Chiyambi: Maziko a Chilungamo cha America

Malamulo afunika kumangidwa pa chigamulo chomaliza, njira yoyenerera imagwira ntchito monga chitetezero cha boma lopanda lamulo. Mfundo imeneyi, yozikidwa pa malamulo a dziko la America, imatsimikizira kuti munthu aliyense, mosasamala kanthu za mkhalidwe kapena mkhalidwe, adzachitiridwa bwino ndi boma pamene aimbidwa mlandu wa upandu. Kuyambira panthaŵi ya kumangidwa kupyola pa chigamulo chomaliza, njira yoyenerera imachita monga chitetezero ku mphamvu ya boma yodzilamulira. Lamulo limeneli, loikidwa m'madeti a Madekshoni a Lachisanu ndi la 14, limatsimikizira kuti palibe munthu amene akulandidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma chopanda malamulo alamulo. Kumvetsa njira yoyenera kuli kofunika kutetezera zoyenera zanu ndi kuchititsa dongosolo kukhala ndi mlandu.

M’kulondola, njira yoyenera imafunikira kuti malamulo akhale omvekera bwino, kuti anthu alandire chidziŵitso cha milandu, ndi kuti ali ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wa kumvedwa. Popanda zitetezero zimenezi, dongosolo la chiweruzo lingadziike pangozi kukhala chida cha kutsendereza mmalo mwa njira ya chowonadi. Nkhaniyi ikupenda njira yonse yofunikira kuchokera ku ku kumangidwa ku kuzengedwa mlandu, kuphatikizapo chiyambi chake, mitundu iŵiri yosiyana imene limapereka, ndi kuyenera kwake kwachindunji pamlingo uliwonse wa kuukira kwaupandu.

Kodi Zoyenera Kuchita Zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Malamulo?

Pamaziko ake, njira yoyenerera ndiyo chiyeneretso chalamulo chakuti boma liyenera kulemekeza ufulu wonse wobwerekedwa kwa munthu pansi pa lamulo. Mawuwo akuwonekera m'malo aŵiri ovuta mu Constitution mu U.S.: Kusintha kwachisanu (kudzera ku boma lolamulira) ndi Kusintha kwa za Mpambo wa 1448 (kulamulidwa ndi maboma). Zonse ziŵirizo zimapereka kuti munthu aliyense akhale “wopangika moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. Chinenero chimenechi chatembenuzidwa ndi makhoti kuti chipereke malire onse aŵiri a malamulo ndi njira zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kusungitsa.

Mizu ya mbiri yakale ya dongosolo loyenera inayamba Magna Carta mu 1215, yomwe inalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angalangidwe kusiyapo “mwa lamulo la dziko.” Pazaka mazana ambiri, lingaliro limeneli linasintha kukhala chitsimikiziro chamakono cha kuchitiridwa chilungamo. Lerolino, kachitidwe koyenera kamagawidwa kukhala manthambi aŵiri: procdeficul ndi suctative, lililonse likutumikira chifuno chosiyana cha kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha.

Zimene Ayenera Kuchita: Njira Zoyenera, Zotsatirapo Zabwino

Kutsatira malamulo kumakhudza njira zimene boma liyenera kutsatira lisanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu. Imatsimikizira kuti lamulo lililonse loyendetsedwa bwino ndi kuti anthu ali ndi mpata weniweni wopereka mbali yawo. Zinthu zofunika zikuphatikizapo:

  • Tchulani mlandu kapena kachitidwe kolingaliridwa -- muyenera kuuzidwa chimene mukuimbidwa mlandu m’mawu omvekera bwino.
  • Mwayi womveka [ – muyenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wa kupereka umboni ndi zigomeko.
  • A wosatenga mbali ndi wopanga chosankha wopanda tsankho – woweruza kapena juli sayenera kupotoza.
  • Kuyenera kupereka umboni ndi mboni zopinga [1] – kutsimikizira chosankhacho nchozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chodalirika.

Mwachitsanzo, ngati boma lifuna kuchotsa ufulu wanu wa makolo kapena kutenga katundu wanu, njira yoyenerera imafunikira kumvetsera kwa mkulu wopanda tsankho, ndi chidziŵitso ndi kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu. M’milandu, njira yoyenerera ndiyo maziko a ufulu wofotokozedwa pansipa, kuyambira ku kuyenera kukhala chete ku ku kuyenera kwa ku mlandu wa oweruza.

