Chiyambi: Chitokoso Cholimbikira cha Ndalama m’Ndale Zadziko

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, kusintha kwa ndawala za ndawala zakhala imodzi ya nkhani za mkangano ndi zosatha m'ndale za America. Pamaziko ake, gulu lokonza zinthu limafuna kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chosatha cha opereka chuma, makampani, ndi zikondwerero zapadera, pamene kuli kwakuti kukuwonjezereka kwa kuonekera ndi kuŵerengerana kwa mmene masankho amayendetsedwa. Pakati pa mkangano umenewu ndi Makomiti a Political Act (PACs), mabungwe amene amakweza ndi kuwononga ndalama kuti asonkhetse masankho. Komabe, Sali onse a PCC ali ofanana. Kukwera kwa [FLT: 0] ndi kusagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma PCC [oct:] . Anthu amene sagwirizana mwalamulo ndi ogwirizana ndi woloŵa mpikisano, gulu, kapena bungwe la opanga ndalama, omwe amapanga zitopeto zokopa ndi osintha zinthu. Mabungwewa amagwira ntchito ndi chuma, kaŵirikaŵiri, ndi kuyesayesa kwaunika ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwaulerensi kwa ufulu wauchi.

PACIS yosagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma PC tsopano amalamulira mbali yaikulu ya ndalama zandale. Mosiyana ndi makampani, ntchito, kapena bungwe la zamalonda lotchedwa PACs, limene lili ndi gulu linalake ndipo lingapemphe zopereka kuchokera ku magulu olongosoledwa ndi ma PACIC kuchokera ku quat state aakulu a opereka ndipo ali omasuka kulondola nthaŵi zambiri mbali imodzi kapena mapulogalamu a zandale. Kukula kwawo, makamaka pambuyo pa chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Citizens United . FFEC[FLT:] (20) , lafulumiza kutuluka kwa "ndalama" ndi zopereka ndalama zaumwini kuloŵa m'masankhomo. Kumvetsetsa chiyambukiro cha mabungwe ameneŵa pa ndale ya za ndale ya zachuma nkhamakulukulukulu m'kusintha chisankhoma chigani cha dziko la America.

Kodi Mabuku Opanda Ogwirizana Nchiyani?

Kufotokoza ndi Kusiyana Kwalamulo

PAC ndi komiti ya ndale zadziko yopanda kugwirizanitsidwa imene siinapangidwa, kuperekedwa, kapena kulamulidwa ndi wobatizidwa, chipani cha ndale zadziko, kapena gulu / gulu la ntchito. Pansi pa Federal Eutsation Campaignment Act (FACA), makomiti ameneŵa ayenera kulembetsa ndi Federal Evolution Commission (FEC) ndipo ayenera kutsata malamulo akutiakutiakuti, koma amagwira ntchito ndi malamulo ocheperapo ogwirizana ndi PCs. Mawu akuti "non not - ogwirizanitsidwa ndi PC" amaphatikizapo magulu aŵiri aunyito:

  • Ya m'malamulo osalumikizidwa ndi komiti ya CC (multidate PCs): Ma PAC ameneŵa amalandira zopereka zofikira $5,000 pachaka kwa anthu, ndipo angapereke ndalama zokwana $5,000 pa chisankho chilichonse ku komiti ya ofunsira kapena ya chipani. Komabe, palibe malire a ndalama zimene angawononge pa zotafuna zawo paokha [1] Kutembenuza kapena kulankhulana ndi ena amene amachirikiza kwambiri chisankho kapena kugonjetsedwa kwa wobatizidwa .
  • . FEC PAC . [makomiti odalira ndalama zowonongedwa]: [FLT :] adalengedwa pambuyo pa D.C. Khoti la Gawo logamula SpeechNOW . . . FEC [2010] [makomiti], makomiti ameneŵa angakweze ndalama zosamaliritsa kuchokera kwa anthu, makampani, maukwati, ndi magulu ena. Ma PPAC amaletsedwa kupanga zopereka mwachindunji kwa oyembekezera kapena zipani, koma angawononge ndalama zawo pa zodziimira paokha. Iwo ayenera kupereka lipoti kwa FEC, koma mabanki, monga kugwiritsira ntchito "bizinesi zosakhala za projeti, zopimira ndalama zosazo.

