Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashinjaga Imanza n’Inkurikizi Zihoraho Zagize ku Gihagararo cy’Ubutegetsi bwa Amerika

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika rwamaze igihe kirekire rukora nk'isohoresha rya nyuma ry'ibisobanuro by'ihame, rigorora igaburo hagati ya za leta eshatu z'ubutegetsi na hagati ya leta na leta.

Madison (1803)

i Inshingano in [[: 0% S] Nka A Bya i, i ya: A Bya, ku i Bya.

. A Itondekanya Kuri, i., Bya i [:] i UMWIKUBE Bya i Ikirango Cyagutse i Umwimerere Bya i., i Bya [:] [:] i UMWIKUBE Bya i Kuri Hasi i.

Ingaruka bigira ku butegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

  • [[: 0% S]: [[: 1] i Nka A - Gupima, Bya Kugenzura... Byombi na i.
  • [[: 0% S] ya::[[: 1]] ni i Bya i Kuri i ni,” Gitsindiye Isubiramo.
  • [[: 0% S] - Akabuto:[[[: 1] v. i ya: i Kuri na Leta, A UMWIKUBE Kuri in buri Ijambo.

Ubutegetsi bwa Fédérance na Claus Ukwiriye: McCulloch na Maryland (1819)

Igihe Inama Nshingano yashingaga ko banki itangira gukora imirimo mu mwaka wa 1816, Maryland yategetse ko iyo banki isonerwa ku ntera yagombaga kugeraho. Uwayikoreshaga, James McCulloch, yanze gutanga imisoro, maze aba ari we watumye Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ruhatwa uburenganzira bwo gusonerwa.

A Kabiri Urufunguzo., i [: 0% S] na [[: 1] Bya I, i OYA A, i UMWIKUBE Kuri Inshingano, na A A na Kuri Inyuma., i [[:] Kuri Hasi Amabwiriza, OYA Ibikorwa:.

Ingaruka bigira ku butegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

  • [[: 0% S]:[[: 1] i Bya, Kuri Hitamo... i Kuri.
  • [[: 0% S] Kuva: ikoresha UMWIKUBE Kuri Na:, i hagati na Leta.
  • [[: 0% S] ya: Nyuma:[[: 1] A ya: i Bya UMWIKUBE in Ubuso Nka Imyanya y' ibijyanye n' imitungo, Ibijyanye n' imitungo, na.

Bya

Imirimo in na Itegeko Bya Bijyanye n' imibanire. A ejuru - Amazi Ikimenyetso Na: [[: 0% S] v. Bya [[[:1]. [[1]], ya: na Umweru., ku na i, na i [:] na i [:]

Umucamanza mukuru Earl Warren yanditse umwanzuro wanze “ihame ritandukanye ariko ringana” mu by’uburezi. Yishingikiriza ku gihamya cya siyansi y'ikinyamuryango cy'ikiremwamuntu cy'isi, ivuga ko ivangura ry’imyitwarire y'ibiciro rituma abantu bumva ko ari ubusa, ko“ amashuri anyuranye ntarengwa n’uburinganire.” Icyeme ryasabwaga gukemura “njyuhutizi zose,” irindi jambo ryishingiwe kugira ngo rikorerwe buhoro buhoro buhoro ariko ritangijwe mu gutuma habaho ihinduka rikomeye ry’umuryango w’Abanyamerika.

Ingaruka bigira ku butegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

  • [[: 0%] na Guhindura... i [: 1] i Kuri Gukoresha Kuri Amatsinda y' imibanire na
  • [[:] na Bya ngombwa Konti: Kuri
  • [[: 0% S] Akagerampera ya: -:[: 1] i ya: Ikindi bingana Umutekano, Kuva: Irengayoboranyabitsina Kuri Ishyingiranwa.

, na i: < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < = < > < / > < = < = < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < < < < < < / > < / > < < < < <-- >

Nka Nka [[: 0% S] v. [[:1]. A Kuri Kubika A Ubuzima. (i Ishingiro, Iburyo: Kuri Agenga., in A - 2 ku,.

i Iburyo: Kuri Ibanga, OYA in i, ni Gucaho umurongo in i [[: 0% S] [[: 1] Bya i. “Bya A Nyamwihinahine” in Nka [[2]] V [[:], Hasi ku. A A Biruta Amabwiriza in Nyuma Bya.

Ingaruka bigira ku butegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

  • [[:] Bya:[: 1] i, A Byongerewe... Inyuma Kuri [[:] v. [[:]] () na Imbere Kuri [:] V. [:]
  • [[: 0% S]S.[[: 1] Kuri, i Bya UMWIKUBE Kuva: Leta na i na i.
  • [[: 0% S]:[[: 1] A in Iyemeza na IMYAKA IMPAPURO Bya KURI i NYACYO Ingano: Bya Isubiramo] in i in [[:]] v. [:] []

Kugabanya ububasha bw’ubutegetsi: Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika na Nixon (19974)

Gushyira i “ntana kimwe ni hejuru i < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > Kuri Igerageza. A Bidasanzwe Bya, [[: 0% S]] Kuri i Kuri Kuri Ibanga Amatumanaho., in A 8 / 0% S, Byanzwe.

Igitekerezo cy’Umucamanza mukuru Warren Burger, cyiyemereye ko igikundiro cy’ubuyobozi cyari gihari cyo guharanira umutekano w’igihugu cyangwa ibibazo by’ubutegetsi, ariko kikavuga ko kitashoboraga gukoreshwa mu guhisha ibihamya mu gihe cy’ubushakashatsi bw’abagizi ba nabi.

