Ntchito Yotsatira Malamulo Yoloŵa Mwamwayi Pansi pa Lamulo Lachinayi

Chikalata chachinayi cha Lamulo la U.S. Chotetezera anthu ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, chikumafuna kuti lamulo lipeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera kuloŵera kapena kusanthula zinthu zaumwini. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti mikhalidwe ina yadzidzidzi . Imeneyi imadziŵika monga mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika [[FLT]] [1] ingalungamitse kuloŵa popanda chifukwa pamene kuchedwa kungawononge miyoyo, kuwonongeka, kapena kulola munthu kukayikira kuthaŵa. Zimenezi n’zochepa ndipo zimafotokozedwa kuti zitetezere zachinsinsi cha Kusintha kwa Zachinayi.

Kusiyana kwa ngozi kumachokera ku vuto lachibadwa la ufulu wa munthu payekha ndi chikondwerero chokakamiza cha boma m’chisungiko cha anthu. Makhoti amasanthula mlandu uliwonse mwa kufunsa ngati, pansi pa kukwanira kwa mikhalidweyo, ofesalayo anali ndi chikhulupiriro chotsimikizirika chakuti kachitidwe ka mwamsangako nkafunika.

Musamalowe Mopanda Msampha M’maboma

Khoti Lalikulu lafotokoza bwino zinthu zitatu zimene zimapangitsa kuti anthu azitha kuloŵa m’nyumba ya anthu popanda kulakwitsa zinthu zina:

Kuopsa Koopsa Kokhala ndi Moyo Kapena Kotetezeka

Ngati apolisi ali ndi chikhulupiriro chomveka chakuti munthu wa m’nyumbamo ali pangozi ya mwamsanga ya kuvulala kwa thupi kapena imfa, angaloŵe popanda chilolezo. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuyankha malipoti a mfuti, chiwawa chapanyumba kumene wina akuvutidwa, kapena ngozi zazamankhwala pamene kulowa kuli kofunika kupereka chithandizo. Mfungulo njakuti chiwopsezo chiyenera kukhala mediactte ; kuyerekezera kapena kuopsa kwa mtsogolo sikulungamitsa kusoŵako.

Umboni Umene Uli Pangozi ya Kuwonongedwa Kapena Kuchotsedwanso

Pamene apolisi ali ndi chifukwa chothekera cha kukhulupirira kuti umboni wa upandu udzawonongedwa kapena kuchotsedwa asanapeze chilolezo, iwo angaloŵe popanda chimodzi. Chosiyana chimenechi chimachitika kaŵirikaŵiri m’nkhani za mankhwala pamene apolisi amamva mawu a kugwetsa m’madzi kapena kuswa galasi, kapena m’mkhalidwe uliwonse pamene wonyumwiridwayo akudziŵa za kukhalapo kwa apolisi ndipo angawononge kulandidwa kwa boma. Komabe, boma liyenera kusonyeza kuti kuchedwa kuloŵa m’dziko kuti apeze chilolezo kungatuluke ndi kutayika umboni.

3. Kufunafuna Mwachangu Kuthaŵa

Ngati apolisi ayamba kulondola kumene wonyumwira amene wachita upandu waukulu ndipo wonyumwiridwayo akuloŵa m’nyumba yaumwini, apolisiwo angatsatire popanda chilolezo. Kulondolako kuyenera kupitirizabe ndi kuyambitsidwa asanapeze ziwonekedwe. Chifuno nchakuti ndege ya wokayikiridwayo isapereke malo otetezereka ku kumangidwa. Makhoti amafuna kuti mlandu waukuluwo ukhale waupandu kapena wolakwa wachiwawa kulungamitsa kuloŵetsedwako.

Chizindikiro cha Milandu Yapansi Yosaimbidwa Mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu Lomwe Linasiyapo

Zinthu zambiri zimene anthu asankha pa nkhani zikuluzikulu zathandiza kuti anthu adziwe bwino malamulo a boma komanso kuti adziwe bwino malamulo awo.

Brigham City v. Stuart (2006]

Pankhaniyi, apolisi analabadira pagulu lamphamvu ndi kumva kufuula ndi kumenyana m'nyumba. Pazenera, anaona kuti mwana wina akumenyedwa ndi wachikulire. Maofesala analoŵa popanda chilolezo ndi kumanga wamkulu kuti aukire. Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti kuloŵako kunali kololedwa pansi pa thandizo lamwadzidzidzi chifukwa chakuti apolisiwo anali ndi chikhulupiriro chomveka chakuti munthu wina m’katimo anali kufuna thandizo lothandiza mwamsanga kuletsa kuvulala kwakukulu. Nkhaniyi imasonyeza kuti [[FLT: 0]] yothandiza anthu ovutikawo safuna kuti apolisiwo akhale otsimikiza kuti chikhulupirirocho m’zomveka.