Njira Yofunika Kwambiri Yotetezera Ufulu Wofunika

Malamulo oyenera amachitika m’njira zoposa kufunsa ngati lamulo lenilenilo nloyenera. Limateteza ufulu wina wofunika ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati njira zabwino kwambiri zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zolinga zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zachinsinsi, ukwati, ubale, ndi kudziimira kwa thupi. Zochitika monga [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[127] . ndi [mapangano] OFL:5] Fast v. Hogble. Hogme (20:6][FLT]] [FL:] [5]] [inaphatikizapo njira yoyenerera ya kuchotsa mimba ndi kusankhira ukwati wa kumanja, ngakhale kuti ndi kumanga mapangano ogwirizana.

M’lamulo laupandu, njira yoikidwiratu yoletsa boma imaletsa kuphwanya lamulo pa khalidwe lina limene limalingaliridwa kukhala loyenera, monga ngati kuyenera kwa kuyenda kapena kukana chithandizo chamankhwala.

Kuyenera Kuchitika Chifukwa Chomangidwa Kuzengedwa Mlandu: Ufulu Wanu pa Zochita Zilizonse

Kuzindikira zimene kuchita bwino pamene mugwidwa nkofunika kwambiri. Zigamulo za Malamulo ndi makhoti zapanga mpambo wa chitetezo chapadera chimene chimagwira ntchito kuyambira panthaŵi imene lamulo losungitsa mlandu wanu likukutengerani kundende mpaka kumapeto a mlandu wanu. Uliwonse wa ufulu umenewu uli chitetezo kwa boma kwa ochenjerera ndi chiŵiya chotsimikizira kuti zotsatira zake nzachilungamo.

Kuyenera Kokhala Chete (Ufulu Wosankha Wochita Zinthu Mwachisawawa)

Pa kumangidwa, apolisi ayenera kukudziŵitsani kuti muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete. Kuyenera kumeneku, kokhazikitsidwa mu . Miranda v. Arizona (1966][FLT [1] ], kumatanthauza kuti simufunikira kuyankha mafunso alionse ofunsidwa ndi lamulo. Chilichonse chimene mukunena chingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kwa inu m’khoti, chotero kukhala chete kaŵirikaŵiri ndiko chosankha chotetezeka kufikira mutalankhula ndi loya. Chenjezo la Mirza limaphatikizaponso kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi woweruza pa nthaŵi ya kufunsa.

Kuli kofunika kuzindikira kuti kungongokhala chete sikuli kokwanira m'zigawo zina; muyenera kutchula momvekera bwino kuyenera kwanu kwa kukhala chete. Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira [[FLT]] Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) kuti munthu wokayikira amene salankhula kwenikweni akugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wake, kuteteza, kachitidwe kabwino kwambiri ndiko kunena kuti, “Ndikugwiritsa ntchito kuyenera kwanga kwa kukhala chete ndipo ndikufuna kulankhula ndi loya.

Ufulu Wolandira Uphungu wa Malamulo

Mpando wa Sixth Amendment umapereka kuyenera kwa kukhala ndi loya wokuthandizani. Kuyenera kumeneku kumagwira ntchito kuyambira panthaŵi imene ntchito yoteteza imayambika . Mofala pambuyo pa kumangidwa kapena milandu yachiwembu. Mlandu wapadera Gideon v. Wainwr (1963) [FLT :2] unasonyeza kuti malamulo ayenera kupereka loya kwa oimba mlandu amene sangathe kupereka wina m'nkhani zapansi pa mlandu. Pambuyo pake, nkhani zowonjezera kuyenera kumeneku kuti akhale ndi nthaŵi yokwanira kumangidwa.

Kudziwa kuti ndi bwino kuimira malamulo ovomerezeka ndi boma n’kovuta chifukwa loya angakuuzeni nthawi imene muyenera kulankhula, kukambirana ndi oimira maloya, kugwiritsa ntchito mafaelo kuti mufufuze umboni, ndi kukonza njira yodzitetezera. Ngati mugwidwa, pemphani loya nthawi yomweyo ndipo musakambirane ndi munthu aliyense. Kuphatikizapo maselo kapena anzanu, mpaka pamene loya wanu alipo.

