Intangiriro: Ubutware bufite imbaraga zigaragara

Imbaraga zidashobora kwirindwa mu nzego z'ikiremwamuntu. Zigira ingaruka ku mishyikirano tugirana n'abandi, inzego, itsinda, itsinda ry' imiryango, itsinda ry'amoko cyangwa indi mikorere y'akazi, ni ibidakorwa na rimwe kandi bihuse. Ubushishozi si uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kwiga gusa kugira ngo ubuzima bwa none bugire ihinduka ritandukanye, rishyigikira ubutabera, kandi ryubaka amatsinda menshi y'abantu bahuje n’ubutabera.

, UMWIKUBE ni i Kuri Cyangwa Igenzura i & Imyifatire Bya Abantu na Ibisubizo. iyi Byoroheje Insobanuro A Bya Amafishi,, na. Kigaragara, Nka in i Bya A, Cyangwa Kitagaragara, Nka in i i Imyifatire ya ikibano. Cyangwa, Cyangwa Cyangwa. Ingingo i Bya UMWIKUBE, Igishushanyo ku,, na Kuri Gukomeza na.

Ishingiro ry’Ubutegetsi: Ibivugwamo mu buryo bw’inyandiko

Mbere yo kwibira mu bintu bimwe na bimwe, ni iby’ingirakamaro gutangira imiterere y’ubuhanga bwo gusobanukirwa. Abahanga mu bya siyansi mu by’imibereho y’abantu bamaze igihe kirekire bajya impaka z’inkomoko yayo n’imikorere yayo. Umuhanga umwe wagize ingaruka zikomeye mu birebana n’imitekerereze y’imibanire, John Françance na Bertram Raven mu wa 1959, bashyiraho imiterere y’ubutware butanu, buri shingiro rifite ibintu n’ingaruka bitandukanye.

Umubare wuzuye

UMWIKUBE ku i Kuri Cyangwa. ni i Ifishi% S: Bya Igenzura, in, Cyangwa - Isano:. Byakunze in i Ijambo Bigufi, UMWIKUBE Kuri Na Igihe. ku & Rebet; na Kuri Gukomeza.

Ingororano

UMWIKUBE ni i Bya Ihatira: Bikubiyemo ibyifuzo, urugero nk’amafaranga, ishimagiza, cyangwa igikundiro cyo kugarurirwa. Na Igenamiterere, UMWIKUBE utuma umuntu akora igikorwa, na ku itsinda ry' impamyabumenyi.

Ubutware Bufite Amategeko

UMWIKUBE uva mu mwanya wemewe Cyangwa muri A Inzego. Umupolisi, Umuyobozi, Cyangwa umutware w'Ikigo gishinzwe ubutware bwemewe n'amategeko, kubera ko umuryango w'abantu ubaha ubutware bwo gufata imyanzuro na kugambirizwa. Imiterere y'igihangamo ni in amategeko, amasezerano, Cyangwa Amasezerano., UMWIKUBE wemewe wakoreshwa nabi mu buryo butari ngombwa igihe ubutware butagenzurwa ku by'ihishwe.

2. Amagenamiterere

Imbaraga zituruka ku bumenyi bwihariye, ubuhanga, Cyangwa . Ubuhanga bw'ubuganga, ibyitondewe by'umuhanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga, -, Cyangwa Umuhanga w'amategeko, bigira ingaruka ku bandi badafite ubwo bumenyi. ITSINDA RY' IMIBARE C, ITSINDA RY'IMIBARE C ni, kurema na Ibisobanuro Nka.

Ubutegetsi bwa Gihebwa

Ingufu zituruka ku mico ya bwite, urugero nk'imyifatire y'ubwiringiro, cyangwa ubudahemuka. Abantu bakurikira umuntu ufite ububasha bitewe n'uko bashima cyangwa babwita ku bandi. Ubwo butegetsi ni bwo bwifashishwa mu mishinga y'imibanire, mu muco wo mu rwego rw'ihuriro, no mu mishyikirano ya bugufi. Imbaraga zishobora kuba ingufu y'ibyiza, ariko nanone zishobora gukoreshwa nabi n’abantu b’abanyarugomo.

