Kodi Zosankha Nchiyani?

Kusankha kuli njira yamwambo imene nzika m'dongosolo la democracy zimasankha oimira awo ndi kusankha pa mafunso aakulu a kayendetsedwe ka boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti mafotokozedwe osavuta — kachitidwe ka kuvota kwa oyembekezera — ngolondola, zenizeni nzocholoŵana. Zisankho ndizo maziko a demokrase yoimira, kutumikira monga njira yoyamba imene anthu adzatembenuzidwiramo m'ntchito ya boma. Zimachitika pa mipambo yambiri ya boma: malo akumalo (mzinda, bungwe la mzinda, sukulu), boma (lo, nyumba yogawirako, malamulo a boma), ndi boma (Presitu, Country Congress). Kubwereza, kayendetseka, ndi malamulo a kulamulira zigamu zake zimasiyanasiyana, koma pansi pa lamulo lamakhalidwe: osankhidwa omwe adzasankha mphamvu zawo.

Kuyenera kwa boma la democracy lirilonse kuli pa umphumphu ndi kuonekera kwa masankho ake. Pamene nzika zikhulupirira njirayo, zimathekera kwambiri kuvomereza chotulukapo, ngakhale ngati wosankha wawo angalephere. Mosiyana ndi, pamene dongosolo lionedwa kukhala lolakwika kapena lochirikizidwa, kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko kumawononga. Kumvetsetsa kachitidwe ka masankho — makamaka mbali zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku maprimme mpaka masankho — osankha amapatsa mphamvu ya kutengamo mbali ndi kupangitsa dongosolo kukhala ndi mlandu.

Mkhalidwe wa Kusankha: Kupenda Kochepa

Zosankha sizimachitika paokha. Zimachitika panyengo yodziŵika bwino yomwe imakhala kwa miyezi ingapo kwa miyezi yoposa chaka chimodzi ku maofesi aakulu. Mlingowu ungaswedwe kukhala mbali zisanu zapakati: maprime ndi ma coucuse (kumene magulu amasankha manyumine), mkupiti wa kusankha (nyengo ya mpikisano wachangu pakati pa mamineine), kusankha kokha (kumene osankha amapanga chosankha chomalizira), ndi kusanthula (kuphatikizapo kuŵerengera, claise, crective, ndi mphamvu). Mbali iriyonse ili ndi malamulo akeake, malupirikishonale, ndi mbuna zothekera.

  • Unyinji ndi Caucuses: Mipikisano ya m'chipani chamkati kusankha wofunsira mmodzi woimira chipani m'masankho onse.
  • Mkupiti Wachisawawa Wachisawawa: Mpikisano wa mutu ndi mutu pakati pa eniminee wa chipani chilichonse (ndipo mwinamwake oyembekezera kukhala odziimira okha kapena mbali yachitatu).
  • Chisankho cha Onse: Tsiku lalamulo pamene ovota anaponya mapepala awo omalizira ku maofesi kaamba ka chisankho.
  • Chisankho cha Post: Ntchito zauyang'anira ndi zamalamulo zimene zimatsimikizira zotulukapo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa mphamvu.

Kulephera kulikonse, monga kupikisana kwakukulu, kusagwirizana kwa zinthu, kapena kutsutsana pa nkhani ya kusankha anthu, n’kofunika kwambiri.

Malire: Wosunga Mlendo

Malo opalamula ndiwo zigamulo zoyambirira zochitidwa ndi zipani za ndale zadziko kugamulapo kuti ndi wosankha wawo amene adzakhala woyenerera m'chisankho. Iwo ali chiyeso chenicheni choyamba cha kuthekera kwa wobatizidwa, kusintha munda wodzaza wa opuma kukhala chinsinsi chimodzi. Opalamula angayendetsedwe ndi boma pansi pa lamulo la boma (monga m'maiko ambiri) kapena kuyang'aniridwa ndi gulu (monga ngati ndi mabuleki). Chifukwa chakuti magulu ali magulu achinsinsi okhala ndi ufulu woyamba wa kusankha atsogoleri awo, iwo ali ndi ufulu waukulu m’malamulo a kutengamo mbali yaikulu.

