Table of Contents
Dusobanukirwe Isuzuma ry’Imiburano
ni i UMWIKUBE in in Kuri i Bya Amabwiriza na Ibikorwa. A Cyangwa Leta Na: i By' amategeko Ahanitse Bya i − `A)) - garagaza ko ari Sibyo. ni OYA A By' amategeko; ni i Uburinzi. Isubiramo, Inyandiko na Oya. Byose Amashami ya leta muri Imbibi, ku bw' amategeko na Kurindamukanwa.
Amateka n’Imibare
< > < / >. < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / >. < < > < > < / > [: 1 < > < > < / >. < > < / >. < > < / >, ni "i na Indangabintu Bya i < > < / > Kuri < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < > < > < / > < > < > i Cyitwa: na < / > Bya i < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < = "Izina ryitonderwa mbere < = "-Gasoasociro > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / >
Abahanga mu mategeko ya kera y'Urukiko, mu buryo bwihariye mu Cyongereza (1610), aho Umushinga mukuru Coke yagiriye inama y'uko inkiko z'amategeko rusange zishobora gucira ubusa ibikorwa bya Konsitade y'amategeko binyuranyije n'iburyo n'impamvu. iyi Reba OYA Imizi mu i Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bitewe n'ubutegetsi bw'ubutegetsi bw'Ikirenga, yateye imbuto yaje kwiyongera mu buryo bwihariye mu Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika no mu bindi bihugu, na zo mu gihe cy'amabwiriza.
Bya
Gushimangira Imyifatire y'Inshingano
Umumaro Bya Isubiramo ni Kuri Oya Cyangwa Itondekanya Bigenga i., i i i Bya i Itondekanya. Umumaro ni By' ingirakamaro in hagati na. i, i < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < Urwego:" > < Urwego: < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha:" > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < =-------------pause > < Urwego-----par > < Urwego--par >
Kurinda Uburenganzira bw’ibanze
Isubiramo Nka i Iheruka Umurongo: Bya ya:. Hasi Amabwiriza Bya, Isomero, Isosiyeti, Agenga, na bingana Irinda. Urugero, in [[: 0% S] v. [[:]] [[:]] [1], i U. Byakoreshejwe Isubiramo Kuri - EGIHARI Nka A Iburyo:, Gutenyurura Leta., i ku Isubiramo Kuri i Bya in [:] [:] [:]. Bya [:] [:] [:] [:]. [:]
Uko twakomeza gutandukana n’abafite ububasha
Isubiramo ni A Ibyangombwa ya: i,,, na. Icyo ari cyo cyose Rimwe Kuva: ku i Bya. Urugero:, Ryari: i Urwego rw' ikirenga Amabwiriza Cyangwa Ryari: i Imirimo,.. in [:] v. [[:] () () Hasi i Nka i na Ibisabwa, i Bya.
Gushyigikira Ubutegetsi Bufite Icyo Bubazwa
Binyuriye mu gushyiraho ibikorwa bya leta mu rwego rw'amategeko, isuzuma ry'amategeko rituma habaho ibonerana n'urubanza. Abategetsi ba leta bahatirwa kwiregura imyanzuro yabo mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko, bakagabanya imyitwarire yabo cyangwa ibikorwa by'amategeko. Ibyo bigeza ku myanzuro ikomeye ya politiki hamwe n'ibikorwa bya buri gihe by'ubuyobozi. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, ndetse no mu buryo butarimo itegeko nshingano y'amategeko agenga abantu, Amategeko y'impamyabushobozi bwa kimuntu, bituma inkiko zitanga uburenganzira bwo kurenganya, zihatira Palime kugira amabwiriza arebana n'amategeko y'ibanze anyuranyije.