Mitundu yonse iŵiri ya ma PAC osalumikizidwa imakhala ndi mbali yaikulu: kudziimira. Samayang'ana ku zosankha za kampeni ya atsogoleri a chipembedzo, zimene zimawapatsa kusinthika kwakukulu koma zimayambitsanso nkhaŵa za kuŵerengera mlandu ndi kuwonekera.

Mmene Amalemerera ndi Kuwononga Ndalama

PACIC yosagwirizanitsidwa imadalira pa njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera ndalama. Ambiri amamangidwa pa nkhani yalamulo yapadera ya malamulo . Mwachitsanzo, chitetezo cha malo okhala, ufulu wa mfuti, kapena kusintha kwa msonkho . ndi kukopa mofanana ndi opereka ndalama kumanja, makampani, ndi zochitika zapamwamba za dzuŵa. Ena amasumika maganizo kwambiri, monga ngati kuti ali ndi ufulu kapena kuti ali ndi ufulu kapena kuti ali ndi ufulu wochita zinthu. Chifukwa chakuti salephera ndi ndalama zofanana zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku makomiti a gulu la anthu kapena mipikisano yapamwamba, PACIC , makamaka ndalama zochokera kwa anthu olemera kapena chuma cha makampani. M'kaundunji wapamwamba wa makampani otchuka wokwezetsa malonda opitirira madola 10,000. Ndalama zimenezi sizikupitidwa ndi kutumiza malonda a pa TV, ndi kutumiza mauthenga otsatsa malonda, ndi kutumiza mauthenga otsatitsa malonda, ndi kutumiza makalata, kaŵirikaŵiri kutumiza ndalama kuchokera ku kampani ya opikisana kwa anthu olemera.

Kuyambika kwa Mapale Opanda Anthu Ogwirizana: Chiphunzitso cha Mbiri Yakale

Mbadwo wamakono wa PACICs unayamba mu 1970 ndi masinthidwe a pambuyo pa Watergate ophatikizidwa mu FECA. Lamulo linakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima pa zopereka ndi kupanga bungwe la PC kulola anthu kusonkhanitsa chuma chawo. Kwa zaka, ma PC ambiri anagwirizana ndi makampani, kapena makampani a malonda. Komabe, pofika 1990, "Lance PCs" ndi "Giderippacs" (lolamulidwa ndi andale zadziko kaamba ka ulendo ndi ndalama) anawonjezeka. Magulu enieni a kusankhidwawo analoŵa m’makampani [FGOK: NN3] ndi kuwonjezera ndalama za anthu ogwirizana. Magulu a anthu ambiri a m'dziko lapansi, makamaka amene analephera kugonjetsa zopereka zawo za ufulu wa ufulu, zimene zinalephera kuwonjezera pa makampani ndi makampani, [FTNNNN] ndipo zinasintha ndi kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zopereka za ufulu wa anthu. Makampani ena, ndipo zinawonjezera kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Lerolino, ma PAC ndi mapulogalamu achikhalire m'masankho a boma. Malinga ndi Opensecrets, m'nyengo ya 2022, yosalumikizidwa, ma PAC (kuphatikizapo ma PPAC) owonongedwa kupitirira $2,500,000,000, kuŵerengera ndalama zoposa 30% za kunja. Chisonkhezero chawo chimatchulidwa kwambiri m'mabwalo a malamulo ndi m'mipikisano ya nyumba, kumene ndalama zodziimira pazokha zimaphimba kuwonongedwa kwa ntchito za boma.