Dongosolo loyamba limene tikudziŵa lerolino ndilo kuyambika kwamakono. Kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, pulezidenti wa mamenee adasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a gulu m'misonkhano ya kumbuyo kwa nyumba za chipinda , njira yodziŵika monga “chipinda chodzaza utsi.” Osintha zinthu opita patsogolo anakakamizidwa kuti apereke mawu apamwamba ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa. Pulezidenti woyamba wa pulezidenti anasungidwa ku Wisconsian mu 1912. M’zaka zotsatira, maboma ambiri anatengera masankhoti, ngakhale kuti macauclus adakalipo m'zigawo ochepa a madera onga Iowa ndi Nevada.

Mitundu ya Malamulo

Malamulo amene amalamulira amene angavote m'chosankha chachikulu amasiyana kwambiri ndi boma ndi chipani. Mtundu wa mavoti umakhudza kwambiri kapangidwe ka maganizo a voti ndipo, zotsatira zake n’zakuti. Kumvetsa malamulo ameneŵa n’kofunika kwambiri kwa aliyense wopenda zotsatira za masankho kapena kulinganiza ndawala.

Kutsegulira Malo Otseguka

Potsegulira gulu limodzi. Mfundo yochititsa kutseguka kwa mapulogalamu ndi yakuti iwo amalimbikitsa anthu ambiri kutengamo mbali kapena kulola ovota kuti azikhala ndi mawu osankha. Komabe, otsutsa amatsutsa kuti otsegulawo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi otsutsa a gulu limodzi lokha lotsutsa lowoloka kuti athandize munthu wofooka — njira yodziŵika monga “kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2000, Demotats ina ku Michigan anadutsa m'dziko la John McChon, akumayembekezera kuti George afooke.

Malo Otsekeredwa

Pa mfundo yaikulu, ovota okha amene alembetsedwa ndi gulu lina ndi amene angavote m'chigawo chachikulu cha chipanichi. Dongosolo limeneli lakonzedwa kuti litsimikizire kuti munthu wa m'gululo wasankhidwa ndi anthu okhulupirika, osati ndi anthu akunja amene angakhale ndi chidwi chosiyana. Mapulaneti otsendereka amachititsa kuti pakhale mapulogalamu ambiri chifukwa chakuti munthu amene wasankhidwa m’mayiko ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala wosiyana ndi anthu ena. Amachepetsanso upandu wa kuukira. Mayiko okhala ndi mapringishoni otsedwa ndi Florida, New York, Nevada, ndi Oregon. Mtundu ndi wofanana ndi anthu apamwamba, kumene anthu osagwirizana ndi chipani chosankhidwa angasankhe kutenga nawo mbali m'gulu lapadera, koma osalembedwa.

Malo apamwamba - Aŵiri ndi Apamwamba

Mayiko ena atengera njira zoyambirira zosaimira pa chisankho chimodzi zimene zimasintha kwambiri makampani. Pa maofesi awiri aakulu (ogwiritsidwa ntchito ku California, Washington, ndi Nebraska ku maofesi a boma), onse oyembekezera kulowa pa chisankho chimodzi chachikulu, ndipo omaliza aŵiriwo akupita patsogolo ku chisankho cha onse, ngakhale ngati ali a pagulu limodzi. Zimenezi zingatulutse ma Democrates aŵiri kapena aŵiri a Republican oyang'anizana mu November, kuchotsa bwino chosankha chachisawawa cha onse cha Revitation sati chigwirizane ndi chipani chimenecho. Oyambirira aŵiri (aikidwa ku Alaska) amatumiza omaliza anayi ku mavoti apamwambawo a gulu la osankhidwa mwamsanga pogwiritsa ntchito malo osankhidwa. Madongosolowa amatsutsidwa kuti achepetsedwe bwino ndi kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chipani cha ku Acando.

Ntchito ya Akasupe

Kaucuuse ndi njira yodzisankhira ndi yopezera nthaŵi mmalo mwa kutsegulira. Mmalo mwa kuponya pepala lachinsinsi, ovota amasonkhana m'misonkhano ya m’bwalo lakwawo kukambitsirana ndi kuvota mwa kuonetsa manja, kuima m'magulu, kapena njira zinanso zowoneka. Njira imeneyi imaphatikizapo njira zingapo: choyamba, ochirikiza a wofunsira aliyense amakamba nkhani; ndiyeno opanga mbali amadzigwirizanitsa ndi oyembekezera; pomalizira pake, nthumwi zimaikidwa mogwirizana ndi msonkhano wachigawo.