Ivugurura ry' Inzego
Na:, Nka i, na, Isubiramo ku. A Cyangwa Leta, in Itegeko Bya hafi., i ya:, Isubiramo. [:] Bya [[[:]] Byakoreshejwe Bya na [Byashyizweho na]
Isuzuma ry’imanza n’uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye: Isuzuma mu buryo bwimbitse
Irinda Bya ni i Kigaragara Bya Isubiramo. OYA Amabwiriza Kuri. Iburyo: Kuri Ibanga, ya: Urugero:, OYA in i., Isubiramo i Kuri Kuva: i Bya i [: 0% S]] [:] V. [[: 1]]. Nyuma ku, na., i, Byakoreshejwe Isubiramo Kuri Kuri Nka i ejuru Agaciro:, ku Ibyatanzwe na. [Indangabintu Bya i:] na [Icyangwa: na [- command // Ibisobanuro:]. [- i Inyandikoporogaramu, Byakoreshejwe Kuri, Kuri Kuri Kuri, A.
Isubiramo i Bya na Amatsinda ku. in [: 0% S] v. [[: 1]] [[: 1]] () Hasi ku, na i Birinzwe i Bya in [: 2.] v Bya [[:] (.] Ingero Herekana% S Isubiramo Kuri.
Icuma cy’inzogera n’uburinganire
, Cyangwa Amabwiriza Na:. i Sisitemu Bya, Isubiramo ni i Kugenzura ku i na., Cyangwa [:] na [:] na i Umuyobozi [:] i Ingano: Bya Isubiramo Kuri na., i Isubiramo Bya Nka: [: 0% S] Ikibazo [[: 1] na [:] i Ingano: Bya Isubiramo Kuri na., i Isubiramo Bya Nka Birenzeho: [:] na Kuri Ryari:.
, i "Ishinga," Kuri < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. A Ikiganiro hagati, i Kuri i ijambo NIBA Kuri Kwemera i Ikiguzi. Ibinyuranyo/ Ingerofatizo z'Ikirenga i, Na: Oya Biturutse, ni.
Imyifatire yo Guca imanza
Kumenya Ubutabera bw’Amategeko
The effectiveness of judicial review depends on procedural avenues available to ordinary citizens. Many countries have liberalized standing rules to allow public interest litigation. The Indian Supreme Court, for example, has relaxed strict standing requirements, allowing individuals and non-governmental organizations to bring cases on behalf of marginalized groups through epistolary jurisdiction. Similarly, the South African Constitution explicitly empowers courts to develop common law and grant appropriate relief in constitutional matters.
Kubarwa
A Ububiko,. i ni i, i Bya Kuri i Igihe Kuri i Gusenyuka, Soma Hasi A Kuri Kubika, Cyangwa Soma in Amagambo Kuri Ubwoko. Bya Byakoreshejwe in nka [: 0% S]. v. [: 1.] [) Kuri Emera Kuri Ihangagishusho Gishya. Isubiramo OYA Kurema By'amategeko.
Ibibazo n’Ibitekerezo Binenga
Ibitotezo bya politiki n’Ubwigenge bw’Amacamanza
Abacamanza ni abantu na ba seriveri ku mikorere ya politiki. Iyo imishinga ishyirwaho igenga imiyoboro ya politiki, cyangwa iyo ifatwa nk'ibyemezo by' ikirango, icyizere gitangwa na rubanda cyangiza. Gukomeza kwigenga binyuriye ku buzima Cyangwa bihoraho, imitungo irinda, na ishyirwaho birindanwa, ni ngombwa, na OYA Buri gihe. mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, abayobozi bagerageje gushyira mu nkiko cyangwa gukuraho abacamanza baciraho urubanza rubi. Imishinga ya vuba aha y'ubwihisho, yatangiye guhina inze urufatiro rw'amategeko biturutse ku mashya na abakozi, bikururira ibitozo by'ubutaka by'u Burayi na inze mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga.
Inzego z'amategeko zibuzanya
Imyifatire hagati na ni. Bya Kuva: i, Bikorwa Kwitegeka Gicurasi ya: Kuri Amategeko. in Kuri Umwandiko na ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro Rusange Byashyizweho Kuri. Isubiramo NIBA. Ishingiro Bya i, ku, A.