Kusintha Ndalama Kunathandiza

Chiyambukiro cha ma PAC osagwirizanitsidwa pa kusintha kwa zandalama nchakuya ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri sichimakwaniritsa zonulirapo za osintha zinthu. Pansipa tipenda mbali zinayi zazikulu kumene madongosolo ameneŵa amasinthanso mkhalidwe.

Kuchuluka kwa Ndalama ndi Kuthamanga kwa Fuko la Armes

Ma PAC osalumikizidwa awonjezera kwambiri chiwonkhetso cha ndalama zopitira ku masankho. Mosiyana ndi makomiti oyembekezera, amene amayang'anizana ndi malire a ndalama ndipo ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoikidwiratu, APACIPU Akhoza kukweza ndi kutaya popanda denga. Zimenezi zayambitsa "mpikisano wa zida" m'mene magulu achifuniro, ndi anthu olemera onse akuona kuti akukakamizika kutaya ndalama zambiri m'mipikisano. Chotulukapo ndicho njira imene wofunsira wochulukayo amakhala ndi phindu lalikulu, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe wawo kapena zikondwerero zaudzu. Zoyesayesa za kusintha zofuna kuchepetsa ntchito ya ndalama zazikulu nthaŵi zonse zimasokonezedwa ndi kukhoza kwa PC kuti ayendere ndi kusefukira kwa mphepo.

Mavuto Oona Malo ndi "Ndalama Zopanda Ntchito"

Mwinamwake vuto lalikulu kwambiri la kuonekera kwa anthu limachokera ku kukhoza kwa PCAC kubisa magwero oyambirira a ndalama. Pamene kuli kwakuti Super PACs imafunikira kuvumbula operekawo, iwo angalandire ndalama kuchokera ku mabungwe osapanga phindu monga 501 (c)(4) "magulu a anthu, amene safunikira kuvumbula opereka ndalama zawo. Kachitidwe kameneka, kaŵirikaŵiri otchedwa "ndalama zobisika," kamalola anthu olemera ndi mabungwe kutsegulira zigaŵenga popanda chidziŵitso cha onse. M'ma 20222, ndalama zowonongedwa ndi anthu osagwirizana ndi APAC zimafika pafupifupi $300 miliyoni, mogwirizana ndi Bren Center ya Chilungamo. Osintha zinthu aitana kwa nthaŵi yaitali malamulo amphamvu, koma osagwirizana ndi malamulo kutsutsa kuchuluka kwa malamulo alamulo. Mgwirizano wapamwamba wa kuzungulira ndalama kudzera m'magulu aundang’ono mwa kampani yosadziŵika bwino kwambiri ya kuyendetsa uthengawo.

Kuposa Malire a Zopereka

Pa Cs PaCs isanatuluke, malamulo a boma anaikidwa mwachindunji zopereka kwa oyembekezera kukwera mtengo pa masankho (oikidwa pa kukwera mtengo). Malamulo amenewo amagwirabe ntchito ku zopereka za anthu ndi za PaCs ku masewera. Komabe, osalumikizidwa kwenikweni, Super PACs .Pas .Anawononga ndalama zosatha pa ndalama zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito paokha zimene zimapindulitsa wodwalayo, kupitirira malire olinganizidwa a lamulolo. Mwachitsanzo, chivomerezo chikwi chikwi chimodzi sichingaperekenso $2,7 miliyoni kwa munthu wochitapo kanthu, koma chingapereke ndalama zofananazo ku MPUPC imene imachirikiza chiyambukiro chosaletseka, chimene chimapanganso chiyambukiro chothandiza chothandiza, chimene chimatsutsa kuchepetsa kuwonekera kwa kachiphuphu. [FFoctive]