Caucuses zakhala zopanda kutchuka chifukwa chakuti zimafunikira kudzipereka kwanthaŵi yaikulu — kaŵirikaŵiri maola aŵiri kapena kuposa — zimene zimagwetsa nawo. Mu 2020, Iowa, Nevada, North Dakota, ndi Wyoming adagwira Democratic caucuuses kaamba ka mpikisano wa pulezidenti, ndi Iowa wovutika kwambiri akusimba za dongosolo (kulephera kwa magalimoto) kukayikira kwambiri. Komabe, gulu la anthu la Iowa lakhala likutsutsa kuti kukhazikitsa pangano ndi kukambitsirana kwa chitaganya kwakuya kwa zaka makumi ambiri chifukwa chakuti iwo anataya dongosolo la pulezidenti la Democratic National komiti la Democratic National lachepetsa mkhalidwe wawo. Komabe, gululo linakweza kale kwambiri, ku South Carolina, popita kutsogolo.

Mkupiti Waukulu wa Chisankho: Miyezi ya Kutenga Chigamulo Chokulirapo

Nyengo yoyamba ikatha, mkupiti wa chisankho uyamba mwamphamvu. Imeneyi ndi nyengo — yoyambira kuyambira ku misonkhano kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa November — pamene anthu a zipani zazikulu (ndipo ochepera pang'ono a gawo lachitatu kapena opita kuntchito) amapikisana ndi mavoti a osankha ena. Mkupitiwu uli ndi mbali zingapo zophatikizidwa: kulemba, kusungitsa ndalama, kulipira, kulipira nyuzi, kulipira ofalitsa nkhani, kuvota, ndi kukonza makambitsirano.

Ntchito ndi Maluso

Mkupiti wamakono ndi ntchito za chidziŵitso zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito zopimira zaluso kuzindikiritsa ndi kukopa osankha okhoza kukopeka. Njira yaikulu ndiyo kumanga gulu la ochirikiza aakulu mokwanira kupambana unyinji wa voti (kapena pulogalamu ya osankhidwa, m'mafuko a pulezidenti). Kampeni zimagwiritsira ntchito ntchito magawo aang'ono kwambiri kutumiza mauthenga kwa magulu ena odziŵika bwino a anthu otsatiridwa ndi a msinkhu, fuko, ndalama, geographic, ndi mbiri yakale yosankha. Mkupiti wa 2008 Obama inayambitsa ntchito ya kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mavoti aakulu ndi makompyuta, ndipo ndawala iliyonse yotsatira inatsatira Kalati.

Kutsatsa malonda

Kutsatsa malonda kwa pa TV kumawononga ndalama zambiri kwambiri pa mpikisano waukulu, makamaka m'misika ya mpikisano. Makampani ndi magulu ena (Super PACs, 501 (c) (4) amatsatsa ndalama zambiri m'manyuzipepala ndi m'zotsatsa malonda a wailesi. M'nyengo 20222, zonse zowononga ndalama zoposa madola mabiliyoni imodzi. Komabe, kutsatsa malonda a manambala — pa mapulatifomu onga Facebook, Google, Weutube, ndi mautumiki oyenda pansi — zakula mofulumira. Mauthenga a magetsi amalola kukwera mtengo, kupezeka ndi kukonzedwanso panthaŵi yeniyeni poyankha zochitika za . Kulengeza konyoza, kumene munthu wotsutsa amatsutsa mbiri yake kapena khalidwe lake, ngakhale kuti kufufuza kuli kogwirizana. Kukopa kwamphamvu kwa malingaliro kwamphamvu, kugwiritsa ntchito kokopa kwa malingaliro koonekera bwino, kusiyanitsa kwamphamvu, ndi kachitidwe komveka bwino.

