Maziko a Njira Yoyenerera: Si Kalembedwe Kalamulo Kokha

Malamulo a boma si lamulo lokha ayi; ndi lonjezo lamoyo kuti boma lidzasamalira munthu aliyense mosakondera. Linakhazikitsidwa pa Malamulo achisanu ndi 14 a U.S., limagwira ntchito ngati chitetezero choletsa mphamvu zopanda lamulo. Lachisanu Lamphumphu limagwira ntchito ku boma la boma, likulengeza kuti palibe munthu amene “adzachotsedwa m’moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda dongosolo lalamulo.

Kuzindikira njira yake yoyenerera kumafuna kuzindikira nthambi zake ziŵiri zosiyana: procedtural ndi yopitira. Project productive project project imadetsa nkhaŵa [] [masitepeto ndi kuteteza boma liyenera kutsatira lisanachotse ufulu kapena phindu. Substant project yoyenerera [ imakhudza zimene ].[67]

Zimene Amachita: Masewera Abwino

Project imatsimikizira kuti pamene boma lichitapo kanthu motsutsana ndi munthu, limachita zimenezo mwa njira yooneka bwino, yolosera, ndi yosakondera. Zofunika kwambiri [1] n’zopanda pake , , kumveka kuti amvedwe [, ndi [FLT] wopanga [[FLT:] sangakhale zolinga zachikale.

Mwachitsanzo, boma lisanachotse ufulu wa kholo wosunga ana, liyenera kudziŵitsa khololo za mlanduwo ndi kulola kuti lipereke umboni ndi mboni.

  • Tchesi: Boma liyenera kukudziŵitsani milandu kapena zochita zimene zikukuchitikirani, ndi tsatanetsatane wokwanira kukonzekera chitetezo.
  • Unyinji kuti umvedwe: Muyenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wotsimikizirika wa kupereka mbali yanu, kuphatikizapo kuitana mboni, kuyambitsa umboni, ndi oneneza otsutsa opingasa.
  • Khoti la tsankho: Woweruza kapena ofisala wakumva ayenera kukhala wosatenga mbali ndipo wosafuna phindu laumwini kapena landalama pa zotulukapo.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States lakhazikitsa kuyesa kofeŵa kuti lione ngati ntchito iyenera kuchitika m’nthaŵi yapadera, kulinganiza chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kusoŵa kolakwika, ndi chikondwerero cha boma cha kuyendetsa zinthu. Mathews v. Eldridge [1] , khoti linakhulupirira kuti kumvetsera koonekeratu sikufunikira nthaŵi zonse; mlingo wa kachitidwe kake umadalira pa mawu apatsogolo. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera si yotetezera ufulu umodzi woyenerera koma imasungidwa kumene iwo ali ofunikira kwambiri.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Ufulu Wofunika

Njira yoyenerera yotetezera imaposa njira yotetezera ufulu wina wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa boma . Ngakhale kuti njirayo ndi yabwino chotani. Khoti Lapamwamba lamasulira Gemeter ya 14 kuti litetezere ufulu “wozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi miyambo ya mtundu umenewu.” Zimenezi zikuphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kukwatira — kuphatikizapo ukwati wa mafuko (] Lovang v. Virginia [1], 1967) ndi ukwati wa mtundu umodzi ([FLT:] Obergefell v. Hodges , 2015).
  • Kumanja kukulitsa ndi kulera ana – kuphatikizapo zosankha za kuletsa kubala ndi kutseka.
  • Kulunjika kwa thupi ku umphumphu , kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kukana mankhwala.
  • Kuyenera kubisika muunansi wathithithi – kuphatikizapo mkhalidwe wa kugonana wauchikulire ( Lawrence v. Texas [FLT] , 2003]).

Kachitidwe koyenera kodziikira kamakhala kotsutsana kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa chakuti kumafuna makhoti kugamula kuti ndi ufulu uti umene uli “wotchuka.” Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti oweruza angadule ufulu wawo mwa kuŵerenga ku Malamulo amene sanatchulidwe bwino. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti zitsimikizo za Malamulo ziyenera kuyambika kutetezera ufulu m’nthaŵi za kusintha. Mosasamala kanthu za mkanganowo, njira yoyenerera yachiphamaso yakhala yofunika kwambiri kwa zipambano za ufulu wachibadwidwe m'mbiri ya Amereka.

