Kusintha kwa Kachinayi ndi Kuteteza Malo Otsatizana

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi cha United States chimapereka ufulu wa anthu kukhala otetezeka mwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro za kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri. Chitetezero cha wildrock chimenechi chimafika ku makalata aumwini ndi zikwama zoperekera, zimene makhoti atha kalekale azindikira monga “mapepala” ndi“ zokwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo. Popeza kuti chombo cha 1877 [mapepala a pamanja a [[FLT:]] Exe Jackson , Khoti Lalikulu laona kuti makalata ndi zidindo zoikidwa m'makalata za m'makalata zakhala zikuikidwa paziyenere monga nyumba kapena galimoto. Lamulo limeneli likutanthauza kuti lamulo lokhudza anthu ambiri sangatsegule kapena kuyang'anira makalata kapena mapepala aodzanja popanda ntchito yosanja, yogwirizana ndi kulongosola zinthu zina zogwirizana ndi zinthu zina zogwirizana ndi kugwidwa ndi kugwidwa ndi malingana.

Kuzindikira zofunika za kufunafuna makalata ndi maphukusi kuli kofunika kwa onse aŵiri nzika zoyesayesa kutetezera machinsinsi awo ndi audindo osungitsa lamulo oyesayesa kuchita kufufuza kololedwa. Malamulowo saali omveka nthaŵi zonse , ndipo njira zamakono zoperekera zayambitsa kuvuta kwatsopano. Nkhaniyi ikupenda kusanthula kolamulira kwa lamulo kwa makalata aumwini ndi mampake, zofunika zenizeni za kupeza chilolezo, zodziŵika, ndi ziyambukiro zachinsinsi m'nyengo ya kukambitsirana kwa foni ndi kutumiza katundu padziko lonse.

Ntchito ya Malamulo ya Ofunafuna

Chikalata chofufuzira ndicho lamulo limene limalola lamulo kuyang'anira munthu wina, malo, kapena chinthu. Pakalata ndi mphukusi, chikalatacho chiyenera kupezedwa kwa woweruza kapena woweruza chisanapezeke, popanda. Lamulo lachinayi la Kukonza zinthu limakhazikitsa zofunika zitatu pa chilolezo chilichonse chotsimikizirika: chochititsa, choyenera (chifunsitso), ndi lumbiro kapena chilolezo (chinsinsinsi).

Zochititsa Zolongosoka

Chochititsa chotsimikizirika chimakhalapo pamene kusungidwa kwa lamulo kuli ndi chikhulupiriro choyenera, chozikidwa pa mfundo zotsimikizirika ndi mikhalidwe, kuti upandu wachitidwa ndi umboni wakuti upandu udzapezedwa m'positi kapena mphukusi kufunafuna. Muyezo umenewu ngwapamwamba kuposa kukayikira koma wochepa kuposa umboni wokwanira. Mwachitsanzo, ngati apolisi apeza galu wozindikira galuyo m’nyumba ya zotumiza, amene ali maso, kuphatikizapo zizindikiro zina monga kubwerera kopeka kapena njira yolipirira, ungatsimikizire chochititsa. Makhoti amapenda moyenerera chifukwa chozikidwa pa kukwanira kwa mikhalidweyo, akulingalira chidziŵitso chimene chilipo kwa oyang'anira ntchito pa nthaŵi ya kufunsira.

Chochititsa chothekera chifunikira kupereka nsonga zenizeni, osati kokha mawu ogwirizana. Affidavit angaphatikizepo tsatanetsatane wa kufufuza kopitirizabe kwa mankhwala ogodomalitsa, kufufuza koyang’anira, chidziŵitso chimene chatsimikiziridwa, ndi zolembedwa zosonyeza zotumiza zochokera ku magwero odziŵika a zinthu zoletsedwa. Ngati affidavit imadalira pa chidziŵitso chachinsinsi, apolisi ayenera kukhazikitsa kudalirika ndi maziko a chidziŵitso pansi pa [FLT: 0] [mayeso-Sin, ngakhale kuti maulamuliro ambiri tsopano amatsatira chiyeso chachiwonse chachi chosinthiko kuchokera ku [FLT:]

Chinsinsi Chake

Firstment yachinayi imalamula kuti “mokulira iyenera kufotokoza malo ofufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene ziyenera kutengedwa.” Kuti makalata ndi maphukusi apereke chikalatacho ayenera kutchula chinthu chinachake chapadera / Mwachitsanzo, phukusi losindikizidwa lokhala ndi nambala yakutiyakuti, lolembedwa kwa munthu wotchulidwa pa malo enaake, ndipo likuoneka kuti lidzakhala ndi mankhwala oletsedwa. Mawu ngati “mphaso iliyonse yopita kwa John Doe" idzakantha monga ngati piritsi. Chiyeneretso chapaderacho chimaletsa kazembe, kufufuza ndi kutsimikizira kuti apolisi sagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala onse osokoneza bongo pa positi ya munthu.