Zosangalatsa Zapadera ndi Zaching’ono

Ma PAC kaŵirikaŵiri ali odzigwirizanitsa okha kapena mabungwe okhwimitsa maganizo. Iwo amaimira zikondwerero za maindasitale apadera, monga ngati chigawo cha zotsala za mafuta kapena maindasitale a mankhwala, kapena amasonkhezera kuwonedwa kwa dziko, monga ngati kuchirikiza kapena kuchitapo kanthu kopitiriza. Chifukwa chakuti ma PC ameneŵa sadziŵerengera mlandu wa kusanthula kokulira kapena kwa atsogoleri a gulu la anthu, iwo angakhoze kutenga malo opambanitsa kapena kusungitsa malonda otsutsa kwambiri kuti wofuna kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera satha kusokoneza. Kulimbikitsa kwapadera kumeneku kungasokoneze mkangano wapo ndi anthu, kukakamiza odzipereka kuchirikiza opereka chithandizo kumbuyo kwa PaC mmalo mwa ovota olengeza. Osintha zinthu pofuna kuchepetsa kuchotsa ndalama m'ndale zimenezi kuti apeze kuti asinthe, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwawo kwa anthu olephera.

Mavuto Olimbana ndi Kusintha Zinthu

Malo a PC osalumikizidwa amapanga zopinga za konkiri kaamba ka makonzedwe alionse a malamulo kapena auyang’aniro. Pansipa pali ena a mavuto okhalitsa.

Zikhoterero za Malamulo ndi Zopinga za Malamulo

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhala likumasulira ndawala yowonongedwa monga mtundu wa kulankhula kotetezeredwa ndi Lamulo Loyamba. M' Citizens United, khoti linagamula kuti boma silingachepetse ndalama zowonongedwa ndi mabungwe, maukwati, kapena mayanjano ena. Pamakampani osagwirizana. Kuyesayesa kulikonse kuti achepetse ndalama zawo kapena kukhoza kukweza ndalama zawo mosalekeza n’kuyang'anizana ndi vuto lalamulo. Malamulo a Reformation, monga momwe DICLOS Act (ikufuna kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri za opereka mphatso), apitirira nthaŵi zambiri koma omangidwa m'nyumba, chifukwa cha kutsutsa kopanda ufulu. Malamulo atha, atha kuvomerezanso, kulephera, monga momwe amachitira ndi kulephera kuweruza motsutsana ndi kulephera, kapena kulephera kutsutsa.

Zopangapanga Zocholoŵana Zimene Zimaphimba Chisonkhezero

Malo a ndalama a PACI osakhala ogwirizanitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala opeputsa dala. Paskha mmodzi yekha angalandire zopereka kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya LLC ndi zopindulira, zimene pambuyo pake zimalandira ndalama kuchokera ku mabungwe ena. "Ndalama zomangitsa" zotsatirapo zalamulo" kaŵirikaŵiri zimaipangitsa kukhala yovuta kwambiri kwa atolankhani, magulu olonda, ndi oyendetsa zinthu kuti apeze magwero enieni a ndalama zowonongedwa. Kuvutako kumatumikira monga chopinga kukonzanso, chifukwa chakuti chofunika chatsopano chifunikira kuchitidwa mosamalitsa kuti apeŵe zotulukapo zosayembekezeredwa kapena mavuto alamulo, ndipo kusungitsa kufunikira chuma chimene FEC isoŵa.

Kutsutsa Ndale Zadziko

Akuluakulu ambiri osankhidwa amapindula ndi dongosolo lamakono. Ma PC osagwirizana kaŵirikaŵiri amawononga ndalama zambiri kuchirikiza anthu opikisana kwambiri . ndipo monga chotulukapo, opanga malamulo ambiri amakana "kuthandiza dzanja limene limawapatsa chakudya" kuwonjezerapo, onse aŵiri ayamba kudalira ndalama zambiri zimene ma PAC amene sagwirizana nawo amatsata m'masewero, kutsatsa malonda, ndi kusonkhanitsa. Monga chotulukapo, kuchirikiza kwa kampani ya projekiti ya projectis n’kosoŵa. Ngakhale pamene ndalama zosintha za kukonzanso zinthu zasintha zinthu zasintha, kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi mavuto amene amawafooketsa.

