Abakuru ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bashinze gahunda ya leta itandukanye n'iyo ari yo yose igaragara mbere — umwe wagenewe kugabanya ubutware n'uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye. Amaso yabo yavuye mu byo babonye mu buryo butaziguye n'ubutware bwa gipolitiki, na gusobanukirwa ibintu bidakurikizwa, bituma havuka ubutegetsi bukabije, bukabije. Gukwirakwiza imbaraga hagati y'amashami atandukanya, igenzura ry'ibipimo n'ibipimo by'ibanze, na ko bashyizeho umugambi w'ibanze wamaze imyaka isaga 200. Nyamara iyo mikoro inyuranyo ntiyigera ihagararaho; bigomba guhora bijya bijya bihagarara kandi bivuguruza nk'ibibazo bishya bivuka. Iki gice gisuzuma imyanyabuzima, imyifatizo, imyifatiriranya, na ihoraho, isobanura neza uburenganzira bw'abatangirije mu buryo bw'ubutegetsi bwihuriro.

Ishingiro ry’Inyigisho z’Inyigisho za Filosofi: Ibitekerezo Bimurikiwe

Abayobozi b’ibya filozofiya bashinze imizi cyane, baturutse ku bahanga b’i Burayi bashidikanyaga uburenganzira bw’Imana bw’abami, uburenganzira bw’ikirenga bwa gihanga, no kwitandukanya n’ubutegetsi bw’ikirenga.

John Locke n’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga

[[: 0% S] Bya [[: 1]] Byose Kuri Ubuzima, na Indangakintu:.,, Gihinguranya A Ishyirahamwe Na: i na. A i Ishinga, i Abantu i Iburyo: Kuri. Ururimi: in i Bya, "Bya" ya: "" Kuri i. i ya: UMWIKUBE — A OYA Kuri na.

Imirimo y’Abategetsi iterwa no gutana kw’ubutegetsi

[[: 0% S] Bya i [[: 1] [)] () i Imiterere Bya i U.S.. Kuri, UMWIKUBE,, na, na Kuri Kugenzura i Ibindi:. in A, i Bya in A UMWE Umubiri in Kuri. iyi, Kurema A Sisitemu Oya., in [:]., Nka i Bya.

Rousseau n’ubutegetsi bw’ikirenga bwa rubanda

- Bya i Rusange Kuva: i Bya i Abantu. Akazi Birenzeho Incamake, i Kuri — i ku i Bya i. in i Bya,, na i Gufungura% S Amagambo:: "i."

Ibyo bintu byagize ingaruka ku kumurikirwa byashyize hamwe kugira ngo habeho ubutegetsi bwihariye bwo muri Amerika bwahawe ububasha n’abantu, bugashyirwaho n’ibigo bitandukanyijwe kandi mbere na mbere bwari bugamije kurinda uburenganzira bw’umuntu ku giti cye.

Imirimo y’Amategeko: Amashami atatu n’Imibare y’Ibitabo n’Imibare

Ihame ry'Icyiciro rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, ryemewe mu mwaka wa 1788, ryashyizeho igihugu cy'amajyaruguru cy'ubutegetsi bwihariye gifite amashami atatu angana. Abakuru ba mbere banditse neza amategeko mu ngingo I, II, na II, ariko nanone baremanywe abayobozi barebana kugira ngo buri ishami rishobore kurinda korekwa n’abandi.

Ishami ry’Amategeko: Ishami rya Mbere mu Bantu Bangana

I I I Inyabugeni zose zo mu Nteko Nshingano y'amategeko, igizwe na i Inzu y'Abahagarariye na i. Inzu yagenewe kwitabira neza abantu — buri myaka ibiri na igabanyijwe n'abaturage. Iyo Kontine yagereranyaga i, na imyanya y'imyaka itandatu ituze na Kugenzura ku myitwarire isanzwe. iyi shusho ya bimeral ubwayo yari ishyize mu gaciro: Kinini bicence in i Home; Gitoya bingana in i. Amategeko yose yasabwaga kuvana mu macumbi yombi.