Gusobanukirwa ibyo bintu bituma abantu barushaho kugira imbaraga, mu gihe abandi bo bakomeza kuba abantu basuzuguritse, bishobora gutuma bayobora neza itsinda ry’abafite ubushobozi, bakarishyira hamwe, kandi bakariha ingororano.

Amateka: Ubutegetsi mu Gihe Cyacu

Kuva kera, i Ikwirakwiza Bya UMWIKUBE ryahinduwe na ihinduka. OYA BIHAMYE, in Kuri i Amahinduka.

Inzego Zikurikira

Mu Burayi bwo mu gihe cya kure, ubutegetsi bwari bushingiye ku buryo bwihariye. Abami bahaga abakire igihugu mu gihe cyo gushyikirana na gisirikare, mu gihe abaturage (abacuruzi) bo bagombaga kujya mu gihugu, kandi bakagandukira ubutware bw'umutware. iyi gahunda yashyigikiwe n'ibitekerezo by'uburenganzira bw'Imana, + + + + + Imyizerere y'uko abami batoranyijwe n'Imana. Ubutware bwaratoranyijwe na rimwe. Idini ryagiraga ububasha bukomeye, rigategeka amashuri, amahame mbwiriza, ndetse n'ubuhanga mu bya politiki.

“ Gahunda y’abaturage ntiyari gahunda y’iby’ubukungu gusa; ahubwo yari gahunda y’imibereho y’abantu yashyiragamo ububasha, umutungo n’ikibaranga. ” — Susan Reynolds, umuhanga mu by’amateka

Ubukoroni n’ingoma

Kuva mu kinyejana cya 15 kugeza mu cya 20, ubutegetsi bwiganje mu Burayi (Britain, Hisipaniya, Porutugali, Ubudage, Ubudage, n’ibindi bice). Ubuturage bwagiye bushyirwaho mu bihugu byo hirya no hino muri Afurika, muri Aziya no muri Amerika. Ubutegetsi bwa Roma bwari igikorwa gikomeye mu rwego rw'ihuriro n'amategeko, bushyigikiwe n’ingabo n’ibitekerezo by’amoko byashyigikiraga uburenganzira bwo kwicibwaho iteka. Abakoronisi bakuye ubutunzi, ibikorwa by’ubucakara, kandi bashyiraho gahunda zabo za gihanga. Muri iki gihe, ingaruka zikomeza ku butunzi n'ubukungu, hamwe n’ubuturage bw’imipaka y’ibihugu bya politiki.

Ivugurura ry’Inzego z’Imirimo

Ihindurarungano (18/19) ryahinduye ingufu mu binyamuryango. Iterambere ry'ububiko n'ubucuruzi ryatumye havuka itsinda rishya ry'abakire n'abakire. . i (itsinda ry'akazi) ryagiye rirushaho kwiyongera mu bice binini na gahunda, rigatwara imishinga y'akazi isaba amafaranga meza, ibisabwa n'ibice bya politiki. Icyo gihe ni bwo butegetsi bwagezweho n'ubukungu bwa kilimo, bwasobanuwe na Karl Marx, we wavuze ko imbaraga ziva mu kugenzura uburyo bwo gukora.

Imiryango y’Abaturage n’Impano zo Gutanga Ubutegetsi Budakuka

Ikinyejana cya 20 na 21 byaranzwe n'imiryango ikomeye y'ikinyamuryango yanze inzego zishinzwe iby'ubutware. Inzego ziharanira uburenganzira bwa giturage mu Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zarwanyije amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko ashingiye ku moko n'imyifatire y'inyangingo. Imiryango y'ibitsina yashidikanyije ubutware bwa kibyeyi na kiyahuti. Imiryango y'Abakoroni yo mu bihugu bya Aziya na Afurika, yashoboye gutsinda ubutegetsi bwifatiwe hamwe (ibyatsimbatwa, igata, impagararira,) n'inguriro ryifatizo ryemewe (uburenganzira bwa kimuntu, amahame ya demokarasitikizo).

Amahanga n’imbaraga za gahunda

Uretse ibintu byabayeho mu mateka, imbaraga za buri munsi zigenda zishyirwa mu nzego zigenga imibanire y’abantu n’inzego zishyira kuri gahunda y'imibanire y'abantu.