Kukakamiza ndi Kuletsa

FEC yakhala ndi mbiri yomveka bwino. Oyang'anira ake asanu ndi mmodzi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PCs . angagwiritse ntchito njira imeneyi yosagwirizana ndi oyembekezera (imene si yovomerezeka kwa otsatsa malonda) kapena kulephera kulemba malipoti apanthaŵi yake. Bungwelo limalepheretsanso kuŵerengera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zake zambirimbiri za PC zimene zimatumiza malipoti a . Chifukwa chake, zofunika zambiri pa mabuku omasulira nkhanizo siziyang'aniridwa bwino, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kuphwanya malamulo kumakhala kusalangidwa kapena kuthetsedwa ndi zopeka pa zokongola zambiri pambuyo pa kusankhidwako.

Kufufuza za Mlandu: Zolembedwa Zosagwirizanitsidwa Zikugwira Ntchito

Kuti timvetse mmene ma PaC athandizira anthu osagwirizana ndi dzikolo, tiyeni tione zitsanzo ziwiri izi:

Chisankho cha 2020 Priestal Evolution: Magulu akunja, olamuliridwa ndi Super PACS monga Priest Action (Hrieting Joe Biden) ndi America First Action (Kuchirikiza Donald Trump), kukweza ndi kuthera pafupifupi $1 biliyoni pa zowonongedwa zaumwini. Ndalama zambiri zimenezi zinachokera kwa opereka ndalama zowonjezereka. Mosasamala kanthu kwa oyembekezera kusintha zinthu, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha ndalama zazikulu, chenicheni chinali chakuti mipikisano yonse iŵiriyo inadalira kwambiri pa magulu a kunjawa. Pambuyo pa chisankho, panalibe ndawala yaikulu ya ndawala yopereka ndalama.

Act ya DISCLOSE ndi Kulephera Kwake Kobwerezabwereza: Act , yoyamba kuyambitsidwa mu 2010 poyankha Citizens United, ingafunikire magulu odzifunira operekera ndalama kuti aulule opereka ndalama zokwanira $100,000 kapena kuposa. Mtengowo unapitirira Nyumba ya Democraticho mu 2010, 2014, 2019, ndi 20222, koma nthaŵi iliyonse unafera m'Banga, wotsekedwa ndi msanganizo wa Republican ndi Delican . Mphamvu yandale ya osakhala ogwirizana ndi ogwirizana. Mapangano ambiri a PCCC . Zilizo zambiri zimene zinatsutsa ndalamazo, monga zilengero zawo zowa, ndi kulengeza malonda.

Kupita Patsogolo: Kusintha Zinthu ndi Ziyembekezo Zawo

Poona kuti vutoli n’lovuta, anthu ofuna kusintha zinthu apereka njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera vuto la mapulogalamu apamwamba a P.

Kulimbitsa Zofunika za Kusunga

Chikalata chochirikizidwa kwambiri chosinthira zinthu ndicho kuvumbula. Kufunsa onse amene sakugwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo amene amalandira ndalama kuchokera ku ndalama zopanda phindu lakuda, kuvumbula magwero oyambirira a ndalama zawo kukapatsa ovota mphamvu kupanga zosankha zodziŵika. Dixcose Act ndilo chikalata chotsogolera cha malamulo, koma njira yake ikufuna kuti Khoti loletsa ndi chipani chachimuna chokhala ndi chiletso chotetezera kapena kusintha malamulo. Kapena, FEC ikhoza kutsendereza malamulo ake popereka lipoti, koma bungwelo limafuna chivoti chachikulu chimene sichikuchitika. Njira ina ndi yoyang'anira boma yofuna kumasulira makampani onse a boma ndipo inamangidwa ndi Pulezidenti Obama mu 2011 ndipo inalimbikitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti Biden mu 2022.