Kutsutsana

Maganizo apamwamba ndiwo zochitika zimene zingasinthe chiganizo cha ndawala. Openyerera ambiri ndiwo makambitsirano a pulezidenti, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo, jibernalial, ndipo ngakhale mikangano yakumaloko angakope chidwi. Commission on Presidential Confeeties Gametions (CPD) yachirikiza makambitsirano a anthu onse osankha kuyambira 1987, ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wake wapo adakayikiridwa pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti Biden ndi pulezidenti Turump anauchotsa mu 2020 ndi 2024. Mantha okakamiza kulongosola malo awo, kuyankha, ndi kusonyeza kukhazikika kwawo pansi pa chitsenderezo. Aganito mmodzi — monga momwe Gerald Ford’ston ananena kuti “pansidenti ya ku Eastern [1] mu 1976 — Atana , angakumane ndi mchitidwe wamphamvu, monga momwe anachitira m'kamzembe, mu 1980, pamene muda adafunsa bwinopo.

Kugwidwa ndi Madzulo

Ngakhale kuti pali kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa ndalama zambiri ndi wailesi yakanema, kulinganiza kwa udzu kudakali kofunika, makamaka m'masankho apafupi. Odzipereka akugwira ntchito yoloza khomo ndi khomo, kubanki ya telefoni, kubanki ya mameseji, ndi kutulukira m'mapepala (GOTV). Kufufuza nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti kukambitsirana kwaumwini — ku nyumba kapena kuimbira telefoni kwa mnansi — nkothandiza kwambiri kuposa kusatsa malonda osakhala achibadwa m'kutsegula. Masankhoti 2022 apakati anaona chiwonjezeko cha antchito odzipereka ku Democratic-leanting , chimene chinathandizira kutulutsa zotulukapo zabwino za gululo. Mkangano umapanganso mokulira mu “maseŵero a maofesi akwake, olemba makampani ofufuza malo, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito maaunda a ofufuza.

Ntchito ya Ndalama m’Nkhondo

Ndalama ndizo mwazi wa ndale zadziko za ku America. Khoti Lapamwambalo Citizens United FEC chigamulo cha , (2010) chitsegule khomo la kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama popanda malire ndi makampani, kuchititsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwa ndalama zokwana. Makampaniwo ayenera kukweza ndalama zambiri kuti apeze ndalama zotsatsa malonda, antchito, kuyenda, ndi kukopa. Federal Ecompution Commission (FEC) imalamulira pulogalamu ya za kampani ya boma, koma lamulo nlomakedwa kwambiri. M'kachitidwe wa chisankhole cha 2020, kuthera ndalama zonse pa mafuko a boma zoposa $14 biliyoni, malinga ndi ku Openseach. Kudalira ndalama za ndalama za ndalama za kuwonjezera zikondwerero ndi ziwongo zachuma. Malamulo opanga malamulo aunyinyinyiri ogwirizana ndi malamulo aunyirira kwa anthu ambiri, monga ngati a projensitimenti yogwirizana ya anthu ambiri. [20]

Kusankha Mwachisawawa: Chosankha Chomalizira

Chisankho chachisawawa ndicho chochitika chapamapeto pa kayendedwe, tsiku limene ovota apanga chosankha chawo chomaliza. Ku United States, Tsiku la Chisankho ndi Lachiŵiri pambuyo pa Lolemba loyamba mu November, monga momwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo mu 1845. Komabe, kuvota sikunakhazikitsidwenso pa tsiku limodzi. Chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka cha maboma chimapereka nyengo zosankha mwamsanga kufikira milungu ingapo, ndipo pafupifupi boma lililonse limalola mtundu wina wa makalata kapena kuvota. Chisankho cha 2020 chinaona kukwera kwa kalelo kwa pa ntchito yovota pa khoti la khoti la khoti, ndi mliririri woposa 40% wa maboloti oponyedwa ndi makalata.

Njira Zotulutsira ndi Kupeza

Njira zitatu zazikulu zopangira pepala losankha ndizo kuvota pa Tsiku la Chisankho, kuyambirira kwa kuvota, ndi kuvota . Chilichonse chili ndi mapindu ndi kubwerera. Chosankha nchozozoloŵereka ndipo chimapereka chosungika, cha mwamsanga, koma chingatsogolere ku mizera yaitali ndi kuyembekezera nthaŵi m'mabwalo apamwamba. Kusanthula kumachepetsa kupanikizika ndi kupatsa kulolera, koma kumafuna kuti kusanthula malo kutsegulidwe kaamba ka nyengo zowonjezereka. Kuvota kuli koyenera ndipo kungawonjezereke, koma kuli ndi nkhaŵa — ngakhale kuti kufufuza kuti nthaŵi zonse kugamulako kumatha mwakamodzikamodzikamodzi. Malamulo ovota ndi oteretsa ndi oteretsa awonjezereka kuyambira 2020, ndi maboma opereka malamulo oletsa ndi owonjezereka a Democracratic.

