Chikalata chachisanu ndi chimodzi chowonjezera cha malamulo a United States chimakhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zimene zimangoiwalikabe zaupapa wa America. Mawu ake osavuta kutchula . Kusunga kwake ku maboma onse omwe sapatsidwa ku boma kapena kuletsedwa kwa mabomawa, kwachititsa kuti malamulo ndi ndale zikhale zovomerezeka kwa zaka zoposa 200. Kumvetsa mfundo za kukhazikitsa Komboli si kofunika chabe kuti mumvetse bwino malamulo a U.S. komanso kuti mukhale ndi makambitsirano a mayiko, kupondereza, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Nkhaniyi ikupereka kupenda kokwanira kwa malamulo a khumi, chiyambi chake cha mbiri yakale, kumasulira, matanthauzo, ndi ntchito zothandiza pankhondo zamakono.

Mbiri Yakale: Kuchokera pa Nkhani za Ufulu Woyenerera Kuloŵa M’malo

Demendment ya khumi sinatuluke . Inali mapeto a mkangano waukulu pakati pa Federalist ndi Anti-Fedalist mkati mwa kupekedwa kwa malamulo. Pansi pa Nkhani za Confederation, boma la dziko linali lofooka dala, ndi ulamuliro wochuluka m'maiko. Makonzedwewa anatsimikizira kukhala osagwira ntchito, kutsogolera ku Msonkhano wa Malamulo wa 1787. Malamulo atsopano anapatsa boma la boma, mphamvu zogaŵidwa mwapadera monga kuyendetsa malonda a boma, kuponya ndalama, ndi kulengeza nkhondo. Koma otsutsa anaopa kuti sangachite bwino kwenikweni pochepetsa ulamuliro wa boma.

Akuti: Anti-Federalist anafuna lamulo la ufulu wa kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Malamulo oyambirira, iwo anatsutsa, angatembenuzidwe kuti alole boma la boma kupereka mphamvu iliyonse imene sinaikanidwe mwachindunji. Poyankha, James Madison analinganiza mpambo wa zobweza, kuphatikizapo zimene zinakhala za Khumi. Kusinthako kunavomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791, monga mbali ya Bill of Rights. Malemba ake amati: “Maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi io ku United States, amasungidwa ku United States, kapena kuimira anthu. Chinenerochi chilo chinatsimikizira lamulo la mphamvu za dziko ndi ulamuliro woŵerengedwa.

Kuti muloŵe m’mikangano ya m'makwalala, funsani Constitution Center ya Demendment Yachisanu [[FLT: 1].

Lemba ndi Tanthauzo: Chimene “Anachisunga” Amatanthauza Kwenikweni

Demendment ya khumi nthaŵi zambiri imafotokozedwa kukhala “kutsutsa boma” chifukwa chakuti silimapereka mphamvu zatsopano; limangowonjezera kapangidwe kamene kakutanthauza kale maulamuliro a boma. Komabe, tanthauzo lake nlochuluka. Kusinthaku kumakhazikitsa lamulo losatha lakuti boma lonse la United States silinapatsidwe mwachindunji ndi mayiko kapena anthu. Lamulo limeneli, lodziŵika monga boma, limapanga dongosolo lolamulira ladziko ndi la maboma omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wapadera.

Chinsinsi cha kumvetsetsa Demendment ya khumi ndi ikuluikulu ndicho kuzindikira kuti ulamuliro wake suyenera kuikidwa m’mbali zonse. Supremacy Claus (Chithunzi VI, Claus 2) imatsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma akupanga malamulo a boma ngopambana pa malamulo a boma otsutsana. Motero Demendment ya khumi imagwira ntchito monga malire pa ulamuliro wa boma: Nyumba za malamulo zikhoza kugwira ntchito m’maulamuliro ake otchulidwa, ndipo lamulo lililonse la boma loposa maulamuliro amenewo silinakhale logwirizana ndi malamulo a boma.

  • Mphamvu za manambala zandandalikidwa makamaka m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8 cha Konsichushoni.
  • Maulamuliro osungidwa amaphatikizapo nkhani za ulamuliro wa kumaloko zonga maphunziro, mphamvu ya apolisi, kugwiritsira ntchito malo, ndi malonda a m'dziko.
  • Mphamvu zoikidwiratu [ za maboma zimaphatikizapo kuloŵa m'mapangano, kudula ndalama, kapena kusokoneza mapangano.