Kencocky v. Mfumu (2011]

Apolisi anatsatira wogulitsa mankhwala ogodomalitsa m'nyumba, ananunkhira chamba, ndi kugogoda pakhomo. Iwo anamva mawu ogwirizana ndi umboni wowonongedwa, chotero anakakamiza kuloŵa ndi kupeza mankhwala. Khotilo linalamula kuti mikhalidwe yosiyana inalungamitsa kuloŵa popanda chilolezo chifukwa chakuti apolisiwo sanapange kulakwako mwa kudziloŵetsa m’makhalidwe amene akapangitsa munthu wolingalira kuwononga umboni. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa malire ofunika kwambiri: [ mapologalamu sakhoza kutulutsa chofunikira chamwadzidzidzimutsa.

[[ML:0] Mincey v. Arizona (1978]

Khotilo linafotokoza za kufunafuna kofulumira kwa ogulitsa mankhwala pa nyumba. Pamene kuli kwakuti apolisi akanaloŵa kutetezera malowo ndi kuthandiza ovulala, sakanachititsa kufunafuna koonekeratu popanda chilolezo pamene vutolo ladzidzidzi litha. Nkhani imeneyi inakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti mikhalidwe yosiyana ndi yakuti ndi yopereŵera ndi yopereŵera [1]; pamene ngoziyo yatha, apolisi ayenera kupeza chilolezo cha kufunafunanso malowo.

Dolopo la Tulsa v. Russell (2021) – A SC

M’nkhani yaposachedwapa, yosadziŵika bwino, Khoti Lalikulu la United States linachirikiza kulowa popanda chilolezo pamene apolisi anayankha malipoti a mfuti pafupi ndi nyumba ndi kukhulupirira kuti wina angavulale. Khoti linabwerezanso kuti kulolera kwamwadzidzidzi kwazikidwa pa kulolera [[FLT] kwa zochita za apolisi, osati zolinga zawo. Ngakhale ngati apolisiwo anafunanso kupenda mlandu, kukhalapo kwa ngozi yeniyeni kulungamitsa kuloŵa.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa nkhani zimenezi, onani [[FLT: 0] chidule cha [FLT :1] Brigham City v. Stuart , , [[FLT:] , [[FLT:] chidule cha [FLT] ,Korez] , [[FLT:] .King [[FLT:]][6] , ndi [FLT:] Cornell Information Institute of a [FLT:] [FLT] [FL:]]

Mfundo Zazikulu za Malamulo Zikuchokera ku Lamulo la Mlandu

Pa zosankha zimenezi, pamabuka malamulo amakhalidwe abwino angapo amene amatsogolera ponse paŵiri kusungitsa lamulo ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo:

  • Chovuta chiyenera kukhala cha mwamsanga ndi chapadera. M''maupandu ongoyerekezera safikira muyezo. Oyang'anira ayenera kulongosola mfundo zenizeni, zomveka zochirikiza chikhulupiriro chawo chakuti kachitidwe ka mwamsanga kafunikira.
  • Ofesi ayenera kuchita zinthu moyenerera pansi pa mikhalidweyo. Mayeso ali ndi cholinga: Kodi nchiyani chimene ofisala wololera, wokhala ndi chidziŵitso chofanana ndi kuphunzitsidwa, angachite mumkhalidwe umenewo? Cholinga cha mkuluyo nchosathandiza.
  • Ukulu wa kufufuzako umalekezera ku ngozi. Akangoloŵa mkati, apolisi angangochita zinthu zofunikira kuwona zangozi [1] monga ngati kuyang'ana anthu ovulala kapena kuletsa kuwonongedwa kwa umboni. Kufufuza kowonekeratu popanda chilolezo sikumaloledwa pokhapo ngati chilolezo chatsopano chikugwira ntchito.
  • Prolice sangachititse chikhoterero mwa makhalidwe awo osalingalira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati maofesala agogoda ndi kulengeza mwanjira imene ingapangitse munthu wololera kuwononga umboni, kuti kupanga chiphaso sikungalungamitse kuloŵa kopanda chilolezo.
  • Kulemba nkofunika. Asilikali ayenera kulemba bwinobwino zimene aona, nthawi, ndi zifukwa zokhulupirira kuti zinthu zadzidzidzi zinachitika, chifukwa chokhalira ndi vuto lililonse.