:,,,,,,, na., nucyo, n'abashinzwe inzego z'amajyambere., n'abashinzwe amatsinda y'akazi (ni ukuvuga) na (isubiramo ry'ibihangano), na bo bagenzura ko inteko y'Ikigo cya leta ishinzwe iby'ubukuru na Ishingano, na i Inteko y'Ikigo gishinzwe ingufu y'amajwi, yashyizeho amafasire y'ibikomerezo bikomeye kurusha ibindi, kandi ibyemejwe mu buryo bwihishe, mu buryo bwihishe, abashinzwe itsinda ry'ibiro by'amategeko.

Amashami y'Umuyobozi: Na:

A umuyobozi/ uyobora ku i, Nka Bya Leta, - in -, na umuyobozi. imyanya Bigyanye Byombi na Birenze Zero. Rimwe, i Bya i Bya, umuyobozi/ uyobora. i Ikindi, A. iyi ku i —,,, na command Bya i — Kuri.

A Na: A Kabiri - 3,, Kwemeza Cyangwa Kwanga, na Gukuraho i, na Igenzura. < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < = < / > < / > < / > < = < / > < / > < / > < / > < = "- < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < < < < >

Ishami ry’Umucamanza: Ishami ry’igituza rishobora guteza akaga

Ingingo ya III ishyiraho Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, kandi igaha inama y'Amasezerano yo gushyiraho inkiko zo hasi. Urukiko rw’amategeko rwagenewe kwigenga. Abacamanza bashyirwaho kugira ngo babeho mu gihe cy’imyifatire myiza, kandi ingufu zabo ntizishobora kugabanywa.

UMWIKUBE Bya Isubiramo i Kuri Hasi Cyangwa Ibikorwa i OYA in i in i ku i Byohejuru in '/ 1.' Madison[[1]] [- 1] (1). UMWIKUBE i A Kugenzura ku Byombi na i. i ni Ivivuwe ku i Umuyobozi na i Ikindi () na Kuri. i Nka i

Kuri Kurema A - Sisitemu. in [[: 0% S].[[: 1], "Kuri" Imiterere ni OYA iyorosa, na.

Inzandiko zirebana n’uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu: Kurinda umudendezo wa buri muntu ku giti cye

, i Bya i Ingirwanyigisho, na i Bya i.

Ivugurura rya Mbere: Inzu y’Umudendezo

Ivugurura rya mbere ririnda umudendezo wo kuvuga, idini, gusohora amakuru, guteranira hamwe, no gusaba. Ribuza Inama zashinze idini cyangwa kwitoza imikorere ya kimuntu.

Ivugurura rya kabiri: Uburenganzira bwo gutwara ibirwanisho

Ibyihishe birinda i Uburenganzira bw'abantu Kuri Gumana: na Kutwara ibirwanisho. Abatangije, babwirije imihati yo kugabanya intwaro z'abasirikare, bizeraga ko abantu bafite intwaro bari bakenewe kugira ngo bagire umutekano na Nka Kugenzura ku bihereranye n'ubuhakanyi. — "A, Kuri i Umutekano Bya A Kigenga" — igaragaza i ~Umwimerere ku Serivisi. Bigyanye Igenzura ku Kuri Kuri iyi Iburyo: Na: public Umutekano, i Kuri Kuri i Leta y' agaciro i Abantu.

Umuco wa Kane: Ubwigunge n’Umutekano

Ihuriro rya Kane ry'Ubwihuta ryirinda gushakisha n'intandara bidashyize mu gaciro, bikaba byarasabaga ko hakorwa impamvu n'impamyabumenyi yatanzwe n'umucamanza. Ibyo byari ibintu birebana n'impamyabumenyi zo mu Bwongereza zigenewe gutanga ubufasha — muri rusange zitanga uburenganzira bwo guha abayobozi uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu rugo urwo ari rwo rwose nta mpamvu.

in i Bya Irinda Nka (), Igerageza (), Irinda na (), na Kuri i na i Abantu ()., Kurema A Bya i i Kwambukiranya, i Bya.

