Inshingano y’Umuyobozi w’Amategeko

hagati i na Bigenga na Amakuru, Rimwe Bya i Ibyangombwa in Bigezweho. A A, Kuri i Urwego rw' amategeko y'Ikirenga Kuri Ubuzima ku,,, na ubuyobozi. Bya ni OYA ni ni A Kuri Gupima UMWIKUBE i Bya i Abantu, Nka Gihinguranya, Igikorwa.

Umumaro w'ubwitange ni kure n'impamyabumenyi. Urwego rw'Ikigo gishinzwe amategeko, ibijyanye n'amategeko, ibishyizwe imbere, na Kubuganya, mu gihe abakoresha bashinzwe gushyigikira amategeko.

Imishinga ya Leta igenga amategeko

Gahunda za demokarasi za none zubatswe ku ihame ryo gutandukanya ubutegetsi, igitekerezo cyanduwe na ba nyabwenge nka Montesquieu na byakorewe mu buryo buzwi cyane mu Constitution ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.

Ibiro by’ishami byahawe ubuyobozi

Ibiro by' Urwego rukuru bisohoza amategeko yashyizweho na i i. ku mutwe wabyo, uhagarariye perezida cyangwa minisitiri w'intebe, akaba ari umuyobozi mukuru na umuyobozi mukuru wa leta mu buryo bwinshi. Ishami ry'Ikigo cy'Ikirenga rikubiyemo inzego nini cyane z'ubuyobozi, inzego zishinzwe ubuyobozi, amahuriro, amahuriro n'ibigo bya leta.

Inshingano z’ingenzi z’ibiro by’ishami biyobora ishami zikubiyemo izi zikurikira:

  • Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko ya leta binyuriye ku nzego zishinzwe iby’amategeko, urugero nk’Ubutabera, Umutekano wo mu Rwego rw’Abibumbye n’Inzego Zishinzwe
  • Gutegeka inzego za leta hamwe n’imari zifite, bihuje n’impamyabumenyi zishinzwe amategeko
  • Gukora amategeko y’amahanga no gushyikirana n’andi mahanga
  • Gureba kure ibikorwa by’igihugu byo kurinda igihugu n’ibya gisirikare
  • Gutanga amabwiriza y’ubuyobozi n’amabwiriza biyobora ubutegetsi bw’igihugu
  • Abategetsi bashinzwe gushyirirwaho amategeko, hakubiyemo n’abacamanza n’abayobozi b’ibigo,

UMWIKUBE ni OYA Bidahera. muri,, na Tanga Kuri Isubiramo. [: 0% S] Bya i U.. [[: 1] A Gusiba Ishushanya Bya Umumaro in.

Ishami ry’Amategeko

Ishami ry'amategeko rifata ingufu zo gukora, gukora, na., iyi igizwe n'utuzu tubiri , organy organisa n'ingo zo gutangiranya n'abaturage n'abatanditse ku ifasi. Abashinzwe impaka z'impamyabumenyi zitangwa, ibyifuzo bya komite y'amakuru, irebana, na ku Kohereza amategeko ku muyobozi ya Leta ku bw' uburenganzira cyangwa se.

Gutegeka:

  • Intangiriro ku a Bya i
  • imyitwarire y' ivugurura
  • Impaka z’imfuruka hamwe n’amatora mu biro byombi
  • Iyo imyanya y’abagize komite ihuza abantu mu gihe batanze ubuhinduzi butandukanye
  • Kuri i kugirango Isinya Cyangwa
  • Ubushobozi bwatanzwe bwo guhitamo umuyobozi w’ubuyobozi binyuriye ku gutora mu buryo bukomeye

, i A Inshingano in.,, na Amagenzura, i < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > Inyuma Amabwiriza Kuri Intego. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. < Urwego: = "I] iyi in < Urwego: = "I" > < / > na < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >, Kurema A Sisitemu i Ikindi.

Uko amategeko agenga iby’ubuyobozi yashyizwe mu mwanya wa mbere

Guha agaciro imyanzuro irebana n’amategeko bikubiyemo ibirenze gutangaza gusa ko amategeko ari ingirakamaro.