Mfundo Zothandiza pa Kukakamiza

Kwa apolisi ndi mabungwe ena, kumvetsetsa miyezo ya malamulo imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri pofufuza mwalamulo panthaŵi ya ngozi.

Kupenda Moyenera Chiwopsezo Chochepa

Asilikali ayenera kuphunzitsidwa kusiyanitsa pakati pa ngozi zenizeni ndi ntchito wamba zokayikitsa. Mwachitsanzo, kumva mfuti imodzi kuchokera ku malo akutali sikungapangitse kudalira ngozi yayandikira, koma kumva kufuula ndi kuthyola galasi m’nyumba ya mnansi wawo. Dipatimenti iyenera kugwiritsira ntchito maphunziro ozikidwa pa zochitikazo kuweruza kwa maofesala amodzi.

Kulemba ndi Kusimba

Pambuyo pa kuloŵa popanda chilolezo, apolisi ayenera kulemba lipoti latsatanetsatane lofotokoza mfundo zimene zimachirikiza chikhulupiriro chawo cha kulakwa. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo nthaŵi ya tsiku, phokoso loonedwa, ndemanga za mboni, ndi chidziŵitso china chilichonse. Makhoti adzapenda mbiri imeneyi kuti aone ngati kulowa kwake kunali koyenera. Kulephera kukwaniritsa bwino lomwe kungachititse kutsendereza umboni.

Kuchepetsa Kufunafuna

Atakhala mkati, apolisi ayenera kutsekera kumadera kumene kuli koyenera kuchitika ngozi. Mwachitsanzo, ngati aloŵa kuti athandize wowombera, angafufuze malo a mkholewo ndi malo ena amene angabisale koma sayenera kutsegula madirowa kapena kufunafuna mankhwala ngati kulibe chochititsa chake.

Magetsi a Kamera ndi Odumpha

Luso lamakono limapereka mbiri yotsimikizira zimene maofesala anawona ndi kuchita. Madipatimenti ayenera kukonzekeretsa maofesala ndi makamera a thupi ndi kutsimikizira kuti iwo amasonkhezeredwa pamene achitapo kanthu pa ngozi.

Kuvuta kwa Nzika ndi Kumasulidwa kwa Nzika

Kwa eni malo, kukhalako kwa eni nyumba kwangozi kumatanthauza kuti chinsinsi cha panyumba sichili chotheratu.

  • Masinthidwe osapiririka ngovomerezeka kokha m'nthaŵi yangozi yeniyeni. Ngati apolisi aloŵa popanda chilolezo ndipo palibe ngozi, kuloŵako kungakhale kosagwirizana ndi boma, ndipo umboni uliwonse wopezeka ukhoza kutsekedwa m'khoti.
  • Muli ndi kuyenera kwa kupempha apolisi kuchoka pakatha tsoka. Ngati apolisi atsala pambuyo poti chiwopsezo chatha, mukhoza kutsutsa kukhalapo kwawo kopitirizabe monga kufunafuna kosayenera.
  • Kutsutsa kuloŵa kwamwadzidzidzi kololedwa kungachititse milandu yowonjezereka. Ngati apolisi ali ndi maziko oyenera oloŵera, kuwasokoneza (ngakhale mutakhulupirira kuti kuloŵako n’kwalamulo) kungatuluke ndi mlandu wa kutsekereza kapena kukana kumangidwa. Njira yoyenera ndiyo kuvomereza ndi kutokosa kuloŵa mwa njira yalamulo.
  • Malamulo adziko angapereke chitetezo chowonjezereka. Malamulo ena a boma amapereka chitetezo chachinsinsi chokulirapo kuposa Demendment Yachinayi. Mwachitsanzo, maboma angapo amafuna chilolezo cha kulembedwa m'mikhalidwe yachiwawa m’banja pokhapo ngati pali kuvulaza kwakukulu. Nzika ziyenera kufunsa loya wa boma lake malamulo otsimikizirika.

Ntchito ya Makhoti a Boma ndi Masinthidwe m’Chiphunzitso cha M’ngozi

Ngakhale kuti Khoti Lalikulu la ku United States limakhazikitsa miyezo ya ku Ofezidwiratu ya Foursed, makhoti a boma angafotokoze malamulo awo kuti apereke chitetezo chokulirapo.