M'nkhani ya zopereka zochitidwa ndi wonyamula katundu wonga ngati Postal Service ya United States, Fed Ex, kapena UPS, chikalatacho chiyeneranso kulongosola malo a kufunafuna [1] monga malo ogaŵira kapena galimoto yoperekera. Zimenezi zingakhale zocholoŵana pamene zoperekazo zikuyenda m'malo osiyanasiyana, zokhoza kufunikira kugwirizana pakati pa akuluakulu a boma ndi boma.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Kuti apeze chilolezo, woyang'anira lamulo ayenera kutumiza chilolezo kwa woweruza kapena majaji. Woweruza amafotokoza mfundo zotsimikizira kuti ndizo zofunikira ndi kulongosola zinthu zofunikira kufufuzidwa. Woweruzayo kenaka amapenda affidavit, angafunse, ndipo angasankhe ngati angapereke chilolezocho. Ngati chilolezocho chaperekedwa, chiyenera kuperekedwa mkati mwa nthaŵi yakutiyakuti . "* mpaka masiku 14, kudalira pa chigawo cha khoti, ndipo abwerera ku khoti ndi ndandanda ya zinthu zotengedwa.

Affidavit ndi chikalata chotsutsa. Ngati ili ndi ndemanga zonama zopangidwa mosadziŵa kapena monyalanyaza chowonadi, chilolezocho chingachotsedwe pansi pa Firank v. Delaware , ndipo umboni uliwonse wogwidwa ukhoza kuletsedwa. Kufufuza kwa makalata ndi mabotolo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuphatikizapo zolembapo, zidindo, michenjeze, ndi ndemanga za mboni kapena odziŵitsa.

Kupatulidwa ku Zofunika Zosafunika

Ngakhale kuti chilolezocho nchosatheka, makhoti azindikira kuti pali malamulo angapo amene amalola lamulo kufufuza makalata kapena maphukusi popanda chilolezo.

Kuvomereza

Ngati wotumiza kapena wolandirayo avomereza dala kufunafuna phukusi, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, munthu angavomereze kuyendera miyambo pamene atumiza katundu wapadziko lonse, kapena mwininyumba angalole woyang’anira positi ofesi kutsegula phukusi lokayikiridwa. Chivomerezocho chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati mwa kukakamiza kapena kunyenga. Oyang’anira boma safunikira kulangiza munthu wa ufulu wawo kuti asavomere, koma boma liyenera kunyamula mtolo wotsimikizira kuti chivomerezocho n’chodzifunira.

Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika

Makampani amene akupereka chiwopsezo cha moyo kapena kuwonongeka kwa umboni angalungamitse kufufuza makalata kapena maphukusi osatsimikizirika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati phukusi likuoneka kuti lili ndi bomba, apolisi angatsegule popanda kuyembekezera chilolezo. Mofananamo, ngati lamulo losungitsa lingakhale ndi umboni wowonongeka [1] Wonga mankhwala amene angatulutsidwe kapena kuwonongedwa mwamsanga. Ndipo palibe nthaŵi yopezera chilolezo, mikhalidwe yosatsimikizirika ingagwire ntchito. Makhoti amapenda kusoŵa kwa mkhalidwewo, kuphatikizapo kufulumira kwa oweruza (tsopano okhoza kupezeka ndi telefoni kapena njira zamagetsi za kupempha zilozo).

Kufufuza M’malire ndi Miyambo

Pamalire a mayiko ndi zinthu zina zimene amagwira ntchito, boma lili ndi mphamvu yaikulu yofufuza makalata ndi maphukusi popanda chilolezo. Imeneyi ndi “kufufuza kosiyana kwa malire," kozikidwa pa kuyenera kwa mfumu kuteteza malire ake. Maofesala a kayendetse makalata apadziko lonse, maphukusi, ndi zonyamulira katundu kuti aone ngati atsedwe, kapena zinthu zimene zili zofunika pantchito. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi loyenera kuyendera malire a dziko lapansi, ngakhale kuti kufunafuna kumene kuli kopambana kwambiri (ko ngati kufunafuna ) kungafune kukayikira koyenera.