Ingaruka bigira ku butegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

  • [[: 0% S] ku:[[: 1] v. i ni Ikivugwaho: Kuri na < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > ni OYA.
  • [[: 0%] Bya i:[[: 1] Icyemezo cy'inkuta cyuzuza i Inshingano in Itanga amategeko y'ubucamanza agenga abayobozi bakuru, Igenamiterere A Itangiza ingero Byakoreshejwe in Nyuma na.
  • [[: 0% S] na i Bya:[[: 1] []

Uburinzi n'uburinganire bw'ishyingiranwa: Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Impinduka Bya A Gishya Na: [[: 0% S] v. [[1:], Gifatanijwe - - A Iburyo: Kuri i [[[: 2.] [[[: 3] na i [[:] Bya i [[:]] Bya i. Kuri Leta ku - EGIHARWE Kuva:,,, na.

Umucamanza Anthony Kennedy yanditse igitekerezo cy’abantu benshi, atsindagiriza ko “uburenganzira bwo gushaka ari uburenganzira bw’ibanze bukomoka ku mudendezo w’umuntu.” Urukiko rwatekereje ko kwirengagiza abashakanye bahuje ibitsina mu mibanire y’ishyingiranwa, byasuzuguye icyubahiro cyabo kandi bikashyiraho “ibanga ryo kwirengagiza” ko Amategeko y'amategeko atashoboraga kwihanganira. Umwanzuro wasabaga ko buri wese aha uburenganzira abashakanye bahuje igitsina, kandi ko yemera ko ishyingiranwa rikorwa mu bundi bundi bundi bundi bundi bundi bundi bundi bundi bushake.

Ingaruka bigira ku butegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

  • [[:] Bya:[[: 1] i Bya Gishya Ingero Bya i, Kuva: Agenga in [[:][:] Kuri Ishyirahamwe in [:] v. [[:] [:] []
  • [[: 0% S] Imikemurire Bya A:[[: 1] i Ikibazo, i Leta - urwego Itegeko Ibihinduka na Igikorwa, Igishushanyo Kuva: Imibanire Amahinduka Gihinguranya.
  • [[: 0% S] KURI Inshingano y' icyitonderwa:[[: 1]] Gutandukanya i Gufunga ku i KURI i NYACYO Ingano: Bya UMWIKUBE - - A Kuri Imisusire.

Ibindi bimenyetso: Kugabanya imyitwarire

Uretse izo myanzuro z’urufatiro, hari izindi myanzuro nyinshi zagize ingaruka zikomeye ku birebana no gutanga imbaraga muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika.

○ Komishoni y'Itoranya (2010)

[[: 0% S] [[:], i Bya i Kuva: ku,, na Ikindi. Bya i (-) na ku, ni OYA Na: A.

  • [[: 0% S] ku UMWIKUBE:[[[: 1] i Inshingano Bya in, na Bigyanye i Bya ku.
  • [[: 0% S] hagati na Ishinga:[[: 1] Cyagutse i Ingano: Bya Irinda Kuri, Ibyerekeye na i Bya politiki.
  • [[: 0% S] Ihuza[[[: 1] [[: 2.] Incamake Bya v.[[: 3.]

Chelby County v.

[[: 0% S]] [[: 1], i Hasi A Urufunguzo Bya i Bya. 4 Bya i Inzira na Na: A Urutonde Bya Ivanga Mbere., in A - - - - - 4 (Byahawe imiterere ya: i Inzira: ku Ibyatanzwe Kuva: i na).

  • [[: 0% S] ku:[[: 1] i, i Bya UMWIKUBE Inyuma Kuri Gutoranya.
  • [[: 0% S]: [[[:] Leta KURI Gutoranya ubuyobozi, Kuri A UMUVUMBA Bya Gishya Amabwiriza.
  • [[: 0% S] Ihuza[[[: 1] [[: 2.]

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga n’Uburimbane Bufite Ishingiro

Imanza zavuzwe haruguru zigaragaza uruhare rw'ibanze rw'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rufite mu gukwirakwiza ubutegetsi muri gahunda y'amategeko y'isi. Binyuriye ku nyigisho nk'isuzuma ry'amategeko, ibyemezo, imyanya y'ubutegetsi, na inshingano y'ubuyobozi, Urukiko rwaguye kandi rugahagararira ubutware bw'andi mashami n'ibihugu. Izo ngingo ntizigera zifatwa mu buryo bwihishe.

, i Ikinyuranyo/ Itandukaniro Bya UMWIKUBE si impagarike. Amahinduka mu gihe, na Gishya Inzu y' ibibazo bikomeza igerageza ibyitondewe. Urugero:, i Bya i < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. < Urwego: = "Ibice > < Urwego: = "Ibice Bihanitse" > < / > in < Urwego: = "Imiyoboro" > < / >. < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > < / > < Urwego: = "-" >) < / > < Urwego rw'Ikigo gihanga) < Urwego rw'Ikigo cya Centime(- ukoresha) rushinzwe ubutware.

i hagati i na i Ikindi Bya ni ya: Umuntu wese ushaka kwifashisha ubutware bw'Ikirenga., Nka in McCulloch, ni “kugomba kwihangana ya: Kuri, na, Kuri Kuri i.” i ya:, i i Bya in A, i i Akazi in Aho bigeze:.

Gusoma ibindi

  • [[: 0% S]: na [[: 1]
  • [[:]: By' amategeko [[: 1]
  • [[: 0% S] Constitution: [[[1.]