  • Maiko ena atengera “kusamalira kwa apolisi” monga njira ina yosiyana, kulola maofesala kuloŵa m’nyumba kukapenda ubwino wa munthu ngakhale popanda ngozi yadzidzidzi, ngati pali zifukwa zomveka zokhulupirira kuti chithandizo chikufunika.
  • Maboma ena amaika chochititsa chotsimikizirika chofunikira kaamba ka chithandizo chamwadzidzidzi, chikumafuna kuti apolisi akhale ndi umboni wa kuvulala kwakukulu kwakuthupi asanaloŵe.
  • M’mayiko ena, mawu akuti “kulondola mwangozi” amatanthauza malungo okha, pamene ena amawapereka kwa anthu olakwa ngati pali ngozi yakuti angathe kuthaŵa.

Kusungitsa malamulo ndi oweruza alamulo ayenera kukhala ozoloŵerana ndi lamulo la mlandu wokhalokha m'boma lawo. Msonkhano wa National Conference of State Legislatures [1] umapereka kupenda kothandiza kwa kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa boma.

Kulinganiza Ubwino wa Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Pawekha

Chifuniro cha lamulo ndi maziko a ufulu wa lamulo, koma sichiri chotheratu. M’matsoka, anthu ayenera kupenda phindu la kachitidwe ka mwamsanga ka apolisi motsutsana ndi ngozi ya kuloŵerera kwadala. Makhoti ayesa kulinganiza zimenezi mwa kupempha apolisi kukhala ndi chikhulupiriro choyenera [ cha ngozi. Muyezo umenewu ngwokhoza kulola lamulo kugwira ntchito m'mavuto komatu moyenerera kuletsa kuchitiridwa nkhanza.

M’khoti, oweruza ayenera kupereka umboni wakuti zochita za apolisiwo zinali zomveka ndi kuti zinanso zinalipo. Ngati bomalo linalephera, lamulo lopatula lingagwire ntchito, kutsekereza umboni uliwonse wopezeka chifukwa cha kuloŵa m’dziko lopanda boma.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Asilikali

Kuti achepetse ngozi ya lamulo, apolisi ayenera kutsatira njira zabwino koposa zimenezi pamene alingalira za kuloŵa popanda lamulo:

  1. Kamphindi ndi kusanthula: Musanaloŵe, funsani kuti: “Kodi pali chiwopsezo cha mwamsanga ku moyo kapena chisungiko? Kodi pali umboni wotsala wawonongeka? Kodi ndikulondola wochimwa kwambiri?] Ngati yankho lake lili ayi, mukhoza kupeza chilolezo.
  2. Cewerani kuti muikeko: [[FLT :1] Ngati nzotheka, sungani malowo ndi kudikira kuti maofesala owonjezereka apereke njira yotetezeka ndi yolembedwa bwino.
  3. Zilengezo za ``'''': Zilengezo za kukhalapo kwanu ndi cholinga chanu choloŵa, pokhapo ngati kuchita zimenezo kungawonjezere ngozi kapena kuwononga umboni.
  4. Kuloŵa m'zipinda zofunikira: Kuloŵa kokha mokwanira kuyang'anizana ndi ngozi. Musafufuze zipinda zosagwirizana ndi ngozi.
  5. Chilolezo cha kufufuza kwina kulikonse: Atathetsa vutolo, kuleka kufunafuna kufikira chilolezo chitafika. Ngati mupeza chilolezo choletsedwa m’chivomerezo chowonekera bwino mkati mwa yankho langozi, mungachigwire, koma musaloŵe m’kufufuza kwachisawawa.

Kumaliza

Ziyeneretso zotsimikizirika zoloŵa ndi kufufuza katundu waumwini m’mikhalidwe yangozi zimalamulidwa ndi bungwe lokhwima la Geneth Amendment la lamulo la milandu ya Four. Kusintha kwa zochitika kumalola akuluakulu a boma kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga kupulumutsa miyoyo, kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa umboni, ndi kulondola kuthaŵa okayikira, koma kokha pamene mfundo zenizeni zilungamitsa ntchitozo. Mwakumvetsa mfundozo, kuphunzira pa milandu yosintha zinthu, ndi kulemba bwinobwino zochita zawo, malamulo angachirikize zonse ziŵiri za chitetezo chapoyera ndi zoyenera zalamulo. Anthu, nawonso, amapindula podziŵa kuti chinsinsi chawo chimatetezeredwa ku zitseko zopanda ngozi zenizeni. Pamene makhoti akupitirizabe kukonza ziphunzitso zimenezi, maphunziro opitirizabe ndi kukonzanso malamulo akupitirizabe kukhala ofunika kwa anthu onse okhudzidwa.

Pa zinthu zowonjezereka, funsani Department ya Chilungamo cha U.S. pa kufunafuna ndi kugwidwa ndi ndi mafotokozedwe a American Bar Association a mikhalidwe yosinthasintha