Mawu akuti “kapena kwa anthu” akusonyeza kuti ulamuliro kwenikweni umakhala ndi nzika, ndi kuti ngakhale maboma amaumirizidwa ndi ufulu wosaletsedwa wa anthu. Mawu ameneŵa agwiritsiridwa ntchito m’makambitsirano amakono onena za malo achinsinsi, zoyenera za mfuti, ndi ufulu wosatetezereka.

Kugwirizana ndi Ulamuliro wa Magulu: Kuchirikiza Mabungwe

Demendment ya khumi kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa “kukonzanso kwa maderesi” chifukwa chakuti imakhazikitsa kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma. Madison anatcha makonzedwe ameneŵa kukhala“ dziko logwirizana” mu Federal List No. 51, kumene boma la boma lili ndi ulamuliro wochepa pamene maboma ali ndi mphamvu za apolisi. Uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri umenewu uli ndi ziyambukiro zingapo zothandiza:

  • Malabola a polisi: Madziko angayese njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera nkhani monga zaumoyo, maphunziro, ndi malamulo a malo okhala, kupereka chidziŵitso ndi zitsanzo za malamulo a dziko.
  • Zipilala pa mphamvu ya boma: United States angatokose malamulo a boma m’khoti, ndipo akuluakulu osankhidwa pa mlingo wa boma angakanize malangizo a boma amene amakhulupirira kupitirira malamulo alamulo.
  • Kutetezeredwa kwa makhalidwe a kumaloko: Mibali ya anthu m'dziko lalikulu kumafunikira kuyendetsedwa kumene kumasonyeza miyambo ya chigawo, chuma, ndi zofunika zoyambirira, chinthu chimodzi cha dongosolo launyinji la boma silingapereke nthaŵi zonse.

Komabe, patapita nthaŵi, zinthu zasintha. The New Deal Âge inaona kuwonjezereka kwa ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Communist Clause, ndipo bungwe la Civil Rights linagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wa boma kuchotsa malamulo a boma amene anapititsa patsogolo tsankho la fuko. Zochitika za m’mbiri zimenezi zinadzutsa mafunso onena za ukulu wa mphamvu zosungidwa kaamba ka mabomawo.

Mafotokozedwe a Khoti Lalikulu Koposa

Khoti Lapamwamba lachita mbali yaikulu m'kulongosola malire a Demendment ya khumi. Pamene kuli kwakuti milandu yoyambirira yonga Mcloch v. Maryland [1] (1819) yakhazikitsidwa ulamuliro wa boma, zosankha za pambuyo pake zachirikiza uchifumu wa boma. Pansipa pali malamulo osonkhezera kwambiri.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

M’nkhani yochititsa chidwi imeneyi, khotilo linanena kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi mphamvu zokhazikitsa banki ya dziko, ndi kuti Maryland sakanakhoze kukhoma msonkho ku banki imeneyo chifukwa chakuti “mphamvu ya msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu ya kuwononga. [1] Lingaliro la Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall linalunjikitsa ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Claus Enifase , koma kukhazikitsa Tenth Amendment sikunali maziko a. Mmalomwake, mlanduwo unakhazikitsa malo a kukangana kwa boma la boma mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo lakuti lamulo la boma ndilo lalikulu pamene liikidwa pa ulamuliro walamulo.

United States v. Lopez (1995)

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, khotilo linavomereza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo pansi pa Communist Claus . Lopez , ngakhale kuli tero, Bwalo Lamilandu linagonjetsa Chikalata cha Gun-Free School Zoners cha 1990, kugamula kuti kukhala ndi mfuti pafupi ndi sukulu sikunali kogwirizana kwenikweni ndi malonda a dziko. Chigamulo chimenechi chinasonyeza kubwezeredwanso kwa Demendment cented, kuchepetsa mphamvu za boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti pali ulamuliro pa nkhani zaupandu zakumaloko. [[FLT:] Oyez] tsamba la [FLT:] United States [4] . Lopez .

printz v. United States (1997)

Mu Primpz , Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa kuti boma silingalamulire osungitsa lamulo la boma kuyang'anira kumbuyo pansi pa Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. Lingaliro la Justice Scalia linagogomezera kuti Pemphonement imaletsa Nyumba ya Chilamulo kuchokera ku “uyang'anira” akuluakulu a boma kukhazikitsa maprogramu a boma. Chigamulochi chinalimbikitsa lamulo la ulamuliro wa mbali ziŵiri: boma liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ake kapena malamulo ake kuti ligwirizane, koma sichingathe kuletsa mwachindunji antchito a boma.

