Lingaliro la kupambana boma limaimira kulephera kwakukulu kwa kulinganiza kwamphamvu pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu payekha. Kumachitika pamene bungwe lolamulira lilamulira mopitirira malire ololedwa ndi lamulo, malamulo ake, kapena malamulo a maziko a anthu aufulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti maboma ali ndi mphamvu zogwirizana kusungitsa dongosolo, kupereka zinthu pamodzi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti dziko likhale lotetezeka, kuthekera kwa mphamvuzo zogwiritsira ntchito polimbana ndi nzikazo n’kumene kumafuna kuteteza. Kumvetsetsa zochitika za mbiri ndi zamakono za anthu ochenjera ameneŵa sikuli chabe njira yamaphunziro yamaphunziro odziŵa bwino; kuli njira yofunika kusungitsa ufulu umene umapanga maziko a demokrase. Nkhaniyi imapenda nkhani yofunika kwambiri ya boma, kutsutsa zolinga zawo, ndi kutsutsa zotsatira zake, ndi kulongosola zotsatira zake zoipa za mtsogolo.

Njira za kuchenjera n’zosiyanasiyana. Zingaoneke monga zoyendera pang'onopang'ono, zabureaucrates jeng jour journel orgages . Komanso, zingagwire mwamphamvu mphamvu chifukwa cha mantha, nkhondo, kapena mavuto a zachuma. Pafupifupi kulikonse, kulungamitsa kwapanthaŵi yomweyo n’kofanana: chitetezo, kapena ubwino waukulu. Komabe, zotsatira za nthaŵi yaitali zimaonetsa chithunzi chovuta kwambiri ndi chovutitsa. Kuchokera ku kuyang'ana kwa nzika zachinsinsi, kuchenjeza kwa olakwa akale, kuchenjeza mwamphamvu ponena za kudzidalira kwa iwo eni ndi kusoŵako.

Mbiri Yakale ya Kugonjetsa Kopambanitsa kwa Boma

Kulimbana ndi mphamvu zadyera ndi kwakale monga boma lenileni. M'Roma wakale, nthaŵi zina Nyumba ya Malamulo inapatsa wolamulira wankhanza mphamvu zonse panthaŵi ya ngozi, kachitidwe kamene potsirizira pake kanayala njira kaamba ka ulamuliro wankhanza wachikhalire wa Julius Caesar ndi mapeto a Republic. Mwambo walamulo wachingelezi umapereka mbali ina yofunika kwambiri, makamaka nkhondo yolimbana ndi Star Chamber, khoti lotchuka chifukwa cha malamulo ake achinsinsi, nkhani zachinsinsi, ndi kuzunza anthu powachotsa. Kutha kwake mu 1641 kunali chilakiko chachikulu kaamba ka njira yake yoyenerera.

Abambo Okhazikitsidwa a United States, oŵerenga kwambiri m'nkhani zimenezi, anapanga mosamalitsa dongosolo la malamulo lolinganizidwa kuletsa kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro. Anapanga boma la mphamvu zotchulidwa ndi zoletsa tsatanetsatane, monga zija zolembedwa m'Bill of Rights. Komabe, kukongola kosaoneka kwa malamulo olembedwa sikumatsimikizira kusungitsa kwake. Nyumba yoyamba yeniyeniyo yokhazikitsa Alen ndi Sed Reformation Acts, yosonyeza kuti chiyeso cha kuukira sichimachotsedwa pampando wa ulamuliro. Kutsenderezedwa kwa Habeas pa nkhondo ya Civil ndi Woowrow Wilson sikumatsimikizira kusungidwa kwake. Nyumba ya malamulo yoyambirirayo inasonyezanso kuti nyengo ya nkhondo ya dziko lonse ikupanga mapangano a ufulu wa boma.

  • Roman Republic to Empire: Kusintha kunasonyeza mmene mphamvu zangozi za kanthaŵi zingakhalire zipangizo zachikhalire za ulamuliro wa authoritarianism.
  • Chingelezi Star Chamber: Chizindikiro cha ulamuliro wachifumu woposa ufulu wa lamulo lachisawawa ndi chiweruzo chachibadwa.
  • Predents American : Machitidwe a Alien ndi Sedition, Kugwedeza Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, ndi WWI-era zinakhazikitsa njira zovutitsa za kutsendereza kutsutsa.