Ubutegetsi n’Ukubazwa n’Ikirenga cya Demokarasi
Ku birebana n'imyifatire y'ibyamakuru, na i Inyandiko z' amategeko zigomba gushyirwaho, na i Isubiramo, birinda uburenganzira bw' agaturo ku butegetsi bw'ikirenga. Uburenganzira bw'icyamategeko ku imiterere ya serivisi, ibyitondewe, na kwemera mu ruhame imyanya y'inyabutumwa ya: Nka Abumbye. Iperereza ry'Amagenzura inyandiko z'amategeko ryitonderwa, na Ryari: inzego z'urukiko zibangamye, niba ari nta cyo zimaze.
Kubasha gushyikirana no Kumenya Ubutabera mu Gihe Kikwiriye
Isubiramo Buhoro na Bihenda, Gugabanya Ibyiciro ku banyagihugu.,,,, na Uburyo bufasha kugabanya iyi, Ibinyuranyo bisigaye., Inkiko Gicurasi Kuri Amakosa y' ihuriro nka Ikinyacyihutirwa, in. Igicucu cy'ubwihisho, Ibyiciro byagera ku intare nyinshi z'ubwihariwe, Nka Ikindi, mu gihe cy'igihe gito cyangwa cy'igihe gito.
Iperereza Ryerekana Ingaruka z’Ibyabaye
Brown v. Bya Inyigisho (1954)
U.S. Birutanwa: Ivanga in public i. i "Bingana" & paji ya: [[: 0% S] v.[[[: 1]]. A ya:, Isubiramo. [[:] A Incamake Bya. [[: 3.]. [na, Isubiramo.
Kugeza ku idirishya ry' itsinda ry' amadosiye
A Iburyo: Kuri Hitamo... i Iburyo: Kuri Ibanga, i. i Bya Isubiramo. Nyuma ku '[: 0% S] v. [[: 1]], A Urugero: Bya Imisusire Itegeko rya Kibano na public. < > < / > ya:, Isubiramo < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > <
Ubumwe bwo mu Buhindi (19978)
Icyitonderwa Bya Icyihutirwa Bya Isubiramo Kuri 21 i Uburenganzira Kuri Ubuzima na Bwite Byagutse ku Bigenga. na ku Bigenga na Ibigenga. “Icyatsibo cyihariye” Bya 14, 19, na 21 NONEAHA Amafishi i Inshingiro Bya Indiya, Bya i Inkiko yiteguye gusubiramo Igikorwa Biturutse ku A -.
Urukiko rw’Amajyepfo yo muri Afurika y’Epfo: Grootboom (2000)
[[: 0% S] Bya i Bya v. [[:1], i Intambwe i Kuri ya: in, i in i Iposita - i. Urugero: Isubiramo Bifite Ifatika ku i Leta, Igikorwa Hasi Amategeko. Intambwe Byanze i, A Bisanzwe ku na.
Imitekerereze Ihuza Ifite ku Birebana n’Imibanire: Isubiramo ry’Umucamanza ku Isi Hose
Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika: Gucika intege, Isubiramo ry’Ibyabaye
i Kuri Guhitamo Kuri Hejuru ingenzi,,
Ubwami bw’Ubumwe: Ubutegetsi bw’Ikirenga bwa Leta
Isoko- shingiro ry' inyandiko mu i, i Inshingano y'Ikirenga y'ubwigenge yemerera inkiko gutanga amategeko adahuje na i Ishinga ry'ubwigenge ku Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu. Icyakora, ibyo byavuzwe ntibyemera ubusa amategeko; ijambo rya nyuma. Ifishi% S: Ifishi% S: Bya i Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga na Ubutegetsi bw'Ikirenga. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'u Bwongereza na rwo rwisuzuma ku i amategeko y'ubwihindurize, gukemura impanya hagati y'ubutegetsi bw'u Butegetsi bw'Ikirenga.
U Budage: Isubiramo ry’ibyabaye hagati, rikozwe mu buryo bugaragara
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rushinzwe amategeko y'amategeko rushobora kumva ibibazo bidasobanutse neza byazamuwe n'abakinnyi ba politiki, kimwe n'ibyemezo bifatika bitangwa n'inkiko zisanzwe. Imyanzuro yayo ni iyoboshya kandi igafite imbaraga z'amategeko. Urukiko rushyigikira shingiro ry'ibanze kandi ruha agaciro ku myanzuro y'ibanze, igenzura, n'ibijyanye na politiki. Icyemezo cyarwo cyabaye ku Masezerano y'i Lisbon, cyagaragaje imipaka y'u Burayi munsi y'Amategeko Mfunzo, kigaragaza ukuntu isuzuma ry'Imiryango ry'Ikirenga mpuzamahanga bishobora kunono.