“Mchitidwe woyenerera wa lamulo uli chitsimikiziro cha lamulo chimene chimaletsa boma kulanda munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda kutsatira njira zolungama ndi zokhazikitsidwa zalamulo. Ndi chitetezero ku zochita za boma zopanda nzeru ndi zosalolera. — Cornell Information Institute

Zotsatirapo za Chiweruzo Cholungama cha Apandu

. Komiti yachiweruzo ya apandu ndiyo kumene chitetezo choyenera chimawoneka kwambiri . Pamene boma liimba mlandu munthu wa upandu, mitengo imaphatikizapo ufulu, mbiri yabwino, ndipo nthaŵi zina moyo weniweniwo. Njira zoyenerera zoperekera mlandu zimatsimikizira kuti woimbidwa mlanduyo sachitiridwa ngati chinthu wamba cha mphamvu ya boma.

Kuyenera kwa Uphungu ndi Chiyeso Chabwino

Nkhani yosintha zinthu Gideon v. Wainwright [FLT :1] (63) inatsimikizira kuti Kusintha kwa Sikisi kuyenera kupereka uphungu kumagwira ntchito ku boma kupyolera mwa Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 144. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti woimbidwa mlandu aliyense woyang'anizana ndi milandu yaikulu imene siingathe kulipira loya. Pasadakhale [FLT:] Gideon [[], oimbidwa mlandu ambiri anakakamizidwa kudziimira, kutulukapo m'maganizikana ndi ziganizo zolakwika.

Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kwa anthu kumachititsa kuti anthu achitidwe nkhanza, pamene kuli kwakuti kumasuka kumalola anthu kuona ngati chilungamo chikuchitidwa. Kuphatikiza pamodzi ndi kuyenera kwa kuyang’anizana ndi mboni ndi kupereka chitetezero, chitetezo chimenechi chimapanga dongosolo limene liyenera kutsimikiziridwa mosakayikitsa kwenikweni.

Kutetezedwa pa Kudziimba Mlandu: Ufulu wa Miranda

Nzika zambiri zimadziŵa chenjezo lodziŵika: “Uli ndi ufulu wa kukhala chete. Chilichonse chimene umanena chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa inu m'khoti. . Koma nkhani ya kumbuyo Miranda . Arizona (666] ndi pafupifupi kupitirira pa kalembedwe. Ernesto Miranda anaimbidwa mlandu wa kuba anthu ndi kugwirira chigololo kozikidwa pa kuvomereza kwake pambuyo pa maola aŵiri akufunsa mlandu popanda kuuzidwa za zoyenera zake. Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa chigamulo chakuti kutetezeredwa kwa Firi 5 Crime kufunikira kudziŵitsa apolisi za ufulu wawo asanaimbidwe mlandu.

Lingaliro logwira mtima: Ngati mugwidwa ndi kufunsidwa popanda kuŵerenga zoyenera zanu za Miranda, ndemanga zilizonse zimene mumanena zingaletsedwe pamlandu.

Ulamuliro wa Ofunafuna ndi Ofunafuna

Njira yoyenerera yoperekera chilolezo cha apolisi asanaingwe mlandu. Lamulo lachinayi limateteza ku kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, kufunikira kuti akuluakulu apeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera asanafufuze nyumba kapena katundu. Ngati umboni upezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo / Mwachitsanzo, pamene akufufuza popanda kulephera popanda zochitika zina, lamulo lopatula limaletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m’khoti.

Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito monga choletsa champhamvu cha kusatsatira khalidwe loipa la apolisi. Popanda ilo, apolisi sangakhale ndi chisonkhezero chotsatira lamulo posonkhanitsa umboni. Komabe, makhoti apanga zosiyana, monga ngati “chikhulupiriro chabwino” (pamene apolisi adalira pa chilolezo chimene pambuyo pake chimakhala chopanda pake) ndi“ kutulukira kosapeŵeka kwapadera kwa" kosiyana (pamene umboniwo ukanakhala wovomerezedwa mwalamulo). Kumvetsetsa makhoti ameneŵa kumathandiza nzika kudziŵa pamene ufulu wawo wapotoledwa ndi pamene angatsutse umboni.

Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika Kuposa Makhoti: Malamulo a Boma ndi Malamulo a M’mayiko Ena

Zili choncho chifukwa chakuti anthu amene amachita zimenezi amakhala ndi ufulu wochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Ntchito ndi Licensi

Ogwira ntchito za boma ali ndi chiwongola dzanja pantchito zawo . Sangathawe popanda kuchitidwa. Asanachotsedwe, ali ndi ufulu wodziŵa zifukwa, mwaŵi wa kuyankha, ndi kuweruza bwino. Mofananamo, akatswiri onga madokotala, maloya, ndi antchito a malo ndi malo amodzi sangataye malaisensi awo . Boma liyenera kutsatira njira zimene zimapatsa laisensiyo mpata weniweni wa kupikisana ndi milandu ya makhalidwe oipa.

Ubwino wa Kutetezeka kwa Anthu ndi Umoyo Wabwino

Boma silingachotse mapindu a kupunduka kapena chithandizo cha chakudya popanda choyamba kudziŵitsa wolandira ndi kupereka chiŵeruzo. Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), Khoti Lapamwamba linatsutsa kuti olandira chithandizo ali ndi ufulu wa kumvetsera nthaŵi isanafike chifukwa cha mavuto aakulu ochititsidwa ndi kutaya mapindu a moyo. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene mlingo wa ntchito yofunikira umadalira pa phindu la pamtengo.

Kuyendayenda

Kuchotsedwa kwa machitidwe kuli ndi kuyenera kwa ntchito yofunikira, kuphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha milanduyo, kuyenera kwa loya (pamtengo wawo), ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni. Komabe, mlingo wa chitetezo ungasiyane. Mwakuchotsa magulu ena a kufika, njirayo imasintha. Kutsutsana kopitirizabe kwa njira yoloŵera kudziko kumasonyeza kulimba kwa chisungiko cha dziko ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Kufufuza Maziko Osonyeza Malo Oyenera

Miranda ndi Arizona (1966)

Nkhaniyi inawonjezera mfundo yakuti apolisi ayenera kuuza anthu kuti ali ndi ufulu wowalamula asanawaikire mlandu.

Gideon ndi Wainwright (1963)

Clarence Gideon anali wosauka wozengedwa mlandu wa kuswa malo osungirako milandu. Analetsedwa loya chifukwa chakuti Florida yokha ndi imene inaikidwa kuti ikhale uphungu pa milandu ya imfa, anadzitetezera ndipo anaimbidwa mlandu. Kundendeko, anatumiza chikalata ku Khoti Lapamwamba. Khotilo linagwirizana kuti Lamulo la Chisanu ndi Chimodzi la kuyenera kupatsidwa uphungu ndilo lofunika ndipo limagwira ntchito m'maboma. Gideoni anachotsedwa ndi loya ndi loya ndipo anamasulidwa. Mlandulo ndi chikumbutso champhamvu chakuti njira yoyenerera ndiyo yoyenerera, siri mwaŵi.

Kuyenda m’mahema

Ngakhale kuti Roe anagwetsedwa mu 2022, idakali chitsanzo chapadera cha kusanthula koyenera kwa opatulidwa. Khotilo linazindikira kuti lingaliro la ufulu wa mkazi wa 145 Demendment limaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kusankha kaya ngati angachotse mimba. Chigamulocho chinadalira pa zitsanzo zachinsinsi zoyambirira zonga Griswold v. Connecticut [1] (1965), zimene zinaletsa kuletsa mabanja kuletsa kuletsa mimba. Nkhondo zalamulo zonena za kuchotsa mimba zimasonyeza mmene njira yoyambirira yokhudza kuchotsa mimba imachitira umboni mmene njira yotsatira kusinthika.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Pankhaniyi, Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti kuyenera kwa kukwatira kuli kuyenera kwakukulu kotsimikiziridwa ndi Account Process Claus, kufutukula kwa okwatirana a kugonana kofanana. Lingaliro la Woweruza Kennedy linagogomezera kuti ufulu wotetezeredwa ndi 149th Amend Amendment umaphatikizapo kuyenera kwa munthu aliyense payekha kwa kudzisankhira ulemu. OGbergefest [ka] kuwonjezera njira yoyenerera yodziŵira ufulu watsopano pamene kumvetsetsa kwa chitaganya kulingana kumakula.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa monga mlandu wotetezera wofanana, Brown [[FLT :1] ilinso ndi mapimelo oyenera a ntchito. Khotilo linapeza kuti sukulu zogawidwa mwalamulo zimalanda ana ochepa mwaŵi wa maphunziro ofanana, kuvulaza maganizo. Chigamulocho chinadalira pa lingaliro lakuti boma silingaletse ana kupeza njira yogwirizanitsa maphunziro a anthu. Chisungiro cha njira yoyenerera yochitira zinthu ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Kutetezedwa kwa Anthu: Kulinganiza