Kupenda Nkhani 1: The Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

Wodziŵika pakati pa "Quasi-War" ndi France, malamulo anayi onse pamodzi odziŵika monga Alien ndi Sedition Acts anaimira chiyeso choyamba chachikulu cha First Amendment . Federalist Party, yolamulira ponse paŵiri Congress ndi denational pansi pa John Adams, adawopa chisonkhezero cha Afalansa ndi osamukira amene anakonda kuchirikiza Democratic-Republican Party yotsutsa. Chikalata cha Chikhalidwe chinawonjezera chiyeneretso cha kukhala nzika kuyambira 5 mpaka 14 Act. Alien Fries Act inalola preziden wa dzikolo kutumiza prezime aliyense wosakhala chigawa "kuwonongeka ku mtendere ndi chisungiko cha United States" Algien Nea Act kukhazikitsa preziden kapena kumanga dziko lachinyama lankhondo.

Komabe, lamulo lachilendo kwambiri pa anayiwo linali Sedition Act . Kunachititsa kufalitsa "bodza, zonyansa, ndi kulemba kwanjiru" molimbana ndi boma la U.S. Congress, kapena pulezidenti. Lamulo limeneli linali chida cholunjika cholimbana ndi kusagwirizana kwa ndale zadziko. Zilakolako zake zinali za mwamsanga ndi zowopsa. Anthu oposa khumi ndi aŵiri anagwidwa pansi pa Act, kuphatikizapo akonzi a nyuzipepala ndi chiŵalo cha Congress, Matthew Lyon, amene anaponyedwa m’ndende chifukwa cha kutsutsa Pulezidenti Adams. Majaji ndi oweruza anali oopsa kwambiri, kutembenuza makhoti a boma kukhala zida zopondereza.

Zotulukapo ndi Kudandaula

Machitidwe anayambitsa mkupiti wa nkhondo ya ndale zadziko. Thomas Jefferson ndi James Madison anasonkhanitsa mwachinsinsi chikalata cha Kentucky ndi Virginia Resolutions, chimene chinatsutsa kuti maboma anali ndi kuyenera kwa kuchotsa malamulo a boma osagwirizana. Pamene kuli kwakuti chiphunzitso cha kutha kwa dziko chikakhala ndi mbiri yakeyake ya vuto, zigamulo zimenezi zinakhazikitsa nkhani za ufulu wa maboma monga kuyang'ana boma. Kulimbanako kunali kwakukulu ndi kothandizira mwachindunji kusanthula Thomas Jefferson mu 1800, kaŵirikaŵiri kutchedwa "Rvolution of 1800" Jefferson anakhululukira awo omangidwa pansi pa Sedition Act, ndipo malamulo osakondedwa (kuphatikizapo Act Act Act ya Altien) analoledwa kutha kapena kuchotsedwa. Phunzirolo linamveka bwino: [F.]

Kuŵerenga malemba oyambirira a Alien ndi Sedition Machitidwe pa National Archives .

Phunziro Lachiwiri: Kuloŵerera kwa Aamereka a ku Japan (1942 - 944)

Mwinamwake chimodzi cha zochitika zomvetsa chisoni kwambiri za boma lochenjeredwa m'mbiri ya America chinachitika pa Nkhondo Yadziko II. Pambuyo pa kuukira Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt adasaina Order Administraup 906, amene akuluakulu ankhondo analamulira kutchula "madera ankhondo" kumene anthu onse akanachotsedwa. Pamene lamulolo silinatchule gulu la fuko linalake, linagwiritsiridwa ntchito mokakamiza kuchotsa ndi kuchititsa anthu pafupifupi 1200,000 a fuko la Japan, aŵiri mwa iwo anali nzika za ku America. Kachitidwe kameneka kanali kochirikizidwa ndi zaka makumi ambiri za tsankho la fuko, nsanje, ndi nkhondo.

Chilungamo cha boma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Malo osungirako anthu," anali m'madera abwinja ndi ozunguliridwa ndi waya yamphamvu ndi alonda. Mabanja anapatsidwa masiku akutaya nyumba zawo, mabizinesi, ndi chuma, kuwonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kwa chuma koyerekezeredwa ndi miyezo yamakono.

Chimaliziro cha Malamulo ndi Kupepesa kwa Mtundu

Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza kusagwirizana kwa lamulo m'nkhani zonga Korendatsu v. United States [1] (1944), chigamulo chimene chakhala chikutsutsidwa kwambiri. Woweruza Robert H. Jackson adanena kuti mlanduwo unali woyambirira, kuchenjeza kuti chigamulocho chidzakhala ngati “chida cholemera" chokonzekera ulamuliro uliwonse wa m’tsogolo. Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, panabuka umboni wakuti akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Mkulu wa FBI J. Edgar Hoover ndi Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo, adaletsa kugamula kuti anthu a ku Japan sanachite chiwopsezo chankhondo.