3. Ufulu Womva Mwamsanga (Chinthu Chotheka)

Mutamangidwa, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kufulumira kumvetsera pamaso pa woweruza kuti muone ngati pali chifukwa choyenera kukuikirani mlandu. Kumva kumeneku, kotchedwa kaŵirikaŵiri [[FLT: 0] Gerstein kumva (kuchokera ku [[FLT:]]] Gestein . Pugh[FL] [FLT]], 1975]), kuyenera kuchitika pasanathe maola 48 a kumangidwa m’mikhalidwe yambiri. Pakumva kumeneku, woweruzayo ayenera kupereka umboni wokwanira wakuti upandu uyenera kuchitidwa ndi kuti ndinu munthu amene anachita zimenezo. Ngati kuli kotheka kuti simunadziŵike, muyenera kumasulidwa.

Kumvetsera kumeneku kumatumikiranso monga mwaŵi wanu woyamba kupempha belo kapena kutsutsana kuti mukhululukidwe. Kuyenera kuti belo likhazikike pamlingo woyenerera / popanda kuchuluka kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pokuzenga mlanduwo.

4. Ufulu Wodziŵa Mlandu

Malamulo achisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu ndi Chisanu afuna kuti oimbidwa mlandu adziŵitsidwe mwalamulo za milandu yawo. Izi zimachitidwa mwa [[FLT: 0] kuweruza , kumene mumaŵerengedwa milandu m’khoti lakunja ndi kupemphedwa kuloŵa m’khoti. Zinenezo ziyenera kukhala zenizeni kuti muthe kukonzekera kuteteza. Zinenezo kapena kupitirira malire ambiri amaswa chifukwa chakuti amakusiyani osatsimikizira za zimene muyenera kutetezera.

Ngati mlanduwo wasinthidwa kapena kubweretsedwa ndi zinenezo zatsopano, muyenera kudziŵitsidwa za masinthidwe amenewo, boma silingapereke zinenezo zatsopano pa inu pozenga mlandu popanda kukuyankhani.

5. Ufulu Woyesedwa Mwamsanga

Mpando wa Sixth Amendment umapereka kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kofulumira. Kuyenera kumeneku kumaletsa boma kukusungani m'ndende nthaŵi zonse kapena kuchedwa mlandu wanu kuti mupeze phindu losayenera. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhazikitsa mayeso anayi a zamalonda mu . Barr v. Wingo (1972] . Kuzengereza kuswa kuyeneraku: kuchedwa, chifukwa, kaya woimbidwa mlanduyo adatsimikiza kumanja, ndi kaya kuchedwa kutsutsa.

M’zochitika, kuchedwa kwa chaka choposa kaŵirikaŵiri kumalingaliridwa kukhala kukondera, ndipo ngati muli m’ndende, khoti liyenera kuika zinthu patsogolo. Loya wanu angasunge mlandu wanu ngati woweruzayo walephera kubweretsa mlandu wanu panthaŵi yabwino. Kuyenera kumeneku sikuli kwenikweni . Nkhani zongofuna kuchedwa kwanthaŵi yaitali, koma kumatsimikizira kuti dongosololo lipitabe popanda kusokonezeka.

6. Ufulu wa Kusankhana M’banja

Chikalata cha Sixte Amendment chimatsimikiziranso kuti kuyenera ku mlandu wochitidwa ndi ajuli opanda tsankho otengedwa ku mbali yoyera ya chitaganya. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ntchito yosankha ajuli ayenera kukhala osasankhana chifukwa cha fuko, mwamuna kapena mkazi, kapena makhalidwe ena otetezedwa. Mkati mwa [[FLT: 0]] n’zoopsa kwambiri [[FLT:], mbali zonse ziŵiri, kuzunza ndi kutetezera zopanda pake, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingapereke chifukwa chomveka chomveka kukhala ndi anthu okondera. Khoti lingakhululukire chifukwa cha (e.g., ngati ali ndi unansi ndi woimba) kapena mbali zonse ziŵiri zingagwiritsire ntchito ziŵerengero zopereŵeruza kuti achotse oweruza popanda chifukwa, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zingaperekedwe pa fuko kapena kugonana (FTBBBsonson). [7]

Bungwe la ajuli opanda tsankho nlofunika chifukwa chakuti ajuli amasankha mafunso a chenicheni. Ngati ajuli ali okondera, mlandu wonse waipitsidwa. Loya wanu adzagwira ntchito kudziŵikitsa oweruza amene sangakhale achilungamo ndi kutsimikizira gulu la ajuli kumasonyeza chitaganya. Mchitidwe wake umafuna kuti oweruzawo alangizidwe pa lamulo ndi kuti mlandu ukhale wotsimikizirika mopambanitsa.