Kulembetsa kopetsa kuli kofunika pa njira zonse zovota. Maboma ambiri amafuna kuti anthu alembetse pa nthaŵi yotsatizana asanasankhe chisankho, ngakhale kuti chiŵerengero chomawonjezereka chavomereza kulembetsa kwa tsiku limodzi, kumene kumalola ovota kulembetsa ndi kuvota patsiku lomwelo. National Voter Religionation Act (NVRA) ya 1993 inakhala ndi chilemberero ku maofesi a galimoto, koma kumbuyobe kwa mademocracy ambiri. Malinga ndi U.S. Ecostates Active Convice Commission, mmodzi mwa anayi oyenerera Aamereka sanalembetse.

M’gulu la anthu otchuka

Pa masankho a prezidenti, chisankho chachisawawa sichisankha mwachindunji wopambanayo mwa chisankho cha dziko. M’malo mwake, osankha a boma aliyense amasankha mavoti a osankhidwa odzipereka kwa wobatizidwa, ndipo osankhidwawo — oikidwa ndi zigamulo za boma zotchuka (Nebraska ndi Mainee agwiritsira ntchito chigawo cha ma collegational College) — amapanga Electoral College. Osankha 270 pa 538 osankhidwa kuti apambane. Dongosolo limeneli lapanga mapresidente asanu amene anataya chivoti chotchuka, posachedwapa kwambiri mu 2016. Elctoral Collegemental idatsutsana kwambiri, ndi otsutsa kuti ilowera ndi akumidzi, maiko aang'ono. National Populant Vocttate Contate Contate Coation, pakati pa maiko osankhidwa kuti aonerere opambana ufulu ufulu, adalandira chivoti cha chivoti cha dziko, 2025.

Chisankho cha Madeko

Pambuyo pa kumaliza kusanthula, chisankhocho nchachikale kwambiri. Chigawo cha pambuyo pa chisankho chimaphatikizapo mndandanda wa masitepe a kuyang'anira, alamulo, ndi a malamulo amene amathera pomalizira pake potsegulira opambana. Nthaŵi imeneyi imakhala yachizoloŵezi, koma ingakhale yopikisana kwambiri, makamaka m'mafuko apafupi.

Kuchuluka ndi Kulembetsa

Makampani amaŵerengedwa pa chigawo cha boma, kulembedwa ndi akuluakulu a masankho, ndiyeno kukanenezedwa kwa mlembi wa boma kapena bungwe la masankho. Zimenezi zingatenge masiku kapena milungu, makamaka m’mayiko kuti alandire zikalata zolembedwa ndi Evolution Day. Pakachitika zotsatira za boma zakwanira, Kazembe kapena bungwe la masankho limaletsa zotsatira. Chikalata ndi ntchito yotumikira, koma mu 2020, akuluakulu ena a boma amakana kukhazikitsa zotsatira zake, kutsogolera ku nkhondo zalamulo. Ellectoral Count Act ya 1887, yokonzedwa mu 20222 ndi Elctor Count Reform Act, imalongosola kuti ntchito ya Pulezidenti poŵerengera mavoti ndi kuvota ndi kutsimikizira kuti mavoti a mavotiwo.

Mavuto Amene Amakhalapo Chifukwa cha Malamulo

Pa masankho oyandikira kwambiri, kuŵerengera kodzifunira kapena kufunsira kwa wofunsira kungachitike. Malamulo amasiyana ndi boma — ena amafuna kufotokoza ngati m’mphepete mwa chisankho muli ochepera 0.5%, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amafuna kuti munthu aperekepo ndandandayo pokhapokha ngati mzera wa m’mphepete uli wochepa kwambiri. Zitsanzo sizisintha zotsatira za fuko; kufufuza kwa 2001 kunapeza kuti chiŵerengero cha anthu ochepa chabe a m’dziko lonse asintha zotsatira. Komabe, 2000 Florida imafotokozani kuti kutsutsana ndi kutsutsana kwa malamulo kukhoza kukhala kwa ndale ndi kutsata zophonya, votignig, kapena kuyang'anira kulembera ziwitso zosayenera. Osankhidwa 2020 anaona chiŵerengero chachikulu cha milandu yokhudzana ndi mlandu — 60 — koma pafupifupi zonse zinachotsedwa chifukwa cha umboni.