New York v. United States (1992)

Asanaike Printz[FLT , khoti linagamula lamulo la boma lomwe linafuna kuti lipereke “ulemu” ku zinyalala za mphamvu ya nyukiliya yotsika ngati iwo analephera kuletsa kutaya kwake. New York v. United States , khoti linagamula kuti Court siingalamulire malamulo a boma kuti akwaniritse zolinga za boma. Chigamulo cha pakati pa zisonkhetso za boma (m.g., ndalama zoyendera) ndi kusapereka chilolezo kapena kulamula.

National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Chilamuliro cha Affordble Care Act chinapulumuka monga msonkho, koma khoti linachepetsa mphamvu ya bungwe la Malamulo la boma la Medicaid pa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama za boma za kuwonjezera Medicaid. Woweruza Wamkulu Roberts analemba kuti akuwopseza kuchotsa ndalama zonse zimene zinalipo Medicaid pokhapo ngati boma linatsutsa Kukonzanso kwa Khumi chifukwa chakuti linadutsa malirewo kuchoka ku “kulimbikitsa” kuloŵa mu“ chipani.

Mphamvu Zotsala: Mabungwe Ogwiritsa Ntchito Polishi

Bungwe la Tenth Amendment limalola mayiko kukambirana nkhani zimene zimafunika kusinthasintha m’madera ena.

Maphunziro

Maphunziro ndi udindo wa boma ndi dziko. Boma lililonse limakhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake ya maphunziro, njira zoperekera ndalama, zofunikira za mphunzitsi, ndi maulamuliro oyesa. Kusiyanasiyana kumeneku kwachititsa kusiyana kwakukulu m'maphunziro. Mwachitsanzo, malingana ndi Massachusetts ndi New Jersey ali ndi sukulu za anthu onse zoyendetsa kwambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti ena akulimbana ndi kusangalatsa ndi kulephera. Ntchito ya boma, kudzera m'maprogramu monga No Child Lend Bend and the All Sveds Act, njokwanira kupereka ndalama ndi kukhazikitsa zonulirapo zambiri.

Kusamalira thanzi

Mayiko ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa zaumoyo m'malire awo. Amayang'anira malonda a inshuwalansi, akatswiri a zachipatala, ndiponso amapatsa Medicaid malangizo a boma. Maboma a Afforditable Care analola mayiko kufutukula Medicaid, ndipo mu 2024, maboma khumi asankha kusawonjezera mlingo winjiri wa mphamvu zawo zoikika. Kuwonjezera apo, maulamuliro monga California ndi New York atsatira malamulo awoawo ndi mapulani a anthu onse, pamene ena atsatira malamulowo kuti achepetse ndalama zowonongedwa.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Mwinamwake chitsanzo chomveka kwambiri cha maulamuliro ongokhala olimbana ndi chamba. Ngakhale kuti boma limaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za Substances Act, maboma oposa 20 aloledwa ndi chida cha chiphaso cha mankhwala kapena zosangalatsa. Boma laboma lasankha kuti lisaumirize lamulo la boma m’mayiko amenewo, polemekeza lamulo la ulamuliro wa aŵiri. Malamulo a boma ameneŵa amasonyeza ntchito ya Tenth Amendment monga chitetezero choletsa malamulo a boma a boma omwe alipo.

Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Mayiko akhala akutsogolera kwambiri pa nkhani ya kuteteza zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, mayiko ena a ku California atsatira kwambiri malamulo oletsa kutulutsa galimoto ndipo achititsa kuti okonza galimoto azipanga magalimoto oyeretsa m’dziko lonselo.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana kwa Nthaŵi Yomweyi

Kulinganiza kwa mphamvu pakati pa maboma ndi boma la boma kudakali imodzi ya nkhani zokangana kwambiri m’ndale za ku America.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

Monga momwe taonera, kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kunayambitsa malo oonekera. Ena ananena kuti boma la boma linali kuwakakamiza kuwonjezera ufulu wokwera mtengo. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu NFIB v. Sebelius anachepetsa kukakamizako, koma nkhondoyo ikupitirizabe. Maboma atsutsanso malamulo a boma a kuletsa kubereka ndi kuchotsa mimba, akutchula Tenth Amendment.

Kulamulira Mfuti

Pambuyo pa kuwombera kwakukulu kwa anthu, Congress inakhazikitsa Bipartisan Safer Community Act mu 2022, yomwe inaphatikiza kupima kwa kumbuyo kwa ogula azaka za 21 ndi kuchirikiza “malamulo ofiira”. Mayiko ambiri apereka mlandu, akumati lamulolo limaphwanya mphamvu zawo zosungidwa kuletsa mfuti. Panthaŵiyi, maboma akhazikitsa malamulo osiyana kwambiri a mfuti. Kuchokera ku Texas kunyamula osaloledwa kunyamula kunyamula maainjini alamulo ku New York .

Thanzi la Covid-19

Mliriwu unayesedwa kwambiri. Boma la boma linapereka malangizo ndi kugawira akatemera, koma boma linapanga zosankha zambiri zokhudza kutsekereza, malamulo a kubisa, ndi kutsekedwa kwa malonda. Ena ananena kuti malamulo a boma a olemba ntchito anaswa lamulo la Khumi Lowonjezera. Malamulo otsutsa OSHA anapambana m’mbali chifukwa makhoti anapeza kuti boma lalanda ulamuliro wake m’madera amene anatsalira m’maboma.

Kuchotsa Mimba Pambuyo pa Madamu

Mu Dobs v. Jackson Akazi Organization ya Umoyo [202], Khoti Lalikulu linalamulira Roe v. Wade ndi kugamula kuti malamulo sapereka kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba. Chosankhacho chija chabwerera ku maboma, amene tsopano ali ndi mphamvu yokwanira yolamulira kapena kutetezera kuchotsa mimba. Izi zikusonyeza kubwezeretsa kochititsa chidwi kwa malamulo a Kusintha kwa Khumi: Boma la boma silinenanso za ulamuliro wa kuchotsa mimba, kusiya boma lililonse kuti ligamule kudalira pa malamulo ake ndi miyezo yake. Chigamulo chakhala kuchotsa mimba kwa mwamsanga kuchokera ku maiko ena.

Mapeto: Kulandiridwa Kokhalitsa kwa Mpambo wa Khumi wa Malamulo

Demendment ya khumi si nkhani ya mbiri yakale ayi. Ndi makonzedwe a moyo amene amapitirizabe kuumba unansi pakati pa boma ndi maboma. Pamene mikangano yokhudza zaumoyo, malamulo a malo okhala, ufulu wa mfuti, ndi malamulo a kakhalidwe ka anthu ikukula, kukonzanso kumathandiza kuti dziko likhale logwirizana ndi ufulu wa dziko. Pamene kumasulira kwa Khoti Lapamwamba kwasintha / nthaŵi zina mphamvu za boma, nthaŵi zina kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa boma, mfundo yaikulu imakhalabe: boma ndi limodzi la mphamvu zoŵerengeka, ndipo ulamuliro wina uliwonse umakhala ndi maboma kapena anthu.

Kumvetsetsa Demendment ya Khumi ndi yofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuvomereza ulamuliro wa Amereka. Kumatikumbutsa kuti malamulo samapatsa boma la boma mphamvu ya apolisi, ndi kuti maboma saali magawo a boma a Washington. Ndi maulamuliro odziimira ndi maboma awo, malamulo, ndi malamulo. Ngati muchirikiza kachitidwe ka boma pa kusintha kwa nyengo kapena kutetezera njira za mankhwala, Tenth Amendment imapereka mawu alamulo kaamba ka mkangano umenewo. Kuti mupitirize kuŵerenga, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Conformation Institute ya Chidziŵitso cha Malamulo cha Teint [1]