7. Ufulu Wolimbana ndi Mboni

Chikalata cha Sixte Amendment’s Bhanising Claus chimapereka ufulu wolankhula ndi mboni zotsutsa inuyo ndi kuimira mapulogalamu a m'gulu la anthu amene amakutsutsani. Kuyenera kumeneku kumalola loya wanu kutsutsa umboni wolondola, wodalirika, ndiponso kudalirika kwa woweruza. Kumaletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito makutu operekedwa kaamba ka choonadi cha nkhaniyo . "Popanda umboniwo supezeka ndipo munakhala ndi mpata woyamba wa kuwatsutsa.

Kusanthula mtanda kuli chiŵiya champhamvu. Loya waluso angavumbule kusagwirizana, kukondera, kapena mabodza aumboni. Popanda kuyenera kumeneku, mlandu ungadalire pa zinenezo zosadziŵika kapena mboni zachinsinsi, zimene zingaswe ntchito yoyenerera. Kuyeneraku kumagwiranso ntchito ku umboni wa za kuola ndi malipoti a opaleshoni; wopenda amene anakonzekera lipotilo ayenera kukhala wopezeka kuti afufuze.

Mavuto a M’njira Yoyenera M’chiweruzo Chamakono cha Apandu

Ngakhale kuti malamulo amateteza anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulowa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri ndipo kumvetsetsa mfundo zimenezi kumakuthandizani kuzindikira nthawi imene ufulu wanu ungakhale pa ngozi ndiponso zimene mungachite.

Kutsekeredwa Mopambanitsa ndi Kumangidwa Mopanda Lamulo

M'madera ambiri, njira zaukali zapolisi zimatsogolera ku kumangidwa popanda chochititsa. Maprogramu aufuko, kuimitsa ndi kutseka, ndi kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri panthaŵi ya zionetsero zingaswe ntchito yoyenerera kuyambira pachiyambi penipeni. Ngati mumangidwa popanda zifukwa zomveka, loya wanu angapange kachitidwe ka kutsekereza umboni uliwonse wopezedwa chifukwa cha kumangidwa kosakhala kwa lamulo. Koma kuwonongeka kwa mbiri yanu ndi kupsinjika maganizo chifukwa cha kupangidwa ndi dongosololo kungakhale kowopsa.

Kuimira Kokwanira Kwalamulo

Otetezera a boma ndi maloya oikidwa ndi bwalo lamilandu kaŵirikaŵiri amanyamula milandu yoposa imene ingalamuliridwe. Pamene loya aimira mazana a makasitomala panthaŵi imodzi, kungakhale kosatheka kupereka chisamaliro chokwanira ku mlandu uliwonse. Izi zingatulukepo kuphonya nthaŵi, kulephera kupenda, ndi kukakamiza kulandira mapempho popanda kuyesa chitetezo. Melikan Association . [I] Yakhala ikulongosola kwa nthaŵi yaitali kuti vuto la inidentumt, ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu . [[19984] . Washington (19984]) [FLT]

Bias m’Chilungamo

Tsankho lenileni . lozikidwa pa fuko, mwamuna, kakhalidwe ka zachuma, kapena zinthu zina . Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu akuda ndi Latino ali othekera kumangidwa, kupatsidwa mlandu waukulu, ndi kulandira zigamulo zaukali kuposa oimbidwa mlandu a azungu chifukwa cha khalidwe lofananalo. Mchitidwe ungafunikirenso kusakondera. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira yeniyeni njakuti dongosololi limafupika. Otetezera amagwiritsira ntchito njira zonga ngati zitokoso zowopsa ndi umboni waluso kuti atulutse tsankholi.

Kupanikizika kwa Magazi

Oposa 95% a milandu yaupandu amathetsedwa mwa kufunsira, osati kuzenga mlandu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuchonderera kungakhale kopindulitsa, kungasonkhezerenso oimbidwa mlandu opanda liwongo kulamula kuti apeŵe chiwopsezo cha chilango chankhanza pa mlandu. Mchitidwe wa kuŵerengera umafuna kuti kuchonderera kulikonse kwa liwongo kukhale kodziŵa, kwaufulu, ndi kwaluntha. Ngati woweruzayo akuwopseza milandu yopambanitsa kapena khoti likupereka “chilango,” chiwopsezo. Muli ndi ufulu wa kukana chilolezo ndi kupempha mlandu, ndipo loyanulo wanu ayenera kulongosola mokwanira chilango musanagamule.