Kusintha Mphamvu

Nyengo ya pakati pa chisankho ndi kupatulidwa (January 20 ya maofesi a boma, kusiyanasiyana kwa mamaofesi a boma ndi a kumaloko) njofunika kwambiri kaamba ka kusintha kwabwino. M'mipikisano ya pulezidenti, General Service Administration (GSA) imapereka malo a ofesi, chitetezo, ndi ndalama ku dongosolo la kusamvera. Kusintha kumalamulidwa ndi Presidential Transial Act Transition Act. Kuchedwa m'kutsimikizira kupambana, monga kunachitika mu 202020 pamene woyang'anira GSA sanavomereze mwalamulo Joe Biden kupambana mpaka kumapeto kwa November, kungaletse kukonzekera kwa kulamulira. Kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka boma katsopano kutsimikizira kuti dziko lokhala ndi malamulo ofunika kwambiri ndi nkhani za chitetezo za dziko lonse.

Kudalirana ndi Kuchepetsa Chinyengo

Chigawo cha pambuyo pa chisankho chimakhudzanso anthu kuona kuti chisankhocho n’choyenera. Pamene oyembekezera kusankhidwawo ndi ochirikiza awo alandira bwino zotulukapo zake, chidaliro chawo mwa dongosolo chimachirikizidwa. Pamene iwo akana kuvomereza ndi kuchirikiza zinenezo zopanda maziko za chinyengo, monga momwe zinachitika pambuyo pa masankho 2020, chimawononga chidaliro cha anthu ndipo chingatsogolere ku chiwawa cha ndale zadziko. Kutenga ulamuliro mwamtendere ndiko chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wa demokrase, koma kumadalira pa kufunitsitsa kwa otengamo mbali onse — ofuna, olengeza nkhani, ndi ovota — kulemekeza zotulukapo za masankho aufulu ndi abwino.

Kumaliza: N’kofunika Kupangana Chibwenzi

Ulendo wochoka ku mapulatifomu kupita ku zisankho za anthu onse ndi wautali, zovuta, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri n’zovuta. Mbali iliyonse — kuyambira pa kusankha anthu a m’chipani chimodzi, kupyola miyezi ya ndawala ndi kutsatsa malonda, mpaka kumapeto kwa kuponya pepala ndi kutsimikizira zotsatirapo — imachita mbali yofunika kwambiri posankha amene akulamulira. Kwa nzika, kumvetsa zimenezi si njira yongophunzira. Ndi maziko a kutengamo mbali koyambirira. Masoter amene amvetsa bwino masamu, pulogalamu, njira zoonera, ndi koleji yapamwamba ya filimu ndi yothandiza kupanga zosankha zimene zimasonyeza makhalidwe awo ndi zolinga zawo.

Chigamulo cha democracy chimadalira pa kutenga nawo mbali. Kaya mwa kuvota, kudzipereka, kapena kungodziŵa, aliyense wa nzikayo ali ndi mbali yake yochita. Malamulowo angakhale opanda ungwiro; dongosololo lingakhale lopanda pake. Koma njira ina — popanda masankho, kapena masankho a shamma — njoipira kwambiri. Mwa kutenga mbali ya kasankho, kuyambira poyamba kufikira pa chikalata chomalizira, nzika zimalimbitsa nsalu ya democracy imene potsirizira pake imatetezera ufulu wawo ndi ufulu.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa machitidwe a chisankho ndi masinthidwe, funsani Commission ya Chisankho [1], Conference of State Legistratures [[FLT :] kaamba ka malamulo aakulu a boma, ndi U.S. . . COPMFUTY ya zopanga ndi zitsogozo za kupezeka kwa chisankho.[FL:7]