Kusiya ndi Chiphunzitso cha Mbali Yachitatu

Ngati munthu asiya phukusi yake ya kunyamula zinthu, mwachitsanzo, mwa kuisiya m'mataya a anthu onse, kapena kulephera kuitchula pambuyo poidziŵitsa . Chophatikizapo, pansi pa chiphunzitso chachitatu cha mbali, chidziŵitsocho mwaufulu chinatembenukira ku gulu lachitatu (monga ngati wonyamula wonyamula) chingataye chiyembekezo chake choyenera cha chinsinsi. United States v. Vanuween[FLD:1] [1970] Khoti Lalikulu linakhulupirira kuti kutsekedwa kwa kabokosi pamene apolisi anali ololera, makamaka pamene m’manjamo anali onyamula katundu wamba ndipo panalibe chowonongeka cha chizindikiro. Komabe, chiphunzitso chachitatucho sichimapatsa chilolezo chotsekedwa kutsegulira chitsekereze, chinkaperekedwa ndi lamulo lotikana kugwiritsa ntchito (mone) (momwe).

Maprogramu Ofufuza ndi Ofufuza Oyang’anira

Mabungwe ena a boma amavomereza kufufuza zinthu zosayenera pamikhalidwe yokhwima. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi ingathe kuyang’anira zomera ndi nyama kuti iteteze tizilombo. Kufufuza kumeneku kumachirikizidwa malinga ngati zikugwira ntchito ya boma yapadera kuposa kutsata malamulo wamba ndipo kumachitika mogwirizana ndi malamulo oyenerera, osaloŵerera.

Kuvutika Kukhala Wekha ndi Mavuto Amakono

Malamulo ofunikira kaamba ka makalata aumwini ndi zopereka ndi maziko a chitetezo chachinsinsi, koma masinthidwe a zaluso ndi amalonda apangitsa malo atsopano alamulo. Kufalikira kwa njira zolankhulirana pakompyuta, kuchuluka kwa mautumiki a pa Intaneti, ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse kwa njira ya e commerce kwabutsa mafunso onse ponena za ukulu wa Kutetezera kwa Mapakedzana ndi makalata a Foursement.

Kuyembekezera Kupeza Malo Achinsinsi

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala likugamula mosalekeza kuti phukusi losindikizidwa m'makalata likhale ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha umbuli. Mu United States v. Jacobsen (19984), Khoti linagamula kuti wantchito wa munthu wonyamula yekha amene anatsegula phukusi lowonongeka ndi kupeza mankhwala sangakhale wogwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pake monga nthumwi ya boma popanda chilolezo. Komabe, pamene gulu lachinsinsi (m’jere, wantchito wofufuza za kutayika), ndipo lamulo limangoyesa zinthuzo, Kukonzanso kwachinayi sikungachitidwe chifukwa chakuti kuloŵererako kunachokera ku kachitidwe kaumwini.

Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa makampani operekera katundu. Makampani monga Amazon, USS, ndi FedEx kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito X-rey ndi makompyuta ena oyendera zinthu zachitetezo kaamba ka chitetezo ndi kulongosola zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti masunagogewa angavumbule zinthu zonse za m’phukuto, makhoti ambiri anena kuti kufufuza kosakhala kogwirizana ndi mabungwe a anthu sikungapange kufufuza kwa boma. Koma ngati woyendetsayo agwirizana ndi malamulo, nkhani ya Four Amendment ingabuke ngati kugawanako sikugwirizana ndi ndandanda ya pulogalamu.

Makalata ndi Makalata Otumizira Mabuku

Chitetezero cha Foursement cha “mapepala” tsopano chimagwira ntchito bwino lomwe ku kulankhulana kwa manambala, kuphatikizapo maili. Ex parte Jackson [FL:1], Khoti losindikizidwa ndi pepala lotsekedwa kuti litsekereze maphukusi. M'nyengo ya manambala, mfundo zofananazo zimagwira ntchito pa zolembedwa m'ma intaneti. Komabe, zosungira mawu a Mulungu (18.S.C. 2701 et seq.) zimapereka chikalata cha malamulo amene kaŵirikaŵiri amafuna chilolezo cha boma kuti lipereketse maemail kuti aulule zosunga za masiku osakwanira 180. Kwa masiku akale kapena kwa mametapo, kapena kwa nthaŵi zolankhula) khoti lapamwambalo kapena la bwalo lamilandu laling’ono.

Onyamula Malo Oloŵetsera Malo

Onyamula zinthu nthaŵi zina amatsegulira m’malo mwa kusungidwa kwa lamulo. United States v. Van Leeuwen , khoti linachirikiza kuchedwa kwachidule (maola 29) kwa maphukusi aŵiri pamene apolisi anali kufufuza, chifukwa chakuti kuchedwako kunali pang'ono ndipo maphukusi anali m'khonde a wonyamula. Zotsatira zake, monga ngati United States v. La France[FLT] [199], alingalira ngati kutsekedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali kapena “kunyamula katunduyo" (pamene wonyamulayo akuperekera katundu pansi pa kuyang'aniridwa) zimafikira kutsendereza kofunikira chilo. Mwachisa, monga ngati woyendetsa wogwirizana ndi msonkheze walephera kutsegulidwa, zikuvomerezedwa, zisanachitike, zilozo.

