pa nyengo (mlongo, Snapechat’ephemeral ). Malipoti a ovutika kaŵirikaŵiri amachedwa, ndipo pofika nthaŵi imene chilolezo chaperekedwa, zolembedwazo zingakhale zitachoka. Opereka angagwiritsire ntchito [[FLT: 0]] mafunsishoni — pa 18 U.S.C. 76 2703(f) /to kufuna chopereka chosungira kulembera kwa masiku 90 pamene chilo chapezeka. Mikwingwirima iyenera kulangizidwa kusachotsa mauthenga iwo eni, monga momwe kungawonongere umboni.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Anthu Ovutitsidwa pa Intaneti

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani ino ikusumika maganizo pa njira zosungitsira lamulo, minkhole imachitanso mbali yaikulu m’kusungitsa umboni ndi kukonzekera koyenera.

Makhalidwe Abwino Kwambiri Ogwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo

  • Antchito a m’makalasi a nkhani ya lamulo lachinayi lokhudza kukonzanso zinthu, lokhudzana ndi umboni wa pakompyuta.
  • Gwiritsani ntchito mapulogalamu amene walembapo mawu ofotokozera mlanduwo.
  • Kugwirizana ndi timu yalamulo yotsatira anthu pa pulatifomu musanapereke chikalata chotsimikizira kuti pali njira yoyenerera yolembera ndi yopereka.
  • Phatikizanimo mawu omveka bwino pakati pa umboni wofunafuna ndi upandu wonenedwa m’bwalo la milandu.
  • Pochita ndi milandu yambiri yokayikitsa, lingalirani kugwiritsira ntchito zilolezo za boma (pansi pa Thit 18 kapena 21) kaamba ka ulamuliro wa malire a malire.
  • Kuti mupeze umboni wotsimikizira kuti munthu ali ndi udindo wosunga mwana, muzisungabe pepala losonyeza kuti ndinu woyenera kuweruzidwa.

Kumaliza

Malamulo sangokhala lamulo chabe; iwo ali chitetezo cha lamulo chimene chimatsimikizira umboni wa mlingo wa makompyuta kusonkhanitsa mwanjira yakuti payenera kukhala ndi ufulu wachinsinsi wa anthu onse pamene akupereka umboni wodalirika, umboni wodalirika m'nkhani za pa Intaneti yovutitsa ndi yogwiritsa ntchito Intaneti. Njirayi . Kukhazikitsa chochititsa chenicheni chotsimikizira ndi kukonza bwino zinthu ndi kuchichita moyenera ndi kuchipereka mosamala kwambiri ku mfundo zatsatanetsatane ndi kufika ku nthaŵi yamakono ya chidziŵitso cha anthu onse. Kutsatira lamulo, kuzindikira pamene chilolezo chikufunika ndipo pamene chingafunike kutanthauza kusiyana pakati pa kutsutsa kopambana ndi umboni wotsekedwa. Kwa odziŵa ndi kusunga umboni kuchokera ku chiyambi kwa ku kuŵerengeka kwa kuŵerengera mlandu. Monga momwe za kupitiriza, njira zamakono zidzakhalira zodalira pa malamulo; kudalira pa zinsinsinsi zodalirika zodalirika zodziŵika zalamulo zodziŵika bwino kupyola [F.Frective ST] [F]