Gutegeka no gusubizaho

A Itegeko, Bishyizweho Iyigamashusho Birutanwa mu Bikorwa Bishinzwe Ibice Bigenga. . .A Bya i Amabwiriza i. in i Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, ADCOURGA Asaba Amagenzura Kuri Gusohora amategeko atangwa, Kwemera Ibisobanuro rusange, na Tanga imyandikire y'ibisobanuro byabyo. Ibonerana na Kuri Guhindura imyanya y' amategeko.

Urugero, igihe Konsitade yatangizaga i Ishinga ry'Ikigo gishinzwe iby'ubutaka, yashinjeho i Inzego zishinzwe umutekano zishinzwe iby'ibanga ryo kwikingira ibidukikije, igashyiraho amabwiriza arebana n'ikoranabuhanga. Hanyuma yagiranye ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, na abashinzwe iby'ihinguriro, na Gushyiraho amabwiriza ahasobanuro afatiweho kuri i Rusange. Inzego z'ubutware ni ngombwa kubera ko abashinga amategeko badashoboye gukengurura buri kantu kose k'ibijyanye n'impagararo.

Ibikorwa n’ubufasha

Iyo amategeko amaze gushyirwaho, abayobozi ba kiliziya bagomba kwiyemeza ko bakurikiza amategeko.

  • Iperereza n’iperereza kugira ngo bamenye ko barenze amategeko
  • Na Bya
  • Inzu y’Ubutegetsi Irebana n’Impano
  • Urubanza rubanze kumvira
  • Kuvuga ibihereranye n’ibikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi bikorerwa mu myanya y’intoki

Ibyifuzo by'ibanze ku Ibikorana: na Itegeko. ya:, igenzura ku nyungu zo mu rwego rwo hejuru na Na: Bya. imyanya y' ukwubahiriza ibyemezwa by' amategeko ituma ibigo birushaho kwagura na Bike.

Amabwiriza n' Amabwiriza

Abayobozi n'abatware bashobora gutanga amategeko y'ubuyobozi agenga uko inzego z'amashami zisobanura amategeko ahari n'ayashyirirwaho. Ayo mategeko ayobora amategeko ku bakozi ba leta, ariko agomba gushyirwa mu butegetsi bwa Leta cyangwa bushingiye ku mategeko. Amabwiriza y'ubuyobozi yemerera umuyobozi w'ubuyobozi kwihutira gusubiza ibintu mu buryo budashobotse, adategereje ko hakorwa igikorwa cy'amategeko, nubwo bakomeza kugandukira isuzuma ry'amategeko kandi bakaba bashobora gusubirizwaho n'ubuyobozi bukurikiraho.

Amabwiriza Byakoreshejwe Kuri Itegeko Amahinduka, Gishya, na. [: 0% S] [[[: 1]] A Bya Amabwiriza na By' amategeko.

Imishyikirano iri hagati y’Inzego Zishinzwe Gutegeka n’Amashami Ashinzwe Amategeko

Umukino hagati y'ibiro by'ishami bigenga n'inzego zigenga amategeko, urangwa n'ubufatanye n'irushanwa. Imyifatire ikomeye ni ku ihangano . . Abatangije iyo mishinga bagamije kurwanya irari ry'ihangiro, bigatuma ishami iryo ari ryo ryose ritabona ububasha bukabije.

Ibice by’Ubufatanye

N’ubwo amashami y'abayobozi n'ay'amategeko adahuza, incuro nyinshi akorera hamwe kugira ngo agere ku ntego zimwe.