Inzego n’imbaraga z’ubukungu

Urwego: Rimwe Bya i Bya. Kuri,, By' amategeko,, na Ibitangazamakuru., i Hejuru: 1% Bya i Ibigabane Amagenzura A Gusangiza Bya Ibikorana, Kuri Imisusire Itegeko na public. [[: 0%] Kuva: i [[: 1] na guhera i, i UMWIKUBE Bya i -.

Amavangura y’amoko, ivangura rishingiye ku moko n’ivangura rishingiye ku buyobozi

Amatsinda ashingiye ku mahitamo y'amoko n'ay'amoko, ashingiye ku mateka y'ubucakara, inyabukoruzi, na ibihugu. Mu bihugu nka Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Afurika y'Epfo, na Burezili, ivangura ry'amoko rikomeza kugira ingaruka ku buryo bwo kugira amazu, akazi, ubutabera, na igihagararo cya gishingiye kuri politiki. Nubwo nyuma y'amategeko, inzego z'ubutegetsi zikomeza gushyirwaho binyuriye ku bikorwa bifitwe mu buryo bwihishije, nk'imikorere yo guha akazi, kwifashishaho, na mu mfungwa. Gusobanukirwa ibyo bikorwa binyuranye bisaba gusesenguranyangikanywa n'uburyo butandukanye (itsinda, itsinda ry'ubuhanga ry'ibitsina) n’ubundi.

Umuryango w’Abibumbye n’Abakuru b’Abakurambere

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Imyaka n’Imbaraga z’Ikingahaye

Imisusire Bya IMPIRAGACIRO in Ivugurura. Abasaza bagendera ku bumenyi bwabo no ku bumenyi burundanijwe. Muri iki gihe, abakiri bato babonwa ko ari abahuza n'imimerere n'imimerere n'imyifatire, ariko bashobora kubura ububasha bwihuse. Abavandimwe mu bihugu bahabwa amafaranga (G. g., amafaranga ya rubanda ku mafaranga ya pansiyo.) berekana imyitwaramo yo hejuru y'imbaraga. Itsinda ry'isi yose ry'ubwirize ry'imimerere y'ikirere, nka Grenta Thaunberg, rigaragaza ukuntu imbaraga zifite imyifatire ya gihangange mu bya gipolitiki zishobora guhihibika.

Ububasha butangwa n’ubwenge

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu birebana n’ubwenge bugaragaza uko abantu bita ku butware, uko imbaraga zigira ingaruka ku myifatire no ku kuntu abantu bagira imbaraga mu mibanire yabo.

Ubutware n’ukumvira: Imikino y’imirimo igerageza

Bya in i Abantu Kuri, ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: Kuri Ibindi:. Kuri Kuri A (Umukinnyi) ya:. i Kuri Hejuru Kuri A urwego i in A.

Imihati ya gereza yo muri Stanford no kugira uruhare mu mishinga

(1) & Imyifatire. Kuri "" na, "" na. Kuri, UMWIKUBE ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: in. i Uburyo, A Urugero Bya i Bya UMWIKUBE.

Imyifatire y’ikinyamuco na - Itsinda

Kuri Ikiranga, Abantu Inzira% s Bya - Kuva: Itsinda (G.,, Igihugu:,). Kuri in - Itsinda Inyamwifatire na Inyuma - Itsinda. Gufata UMWIKUBE Ibyifuzo (G. g., "i Akazi")., Amatsinda Gicurasi Cyangwa. ni Urufunguzo Kuri na.

Ubushobozi n'Icyegeranyo

UMWIKUBE Amahinduka Abantu. Kuri Birenzeho, Birenzeho, na ku. Birenzeho Kuri Ibindi: na Birutwa Kuri. "" Nka Abantu UMWIKUBE, Birutwa na Birenzeho -, KURI Igihe. [: 0% S] ku na [[:] Byabonetse UMWIKUBE i Kuri ku, Ku i Bya.

Ibintu Bigaragara Muri Iki Gihe Bigaragaza Ububasha Budahuje n’Ubundi

Mu kinyejana cya 21, ubutegetsi bwihindukizanyije mu buryo buhanitse, burebwa n’ikoranabuhanga, ikoranabuhanga, n'ikoranabuhanga rishya. Kumenya ibi bintu bibaho muri iki gihe ni ngombwa ku bantu bashaka gusobanukirwa (/) na ihinduka ry’isi.