Luso lamakono limakulitsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi zimenezi. Madongosolo osankha, mapasitala, ndi chidziŵitso chopimira ndi onyamula angavumbule zambiri ponena za zochita za munthu kuposa ndi kale lonse. Mwachitsanzo, Postal Service Control Control ya Mail Office ndi Programu yojambula imalemba zithunzi za kunja kwa makalata onse okonzedwa ndi [1] kuposa 160 biliyoni pachaka. Kupeza kwa lamulo kupezeka kwa chidziŵitso chotero popanda chilolezo kumawonjezera mafunso ofunika kwambiri a Kusintha kwa Four Empletement, ngakhale kuti makhoti apereka boma kupereka njira yaikulu yogwiritsira ntchito metameta.

Njira Zothandiza Zoperekera Lamulo ndi Munthu Aliyense

Kwa apolisi osungitsa lamulo ofuna kufufuza m’thumba, njira yotetezeka kwambiri ndiyo kupeza chilolezo chofufuza pamene kuli kotheka. Chikalatacho chiyenera kulongosola molongosoka, tsatanetsatane wa chochititsa chonga kuchokera ku zenizeni, ndi fotokoza malo. Oyang'anira ayenera kulemba mikhalidwe iriyonse yosatsimikizirika ngati chikalata sichingapezedwe, ndipo ayenera kukumbukira kuti “kugogoda ndi kulankhula” kupempha kaamba ka chivomerezo kuyenera kukhala kodzifuniradi.

Kwa anthu odera nkhaŵa za kukhala kwawo achinsinsi m’zinthu zotumizidwa, mfundo zotsatirazi nzofunika kuzilingalira:

  • Kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala osindikizidwa, otchingidwa bwino kumathandiza kuyembekezera zinthu zachinsinsi. Mabungwe amene ali oonekeratu kapena ochucha angakope onyamula kapena miyambo yachinsinsi.
  • Kujambula kupyolera mwa Komiti ya Mapositi ofesi ya U.S. kumatetezera mwamphamvu Koposa Kutseguka Kwachinayi kopanda lamulo kuposa onyamula katundu wamba, chifukwa chakuti Postal Service ndi gulu la boma. Onyamula zaumwini samangidwa ndi Kukonzanso kwa Chachinayi, koma ngati iwo achita monga operekera lamulo, malamulo akugwira ntchito.
  • Kukana chivomerezo [[FLT: 1] ndi ufulu wa lamulo. Ngati lamulo lifunsa kutsegula phukusi, muli ndi ufulu wa kukana ngati satulutsa chilolezo kapena chilolezo chosiyana.
  • Kulankhulana kwa Digital kuyenera kulembedwa pamene kuli kotheka, ndipo zikalata zaluso ziyenera kutumizidwa kudzera m'zitsulo zotetezereka. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo lidakali lozungulira, kulembedwa kofikitsa kungapereke chingwe china cha chitetezo chogwira ntchito.

Kumaliza

Malamulo ofunikira kufunafuna makalata aumwini ndi zopereka amasonyeza kulinganiza kosamalitsa pakati pa zosoŵa za boma zofufuza ndi zoyenera zaumwini. Lamulo lachinayi Lowonjezera limalamula kuti lamulo likhale ndi chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera ndi malongosoledwe akutiakuti asanatsegule kalata yosindikizidwa, popanda kusiyanitsa. Chigwirizano chimenechi chakhala chopinga ku kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga ndi kukhalabe chitetezo chofunika kwambiri. Komabe, popeza kuti kutumiza makhoti kumakhala kwa mitundu yonse ndi kwa mlingo wa zinthu zachinsinsi, kupitiriza kumasulira zimene kuyembekezera kukhala kwachinsinsi kuyenera m'dziko kumene kungasunkhidwe, kusungidwe, ndi kusungidwa ndi mabungwe ambiri a anthu. Onse aŵiriwo amapindula ndi kumvetsetsa bwino kwa malamulo ndipo kufunafuna kovomerezeka kovomerezeka kovomerezeka ndi kuti sikuli koyenera kuchitidwa popanda ntchito.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Chigamulo Chachinayi pa [FLT: 1] Cornell Information Institute , chochititsa chothekera mu Chifuno chotsimikizirika [[[FLT:], ndi chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu United States v. Vanuwen .]