Kupitikiza Ntchito za Mkupiti

Malamulo onga "Fair Elouts Now Act" angapereke ndalama zoyenderana kwa anthu kaamba ka zopereka zazing'ono za dilor , kuchepetsa chisonkhezero kwa oyembekezera kulondola zopereka zazikulu kuchokera ku PC. Maboma ena, monga ngati Maine ndi Arizona, atengera njira za ndalama za anthu ndi chipambano. Komabe, kupereka ndalama kwa boma kukafuna malamulo atsopano ndi kutumiza ndalama, zimene ziri zovuta kwambiri m'zandale. Ngakhale ngati kuvomerezedwa, ma PC kukana kupitirizabe kugwira ntchito, chotero ndalama za anthu okha si njira yothetseratu.

Kusintha Kochitidwa pa Malamulo

Kwa awo amene amakhulupirira zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu ndilo muzu wa vutolo, chothetsera chokha chachikhalire ndicho kusintha kwa malamulo kugwetsa [[FLT: 0] Citimans United ndi zosankha zina zogwirizana. Maboma ambiri apereka zigamulo zoitanira kaamba ka kukonzanso koteroko, ndipo "Ife People" Kusintha kwayambitsidwa mobwerezabwereza m'Malamulo. Komabe, kuchirikiza malamulo kumafuna zigawo zazikulu ziŵiri mu zipinda zonse ziŵiri ndi kutchuka ndi zigawo zitatu za . Ngakhalenso, gululo limasungabe nkhaniyo kukhala yamoyo ndi kukhazikitsa msonkhano kwa osintha.

Kusintha kwa FEC

Njira ina ndiyo kukonzanso Federal Ecommust Commission kuti ikhale yogwira mtima kwambiri. Maprojekiti amaphatikizapo kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha akuluakulu a boma kukhala atatu kapena asanu, kapena kuwaika ku sileti yosakhala ya apartisantiki kuti achepetse pulogalamu. Masinthidwe ameneŵa angathandize kukhazikitsa malamulo amene alipo ndipo angapereke mano a bungwelo kuti atsatire malamulo osagwirizana. Koma kusintha kulikonse kwa FEC kuyenera kutsatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo gululo nthaŵi zambiri limakana kupereka ulamuliro wowonjezereka ku bungwe limene lingagwiritsiridwe ntchito motsutsana ndi bungwelo.

Mapeto: Chiyambukiro Chokhalitsa cha Mapapilo Osakhala Ogwirizanitsidwa

Mapale osalumikizidwa asinthanso dongosolo la zachuma la ndawala za mkupiti, ndipo, kuchokera ku kukonzanso, kwakukulukulu. Iwo awonjezera ndalama zowonongedwa, kuchepetsa kuonekera kwa zinthu, kutheketsa kuchotsa malire a zopereka, ndi kupereka zikondwerero zapadera kukhala mawu opatuka. Chitetezero chawo chalamulo pansi pa Coyamba Reconsoletion, kuphatikizapo kukhazikitsa dongosolo la ndale zopinga ndi kutsutsa kwa ndale zadziko, kumayambitsa kusintha kwakukulu. Komabe kukakamiza kwa kusintha zinthu kopitirizabe, kosonkhezeredwa ndi kuipitsidwa ndi kusokonezeka kwa dongosolo landale. Zilizo ngati ndi malamulo otembenuzidwa, kapena mwa kusintha kopambanitsa kwa lamulo, cholinga chimakhalabe: kupanga dongosolo la ndawala la za ndawala, lovomerezeka, ndi loyenera. Chisonkhetso cha PC chikadalire cha anthu osagwirizana ndi chiwongo

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa kapangidwe ndi malamulo a PALIS yosagwirizanitsidwa, funsani Khomu la Chisankho la PaC . Kupenda kolongosoledwa kwa mphamvu ya makomiti ameneŵa kumapezeka pa [[FLT:] Brenan Center ya Chilungamo [[FLT:] ndi [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] Mapangano a .