Ingaruka za politiki n’amafaranga mu bya politiki

, i ni bingana ububasha bwa gipolitiki ku nyir' ibyinjijwe., Ubutunzi buruta kure cyane ku,, na Ubutware. i, i - UNITEX, i - UNINI) (2010) i Ntabwo isosiyete ikoreshwa mu matsinda mu gihe cya politiki, i UMWIKUBE Bya inyabugeni. Kuri A Sisitemu Gicurasi Birenzeho Kuri Kuri, Kugeza ku,.

Inyigisho nk’Umworozi w’Ubutegetsi

Kuri Ubwiza ni A Bya na UMWIKUBE. -, na Bya Kurema Kuri ejuru - Ibikorwa na imyanya., in Ntoya - Bya hasi Bya. & Rusange Umwanya Bya, Na: in Amajyaruguru Birenzeho Kuri Byuzuye na. i Ubushyinguro, na By' umwihariko Gishya Bya UMWIKUBE, i Umwanya hagati Kuri na OYA.

Itangazamakuru, Telegisitani, na

Ibikoranabuhanga na Ibitangazamakuru Bikoresha Ibikoranabuhanga Bifite Ingufu Ikomeye Kuri Kubumba Imyifatire ya public, Ibigenderwaho, na Imyifatire.

Na

Ku isi hose, amacakubiri ashingiye ku rwego rw'ikirenga ashingiye ku bihugu. Ibihugu bitunze byo mu majyaruguru, akenshi bitegeka ibihugu mpuzamahanga, ibijyanye n'umutungo, na politiki, mu gihe ibihugu bike mu birebana n'ingorabahizi, no guharanira amadeni, na politiki. Amatsinda mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga, nka i Bank na Ishingiro Mpuzamahanga, igenda irushaho kwiyongera ingufu., Ubukungu bugenda bwiyongera burushaho kwiyongera nka Bushinwa, na Burezile, buhindura inzego nshya z'ubukungu n'ibipolitiki.

Kurwanya no guha imbaraga: Amatsinda y’imbaraga atoroshye

Abantu UMWIKUBE KURI Ibindi: ni i (% PRODUCTNAME) y' Ishusho. Ikindi ni UMWIKUBE na. . . i Bya Igenzura ku Ubuzima na (ni i Kuri Gukandamiza UMWIKUBE. Ingero Bya: ya: Irengayobora,, bingana, Abasangwabutaka ya: Igikorwa.

Igikubo Amafishi Bya UMWIKUBE: (Inyabubiri), By' amategeko (Ingufu), (Ingufu), na (Ingufu),. [[: 0% S]] [[[:]] i Kuri na UMWIKUBE Imisusire Ubuzima, Nka ku. i Imizi Bya UMWIKUBE, na ya: Guhindura..., Kuva: na Kuri na Igikorwa.

Ku barezi, ibyo bisobanura gucengezamo ibitekerezo byo kunenga ku birebana n’imbaraga zo mu ishuri. Abanyeshuri bashobora kumenya ubwoko butandukanye bw’imbaraga, bagasuzuma ingero z’amateka, kandi bagasuzuma ibibazo byo muri iki gihe. Bashobora gukoresha ububasha bwabo bwite n’ubuhanga kugira ngo bashyigikire impamvu zibitera.

Umwanzuro: Ubutware ni inshingano

Nta bwo imbaraga ari nziza cyangwa mbi ubwazo; ni igikoresho gikozwe n'amahame n'ibikorwa by'abakoresha. Impamvu abantu bamwe na bamwe bafite ububasha ku bandi, ni ibintu byashinze imizi mu mateka, mu mibanire y'imibanire y'abantu, na mu mitekerereze y'imyifatire y'abantu. Izo mpamvu ntiziterwa n'impamvu.

Kuri abanyeshuri n’abarezi, iyi ni intambwe itangira. Intambwe ikurikira ni iyo gushyira mu bikorwa ibyo bintu bihuje n'ubwenge mu mibereho ya buri munsi: kutemera ubutware mu gihe burengana, kugirana amasezerano anyuranye, gukoresha imbaraga zawe bwite kugira ngo ushyire amajwi adafite aho agarukira, kandi utazigera wibagirwa ko ukoresha imbaraga zituruka ku nshingano. Urugendo rwo kujya mu muryango w’abantu ushoboye kurengana rutangiranwa, ariko rurangira n’ibikorwa.