Makhoti ambiri amalola kuti malamulo a boma azikhala otetezedwa kwa anthu ngati mmene amatetezera nyama. Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya mliri wa CHOVAD, malamulo okhazikitsa malamulo odzipatula, amafunika kuti anthu azimva makutu awo akawazengerezedwa.

Kulinganiza pakati pa njira yoyenerera ndi chisungiko cha anthu kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhudzidwa ndi Mathews v. Elditridge , imene imalemera zinthu zitatu: chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kusoŵa zinthu pansi pa njira zimene zilipo, ndi chikondwerero cha boma cha chipambano. Kulinganiza kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti njira yoyenerera si njira yolimba koma muyezo wosinthika.

Nzika ziyenera kuzindikira kuti ngakhale m’mikhalidwe yapamwamba, zili ndi kuyenera kwa kupikisana ndi zochita za boma. Mwachitsanzo, munthu wotetezedwa kapena wodzipereka kwa boma kaamba ka chithandizo cha maganizo ali ndi ufulu wa kuzindikira ndi kumvetsera. Kudziŵa zoyenera zimenezi kungakhale kolinganiza moyo.

Malangizo Othandiza kwa Nzika: Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu Wochita Zinthu

Kuzindikira njira yoyenerera ndiyo sitepe loyamba; lachiŵiri ndilo kudziŵa kugwiritsira ntchito zoyenera zanu.

  • Ngati mugwidwa: Kuyenera kwanu kwa kukhala chete ndi kupempha loya nthaŵi yomweyo. Musasaine chilichonse popanda uphungu wa lamulo.
  • Ngati muyang'anizana ndi kachitidwe ka boma: Ŵerengani mosamalitsa mapepala onse. Mapepala akufa kaamba ka kuyankha ngamphamvu. Kuphonya deti lakumva, ndipo mungataye kuyenera kwanu kwa kumvedwa.
  • Ngati mapindu anu awopsezedwa: Kupempha kugamulidwa mwamsanga. Mabungwe ambiri amapereka mafomu ndi malangizo pa Intaneti. Sungani makope a makalata onse.
  • Ngati mukhulupirira lamulo kuswa zoyenera zanu zazikulu: Fufuzani ndi loya woyenerera ufulu wa anthu. Malamulo amatsutsa upo kapena malamulo ongodalira pa mfundo zofunikira.
  • Kuphunzitsa ena: Aŵiranani zimene mukudziŵa. Ntchito yoyenerera imatetezera aliyense, koma kokha ngati nzika zifuna zimenezo.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa zoyenera zanu za kuwonjezera, chezerani malongosoledwe a jaji ya boma a kachitidwe koyenera . Kaamba ka kumira kwambiri m'dongosolo lofunikira, Constitution Center imapereka tsatanetsatane wa [1].

Kumaliza

Njira yochitira zinthu si njira yongokhalira yokha yosungira mabuku a zamalamulo. Ndi chitetezero chamoyo chimene nzika zimagwiritsira ntchito tsiku lililonse.

Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba likupitiriza kumasulira ukulu wa chitetezo chimenechi, nzika ziyenera kukhalabe zatcheru. chitsimikiziro cha kachitidwe ka zinthu chiri kokha champhamvu monga mmene anthu amene amamvetsetsa ndi kusungitsa icho amachitira.