  • Guteranya gahunda z’ingenzi, urugero nk’imari zikoreshwa mu rwego rw’ibanze cyangwa ivugurura ry’ibitabo by’ubuvuzi
  • Iganira ryitondewe ku bihereranye n’imari y’imari, rishyira mu mwanya wa mbere ibyo gushyiriraho amategeko y'amategeko
  • Intego z’amahanga zishyizwe hamwe zisaba ko ibikorwa by’ubushyamirane hamwe n’amasezerano yashyizweho
  • Imiryango y'ibyitwaramo mu buryo bwihuse mu gihe cy'impanuka kamere cyangwa mu gihe cy'umutekano w’igihugu
  • Abantu benshi bashishikazwa na porogaramu, urugero nk’abamaze igihe kirekire bahabwa inyungu cyangwa amafaranga akoreshwa mu bushakashatsi

Ubufatanye bugaragara cyane mu bihe by'ubutegetsi bwunze ubumwe, igihe iryo tsinda rimwe rya gipolitiki rigenzura amashami y'abayobozi n'ay'amategeko. Icyakora, ndetse n'ubutegetsi bwiciyemo ibice, bushyira hamwe mu buryo bukomeye ku bibazo aho inyungu zihuza.

Bya

Ishyamirane hagati ya amashami ni isanzwe kandi rifite akamaro k'ibanze. Iyo havutse ibibazo, akenshi biterwa n':

  • Amakimbirane arebana n’ubutware bufite umwanya ukomeye n’ukuntu amategeko asobanurwa mu buryo bukwiriye
  • Ibinyuranye mu Itegeko i By' imbere hagati i na
  • Ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku mategeko bugaragaza imyifatire mibi y’abategetsi cyangwa imyitwarire yabo
  • Kuri Cyangwa kugirango Ibisobanuro
  • Imyiryane iterwa n’igihe perezida atemera amategeko ashyizweho n’Inteko Nshinga
  • Amabwiriza yashyizweho n’inama nshingamateka arwanya abategetsi bakuru

[[: 0% S] [[: 1], i Bya ku ya: Icyo ari cyo cyose Kuri i.

Iperereza ry’ibyabaye mu mateka n’iry’ibiheruka kubaho

Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bugaragaza ko gushyira mu bikorwa imyanzuro irebana n’ubutegetsi bw’abategetsi bitoroshye, ari byo bibazo by’ingirakamaro.

Ibintu bishya no gukemura ibibazo by’ubukungu

Imirimo y'ihungabana ry'Ubukungu mu buryo bwihuse, yateje ikibazo kitari cyarigeze gihita kivuka. Mu gusubiza, perezida Franklin D. Roosevelt yashyize hamwe na Konsitantiyeti inzego zose za porogaramu zishya zizwi mu rwego rw'itsinda, zitwa New Dec. Ishami ry'Ikigo cy'Ikirere cy'Ubwigenge ryashyizeho inzego nshya, nka inzego z'Umuryango w'Abikorwa n'Ukongerezo, na i National Leaunions Rolations Board kugira ngo zishyire izo myitwarire.

Iki gihe i Bya i, Kinini - Ingano:. Amezi Bya Himura, i Bya Abasore ibihumbi n'ibihumbi Bya in Imishinga. Byaremwe A Sisitemu Bya Mudasobwa Kuri Uyumunsi., i Bifitanye isano n'amategeko, Na: i Porogaramu Mbere Kuri i Ishinga i

Amategeko arebana n’uburenganzira bw’abenegihugu mu myaka ya 1960

Itangwa ry'amategeko arebana n’uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu rigaragaza kimwe mu bikorwa by'ingenzi cyane by'ubutegetsi bw'igihangange mu mateka y'Abanyamerika. Nyuma yo guhita mu Mateka y'Icyegeranyo ry'Ikirenga cyo mu mwaka wa 1964 na i Gavumenti y'irengeramateka y'umwaka wa 1965, Umukuru w'Ikigo cy'Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga Lyndon Johnson na Richard Nixon, na nyuma y'aho, bahanganye n’ikigo gikomeye cyo gushyira mu bikorwa ayo mategeko mu bihugu na mu turere byanze kugandurirwa.

Inteko y'amategeko y'Umuryango w'Ikirenga yashinzwe kugira ngo irengere abaharanira uburenganzira bwa gitugu, ishinja amazu ashinzwe guharanira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, kandi inzego z'amategeko zibuzanya amashuri ashinzwe ubucamanza, kandi ifata indi miryango yanze gusesanya. Ishyirahamwe ry'Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga ryariyongereye mu buryo butangaje, riregwaho, riregwa ry'uburenganzira bw'umwandaruko n’amategeko arebana n'ubuturo bwiciro. Iyo mihati y'amategeko yasabwaganje yagombaga gukomeza ubushake bwa gihanga kandi igaragaza ukuntu igikorwa cy’ubuyobozi gishobora gutuma umugambi w’amategeko usohora.