Zotsatira za kuchenjera kumeneku zinali zowononga. Mibadwo ina yovutika ndi kusoŵa ufulu, ulemu, ndi kukhulupirira boma lawo. Chikalata cha Civil Liberès Act cha 1988, chosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan, chinapepesa ndi kupereka masinthidwe a $200,000 kwa aliyense wotsala. Nkhaniyi ili chitsanzo champhamvu cha kulephera kwa a judiciary kutetezera anthu ochepa ndi ngozi ya kulola kusokoneza kofala kuchotsa malamulo otetezera. Ilo limagogomezera mfundo yakuti Malamulo ayenera kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa mphamvu, osati wa anthu ambiri.

Kuwonjezapo chidziŵitso cha ku Japan ku America kupyolera m'zopangidwa ku Smithsonian Magazine [[FL:1].

Kupenda Nkhani 3: Lamulo la USA PATRIOTT (2001)

Zigaŵenga zinaukira boma pa September 11, 2001, ndipo zimenezi zinachititsa kuti boma lizilimbana ndi anthu oukira boma.

Makonzedwe otsutsana kwambiri a Chikalatachi anali "kuyendayenda pa mawaya a foni" (amene ankalola kuti munthu aonedwe ngati akulandira pulogalamuyo mmalo mwa chipangizo), kupezeka ku "mafaketi a makampani" (kuphatikizapo zolembedwa za laibulale ya zamankhwala, ndi zolembedwa za ndalama) pa chigawo 215, ndi kutsata kwa National Security Letters (NSSLs) komwe kunali ndi malamulo oletsa olandira madiscrect kupempha. Boma lina linatsutsa zida zimenezi kuti litsutse zigawe ziwe. Komabe, kufufuza, makamaka ndi Depa la Chiweruzo, linavumbula nkhanza ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza kofala kwa maulamuliro ameneŵa.

Mavumbulutso a Chipale Chofeŵa ndi Kusintha Koyenera

Chikalata cha Patriot Act chinaululidwa kwa anthu mu 2013 ndi woimba foni Edward Snowden. Mawu akusonyeza kuti bungwe la National Security Agency (MSA) linali kusonkhanitsa matelefoni a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America amene sanaonedwe kuti ndi mlandu uliwonse. Chivumbulutsochi chinayambitsa mkangano wa dziko lonse wokhudza kusamalana ndi zachinsinsi. Makhoti anatseka pulogalamu ya metametal kuti siinali yovomerezeka, ndipo bungwe la Congresslo linapereka bungwe la USA Freedom Act mu 2015 kuti athetse ntchitoyi.

Zotsatira za Patriot Act zikumvekabe. Kudalira kuyang'anira kwa boma kwawonongeka kwambiri. Chiyambukiro cha "kudzikhudzira" pa kulankhula ndi kugwirizana . Kumene anthu amadziwo amaopa kuyang'aniridwa ndi boma, ndiko kuopsa kwa kuyang'anira kofala. Kutsutsanaku kukupitirizabe lerolino pa kulembedwa kwa "kubwerera kumbuyo" ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa mphamvu zolamulira zopanda lamulo pansi pa chigawo cha FISA 702. Mbiri ya Patriot Act imasonyeza kuti malamulo akudutsa m'mkhalidwe wowopsa, popanda kuyang'anira koyenera, akhoza kukhala zida zamakono zoyang'anira.

ACLU imapereka kusweka kwa tsatanetsatane kwa mphamvu zoyang’anira pansi pa Patriot Act .

Malo Oloŵerera Kwambiri

Zomwe zachitika polimbana ndi boma sizimangopezeka m’mabuku a mbiri yakale okha. Zochitika zaposachedwapa zimapereka njira yabwino yopendera kusagwirizana kopitirizabe pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Mliri wa padziko lonse wa Covid padziko lonse unakhazikitsa ziletso zosayerekezereka pa kuyenderana, kusonkhana, ndi zamalonda. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto a zaumoyo amalungamitsa mlingo wakutiwakuti wa kuloŵerera kwa mwadzidzidzi, utali ndi kuchuluka kwa malo otsekera, sukulu, ndi malamulo a akatemera anayambitsa mikangano yamphamvu ponena za kaya zochita zofunikira zaumoyo wa anthu onse kapena kupitirira ulamuliro wa boma woyenerera.