Kufunika kwa Kulinganiza Koyenera kwa Anthu

Si kuti boma limangoteteza anthu oimbidwa mlanduwo pokhapokha ngati limathandiza anthu onse.

  • Akuchitira nkhanza ulamuliro: Kuyenera kuchitidwa monga cheke pa nthambi ya mkulu, kutsimikizira kuti kusungitsa lamulo ndi ozenga milandu sikungachite mwadala kapena mobwezera.
  • imamanga kuikiridwa kwa anthu: Anthu ali othekera kwambiri kulemekeza ndi kutsatira lamulo pamene akhulupirira kuti dongosololo liri labwino. Pamene dongosolo loyenera laswedwa, kukhulupirira kumanyonyotsoka, ndipo anthu amatalikirana.
  • Protems kulondola: Njira za Fair [1] mofanana ndi kuyenera kwa mboni zowomberana ndi umboni wopezekapo [1] Kuchotsa mpata wa kulakwa. Project ya Innocence yamasula akaidi mazana ambiri pogwiritsa ntchito umboni wa DNA, amene ambiri anaimbidwa mlandu mosasamala kanthu za njira zolakwika.
  • Imapereka demokrase: Dongosolo limene limakhudza ntchito yoyenera limasonyeza lamulo la demokrase limene munthu aliyense ali nalo ulemu ndi zoyenera zimene boma liyenera kulemekeza.

Mmene Mungatetezere Ufulu Wanu: Njira Zothandiza

Kudziŵa zoyenera zanu ndiko chinthu choyamba chabe, muyeneranso kudziŵa mmene mungazitsimikizire bwino, ndizo njira zothandiza zimene mungachitire ngati mutagwidwa kapena kuimbidwa mlandu waupandu:

  • Khalani chete koma lankhulani momveka bwino: Anene mofuula kuti, “Ndikupempha ufulu wanga kukhala chete ndipo ndikufuna loya.] Musayankhe mafunso alionse, ngakhale amwambo, kufikira loya wanu atafika.
  • Musavomereze kufunafuna: Pokhapo ngati apolisi ali ndi chilolezo kapena pali ngozi, muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukana kufunafuna munthu wanu, galimoto, kapena nyumba.
  • Kupemphani loya mobwerezabwereza: Ngati apolisi apitiriza kukufunsani mutapempha loya, bwerezani pempho lanu. Musaope. Ufulu wanu wa kupereka uphungu uli wotheratu.
  • Chikalata chilichonse: Lembani maina ndi manambala a mabeji a akapitawo, nthaŵi ndi malo amene mungamangidwe, ndi mboni zilizonse.
  • Musakambirane mlandu wanu ndi munthu wina koma loya wanu: Kukambitsirana ndi akaidi ena, mabwenzi, kapena ziŵalo za banja zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kutsutsana nanu. Maselo angakhale odziŵitsa.
  • Maweruzi onse a khoti: [[FT:1] Kulephera kuonekera kungatuluke m'chikalata cha kumangidwa kwanu ndi kulandidwa belo. Ngati simungathe kulipira loya, pemphani wotetezera wapoyera mwamsanga.

Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu woyenerera waswedwa, lankhulani ndi loya wa chiŵeruzi waluso. [1] .American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) [[FLT :3] ] ndi [FLT ] [FLT :4] [[FLT]] mayanjano a boma a batbar []

Kumaliza: Kukonzekera Kumene Kuyenera Kuchitika Monga Chitsimikizo cha Moyo

Malamulo a boma asinthasintha n’kukhala ngati makhoti akumasulira mfundo za m'malamulo ndi kuona kuti zinthu zayamba kuchitika mwachilungamo. Kuyambira nthawi imene munthu angagwidwe pomaliza chigamulo, chitetezo chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti boma silingakuchotseni ufulu wanu popanda kulungamitsa ndipo popanda kukupatsani mpata wodzitetezera. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto akukhalabe oteteza anthu, otsutsa kwambiri, ndi okakamiza kuweruza kuti aneneze mlandu mwa njira yoyenerera, ndi kuti apereke zida zochitira nkhondo.

Kumvetsa ufulu wanu kumakupatsani mphamvu yofuna chilungamo, kaya ndinu nzika imene siingagwidwe kapena munthu amene akuyendetsa malamulo a boma, mfundo zake n’zofunika kwa inu.