U Buhindi: Bragutse, Isubiramo ry’Urwiyego
, A Birenzeho in Ikindi., Itangira in [[:]] [I] super. Bya [[:] [1], Kuva: i Ibiranga Bya i, Nka,, na Isubiramo. [:] i Umwandiko Bya [:]
Kanada: Inzandiko irebana n’uburenganzira n’umudendezo
, i Inshingano Kuri, (i) Kuri i Inyandiko z' amategeko ya: ya: - umwaka. A Cyo nyine Ikiganiro hagati na., Imbibi in A Kigenga na.
Igihe kizaza cy’Isubiramo ry’Icyacamanza mu Isi Igenda Irushaho Guhinduka
Ubuhanga, ibanga n’uburenganzira bwo guha abantu uburenganzira bwo gukora ibintu ku gipande
i Bya i & kde;, na Ibyatanzwe Ibanga. Isubiramo in i Bya Leta UMWIKUBE in. Urugero:, i - Ibyatanzwe ku Ibanga, Isubiramo Kuri Gishya. ya: Cyangwa Ibyatanzwe, Shakisha na.
Amategeko mvanga mpuzamahanga n’amategeko mvangahanga
Urukiko mpuzamahanga nka i Urukiko rw'u Burayi rw'Ikirenga rwa Rubanda rw'Ikirenga na i Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ikirenga rukora Ifishi% S: Isuzuma ry'urwego ku mategeko y'igihugu. Ibyo bituma havuka ibibazo ku bihereranye n'ubutegetsi bw'ikirenga n'inzego z'amategeko. Rimwe na rimwe inkiko z'Amategeko zijya ku ruhande zirwanya cyangwa zishyira hamwe ayo mahame ya hanze, zigakora itsinda ry' agakukutiro rishya. Inyigisho y'ubumwe, yaguzwe ku isi yose yafashwe n'inkiko z'amategeko y'urwe.
Imyifatire yo Kurwanya Ubutegetsi bw’Amacamanza
Mu bihugu binyuranye, abanyapolitiki bashatse kugabanya imyitwarire ya macapiro ku ingoru, kuvanaho ibyifuzo, Cyangwa kwirengagiza. Ibyifuzo bya demokarasi ku rufatiro rusange ya: i Itegeko. Na Mpuzamahanga, imyanya y'inzego mpuzamahanga imyanya y'inyabugeni mu gihe cy'imyitwarire. Bya i Bya i Bya Uburayanisho: Byasohowe ku ku i, in,,, na, i Bya i Bya i Bya i Gahunda ya Gidemokarasitike ya demokarasi ya demokarasi.
Ibidukikije n’ikirere bihinduka
Isubiramo ni Kuri Igikorwa ku Guhindura.... nka [: 0% S] v. Bya i [[:] () Herekana% S) Herekana% S i Ububiko... Itondekanya ku Kuri Umutekano Ubuzima na i. Isubiramo Itegeko Ubuso ya:. Bya ngombwa i Kuri Gushyiraho Birenzeho ya:, Impuza Kuri.
Igisoza
i Inyandiko- shingiro ni yo nkingi y'amategeko y' icyicamategeko. i, i Ibisabwa by'ibanze, Gukomeza itandukanya ubutegetsi, na Gutegeka. Nubwo hakomeza kubaho ibibazo bitoroshye (- Bijyanye n'ibya politiki, ibirego by'ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi, na ibibazo by'igenga rya demokarasi (inzego igenga ubutegetsi), inzego y'ubwigenge yarushijeho kwifatamo kandi ihuza n'imimerere. Imiryango ihangana n'ihinduka ry'ibya siyansi, ibyemenwa na demokarasi, na iterabwoba ku demokarasi, itsinda ry'ubucamanza, birushaho kuba iby'ingenzi.