Igikorwa cyo Kwita ku Bandi

Ishyirahamwe ry'Umurwayi n'Indangabintu ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 ryihariye, ritanga urugero rushya rw'inyurabwenge. Nyuma y'aho amategeko ajya, ibiro by'ishami bishinzwe iby'ububiko bw'ubwishingizi bw'ubwishingizi bw'ubwishingizi bw'ubwishingizi, gushyiraho gahunda zo gukusanya amashyirahame y'amasosiyete y'ubwishingizi bw'ubwishyu, na ishyira hamwe n'inzego ku itsinda ry'amakuru ry'inzego ry'inzego ry'ubwishingiro rya Médike.

Imirimo yagezweho n'ibyago byinshi, bikubiyemo kunanirwa kwangiza irebana n'uburwayi. Webu y'amategeko yageze ku Rukiko rw'Ikirenga, na ku birwanira bya politiki byanze kwishyiriraho imishinga. Urwego rw'Ikigo Cyo mu Butegetsi rushinzwe gushyiraho amategeko, Guhindura ibyemezo, Guhagarika imyiteguro, na Kwagura Imyitwarire mu Mategeko ya Leta yanze.

Isubizwa na

Itegeko A Umwanya Bya. Byanze Kuri guhera i, Nyobora Bya Byombi Kuri Koresha Amabwiriza Kuri Gushyiraho. Byasohowe i ya: Porogaramu, Birinzwe Kuva:. Kuri Impera -.

Ibikorwa byatumye habaho inzago zikomeye mu by'amategeko ku bihereranye n'ubutware bw'ubuyobozi. Cyangwa Byahinduwe: Bya Bya, gucira icyemezo cy'uko umuyobozi yari yararenze ku butegetsi bwe cyangwa ko yari yarenze ku butegetsi bwe.

Inzitizi Zituma Ishyamiranya Ikomeye Ritagera

Ishami rishinzwe iby’ubuyobozi rihangana n’inzitizi nyinshi mu gihe rigerageza gushyigikira imyanzuro irebana n’amategeko.

Ibyinjizwa

Amagenzura muri Gushyiraho i. ya: Imishinga, Imimaro KURI Ibindi. Urugero:, i Ibikorana Kuri buri Muhanzi na Isosiyeti Nka Nka. Umukoro hagati na

Ibibazo by’Amategeko n’Isubiramo ry’Imiburano

Abagize umuryango barwaye bakunze guharira ibikorwa by'ubucamanza mu rukiko. Ibyo birego bishobora guteza imbere isohozwa ry’ibyo bikorwa byabo, cyangwa se bihatira abashinzwe gutanga amategeko ku mugaragaro. Ishami ry'ubucamanza ni igenzura ry'ingenzi ku birebana n'ubutware bw'ikirenga, ariko kandi, gusesengura bishobora no kubuza imihati yemewe y'ubucamanza mu gihe cy'imyaka myinshi, mu gihe imihati yemewe irebana n’amategeko ikoreshwa mu gusengurura.

Abarwanyaga politiki n’Inteko Mbonezamubano

i na Bigenga na Amatsinda, Gicurasi Koresha Kuri. Gushyiramo, ya: Inyandiko, Gihinguranya, na Ihindurakerekezo Cyangwa Guhindura Ibikorwa. Imimaro, Byakoreshejwe Kuri Amategeko A.

Abategetsi bo mu Butegetsi bw’Ikirenga bahanganye n’ingorane

Imiteguro minini ya leta ishyiraho imico yayo n'imikorere yayo. Abakozi b'akazi bashobora kurwanya amabwiriza mashya ya politiki, cyane cyane iyo bavuguruzanya n'ibikorwa byashyizweho cyangwa n'amategeko agenga iby'imyifatire. Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko ahanitse bisaba gushyiriraho amategeko anyuranye, buri wese muri yo akaba ari amwe n'ibyembitse n'ibikorwa byayo.