Mogwirizana ndi zimenezi, kuwonjezeka kwa boma kwadzutsa nkhaŵa ponena za "nthambi yachinayi ya boma". Mabungwe akuluakulu, ogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu zopanga malamulo ndi kuŵerengera kochepa kwa ovota, angapange malamulo amene amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa zachuma ndi wa munthu. Chiphunzitso chosaikidwa ndi boma, lamulo lokhudza kuti Nyumba za Malamulo sizingapatsire mphamvu zake za boma ku mabungwe a akuluakulu, zakhala zopanda mphamvu, zikumasonkhezera kudzutsanso. Ndiponso, makambitsirano pa malamulo apamwamba a boma oletsa kuchotsa mimba, kuyang'anira nkhani za manyuzipepala, kapena kuwonjezera maphunziro a za pasukulu kuphulitsa mwambo wa American, kumene maulamuliro osiyanasiyana amayesa malire a mphamvu zawo pa munthu payekha.

Maphunziro Opirira kaamba ka Chitaganya cha Ufulu

Kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro a m'malamulo a nkhani zimenezi kumavumbula njira yosasintha. Choyamba, malamulo ayenera kukhala otetezereka, osati ongotsatira. Boma lingatsatire malamulo ake ndi kuchitabe zinthu zopanda chilungamo. Ufulu weniweni umafunikira kuti malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo a maziko a dongosolo loyenera, chitetezo cholingana, ndi mawu aufulu. Kufufuza malamulo a malamulo kuyenera kuchirikizidwa ndi anthu ndi judiaary kuti awatsatire.

Chachiŵiri, mphamvu za kulolera zili ndi kukhalitsa kowopsa. Miyeso yopangidwa poyankha vuto kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala ndi vutolo. Kusintha kwa dzuŵa kumakhala kwatsopano. Maganizo amphamvu a kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa, ofuna kulembedwanso kwa malamulo, ndizo zida zofunika. Chotero ndi ntchito yolembedwa ndi nyuzipepala yokayikitsa. Ofalitsa nkhani anachita mbali yaikulu m'ma 1790 potsutsa Sedition Act, monga momwe atolankhani amakono ndi oimba aulutsa mabomba avumbula kulephera kwa chitetezo cha dziko.

Chachitatu, kulephera kwa boma ndi kupatukana kwa maulamuliro si mfundo zachikale. Ndizo makonzedwe a ufulu. Pamene nthambi imodzi kapena mlingo wa boma ukhala wopambanitsa, ina ingatumikire monga kuyang'anira. Maloya a boma akuzenga boma, Mabungwe okana kupereka maprogramu a boma, ndi oweruza kuswa malamulo apamwamba oletsedwa ndizo mbali zonse za dongosolo lolinganizidwa kugaŵidwa ndi kutetezera munthu. Phunziro kwa nzika limakhalabe lokayikitsa kwambiri za kupereka mphamvu, osati kukomera kwake. Chigamucho sichili ntchito ya nthaŵi zonse, koma ntchito yachikhalire. [FLT:]

Kumaliza

Mbiri ya kuchenjera kwa boma ndi nthano yochenjeza ya mtundu uliwonse. Kuyambira pa Alien ndi Sedition Machitidwe kufikira pa kuyang'aniridwa kwa anthu kwa makompyuta, njira imabwereza: kuopsa kapena tsoka, kupatsidwa mphamvu yapadera, kulungamitsidwa, ndi kuŵerengera zotsatirapo za ufulu wotayika. Nkhani yofufuzidwa pano si zochitika zokha koma zizindikiro za chitokoso chobwerezabwereza ku ulamuliro .

Kuzindikira zitsanzo za m'mbiri zimenezi ndi njira yoyamba yomangira njira yolimba kwambiri yotetezera mtsogolo. Chikhalidwe chaufulu sichidalira pa ubwino wa atsogoleri ake, koma ndi mabungwe amphamvu a manyuzipepala aulere, abusa odziimira okha, audindo atcheru, ndi kumamatira kwambiri ku malamulo alamulo. Pamene tikuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano. Luntha lapadziko lonse, mavuto a zaumoyo, ndi ziwopsezo za kusungika kwa nzeru zakale zimagwira ntchito monga chitsogozo chofunika kwambiri. Kufufuza kotheratu kwa boma la Ochita zinthu ndi anthu omwe amafuna ufulu wake kukhala wosasinthika, ndi mphamvu zake zonse, zikukhalabe ndi mlandu wokwanira kuvomereza kwa olamulira.