Kubazwa ibyo twakoze n’Ubuhanga bwo Kubikora

Ibyo bituma inama nshingamateka, inkiko n’abaturage bashinzwe kugenzura ibikorwa by’ubuyobozi hamwe n’impamvu zishobora gukemuka, bikanatuma ishami riyobora ishami rishinzwe iby’ubuyobozi rikora, ritanga inama zifite agaciro.

Ubuyobozi bw’Amategeko

Porogaramu y' igenzura ku bikoresho:

  • Amakuru yatanzwe na Komite aho abakozi bashinzwe gutanga ubuhamya ku birebana n’ibikorwa byayo
  • Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na komite zihagarariye cyangwa komite zihariye zitoranya
  • Ibyanditse mu nyandiko n’ibihamya bishishikajwe
  • Mujye mukoresha neza uburyo bwo kumva aho inzego zigomba gushyigikira ibyo zisaba
  • Ibijyanye n'iperereza n' Raporo
  • Abagenzuraga buri kigo bagenzura ibikorwa byo gusesagura, uburiganya no gukoresha nabi ibicuruzwa

Imimaro Icyihutirwa ya: na. [: 0% S] [[: 1] Raporo garagaza cyane Ubuso Bigufi Bya.

Isubiramo ry' icyitonderwa

Inkiko zikora uruhare rw'ingenzi mu gutuma abashinzwe iby'ubucamanza bashyira hamwe n'ibisabwa n'amategeko. Abagize umuryango hamwe n’imiryango yagezweho n'ibikorwa by'ishyirahamwe, bashobora kubahihinyura mu nkiko, bakavuga ko umuyobozi yarenze ubutware bwe cyangwa ko yarenze ku byo asabwa n'amategeko. Isuzuma ry'amategeko rirebana n'ubucamanza, mu gihe binashobotse ibisobanuro by'amategeko anyuranye n'amategeko.

Urutonde na

Nanone kandi, abaturage bashinzwe kugenzura inzego z'ibiro by'ubwigenge bishinzwe, bigenzura, na. Ibisabwa Nka i Umudendezo w'Amakuru, biremerera abanyamakuru na abashakashatsi kwinjira mu nyandiko za leta na kunyuranya n'ibyahanze. Amatsinda y'abashinzwe gutanga amakuru ashinzwe iby'ubucamanza agenzura ibikorwa n'ibijyanye no kwemeza ko ibintu bikorwa n'inzego bikomeye.

Igisoza

Uruhare rw'ibiro by'ishami biyobora mu guha amategeko amategeko inshingano ihanitse, y'imbaraga, na ya ngombwa y'ubutegetsi bwa none. Umuyobozi w'ibanze si ngombwa ku butegetsi bwemewe n'amategeko gusa, ahubwo kandi ni ngombwa ko abafite ubutunzi buhagije, abakozi babishoboye, abanyapolitiki, n'abafite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo kuryoza ibintu.

Abanyeshuri ba gipolitiki basobanukiwe neza icyo gikorwa, basobanukirwa impamvu amategeko amwe n’amwe agira icyo ageraho mu gihe andi azaba atagishoboye, n’ukuntu gutandukanya ubutegetsi bikora, aho gushingira ku nyigisho gusa.

Twebwe abaturage, gusobanukirwa iyo mbaraga ikomeye iduha imbaraga zo kugira icyo tubazwa na leta yacu. Iyo tubona amategeko adakurikizwa, dushobora kwibaza impamvu. Iyo tubona abashinzwe gushyiraho umukono basa n’aho bashingiye ku bitekerezo bikabije cyangwa bakarenza urugero, dushobora gusaba ko tuvanaho impamvu. Muri ubwo buryo, iperereza ry'ishyira mu mwanya w'ubuyobozi bw'ubuyobozi si ikintu cy'ibanze gikoreshwa mu birebana n'imyifatire y'ibanze.