Ibibazo by’amateka n’ibyo muri iki gihe bitoroshye

N’ubwo inzego z'amategeko zubatse neza, uburinganire bw'igihagararo bwagiye busuzumwa incuro nyinshi. Buri gihe, buri muryango wagombaga guhangana n'imimerere ishya igoranye imyanya y'umwimerere. Abashinze gahunda yabo bari bazi guhangana n'ibibazo kandi bagamije ko ikomera, ariko nanone basobanukiwe ko gukomeza gushyira mu gaciro bisaba imihati idahwema.

Intambara y’Abaturage: Ubutegetsi Bushinzwe Guharanira Intwaro za Leta Burwanya Uburenganzira bw’Ikirenga bwa Leta

i Igorana rikomeye cyane ku i Gushyira mu gaciro byaje mu Ntambara y'Ikirenga, ku bubata na i Bya i. Amajyepfo yashingikirije ku butegetsi bwa Leta na uburenganzira bwo gusesa, avuga ko ubutegetsi bwigenga bwanze kugabanywa bwabwo. Umukuru w'igihugu Abraham Lincoln yashibuye ko i Ubutegetsi bw'Ikirenga bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika buhoraho na ko kwishyira mu mwanya wabwo binyuranyije n'amategeko. Intambara yageze ku ingombwaho, imyanya y'ikirenga, i Ivugurura rya Gihe, na Kwanga itezwa ry'ubutware bikomeza ku munsi mu impakarere ku bihereranye n'imyifatizo, na igenga ibikikije ibidukikije.

Umurimo mushya hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubutegetsi

i, Porogaramu Kwagura i Inshingano in i Imirimo. Hasi Itegeko, Nyobora Kuri "-". Byanze, i, i hagati na. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > Itegeko, na < / >. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < / > < Urwego: < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego:" > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < Urwego: = "-" > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < Urwego: < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < > < >

Ishyirahamwe Rirebana n’Ubushobozi bw’Ikirenga bwa Leta n’Imishinga Irebana n’Imiburano

Bya i na i Inshingano in Leta. in [: 0% S] v. Bya [[[: 1]] [1] [-]), Ivanga, Leta - Ivanga. na Kwagura amategeko na ya:,, na., i NYACYO Inshingano Bya i, Itegeko Ibumoso: Kuri. hagati Isubiramo na A Itangwa Itangwa.

Imyifatire yo mu gihe cya none: Itsinda ry’abaturage rigenda rirushaho kwiyongera n’iry’abaganga

Mu myaka mirongo ishize, i na Sisitemu.,, na i Ikoreshwa ry'ubucamanza Kuri i, Byose Byageze ku i Ihangagishusho. Bya Leta ikomeye — Amatsinda ahuza ingono, na Imimaro — i Inyigisho y'ubutware. Bigyanye, na na i Ingano: Bya i, Bishingiye ku myanya y'amategeko.

Nubwo habayeho izo ngorane, amategeko yashyizweho yagiye arushaho gushyirwa mu bikorwa.

Isura Ihoraho y’Ibyo Birebana n’Inzozi

: OYA ya: < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > ya: < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >; i Inyandiko Ishingiro ry' agateganyo < Urwego: = "Ibikorana" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibikorana" > < / > na < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > mu gihe. i Ihame ry'ibanze ry' imbaraga zishyize mu gaciro rikomeza kugera kuri n' muri iki gihe nka mu 1787.

Gusobanukirwa iryo yerekwa bifasha abaturage gusobanukirwa impamvu gutandukanya ubutegetsi ari ngombwa kugira ngo habeho umudendezo. Mu gihe ishami rimwe rifite amayeri — haba binyuriye ku mategeko y'ubuyobozi agenga, kwanga kwemeza abacamanza, cyangwa amategeko agenga amategeko yashyizweho mu buryo bugira ingaruka nziza, ishyira mu gaciro ni akaga. Umuhanga w'abashinze iryo tsinda yashoboraga guhimbaga.

Bya, i ni A Inkomoko Bya. Ibikorana Nka i [[: 0% S] Cyuzuye [[[: 1], i [[:] Ububikoshingiro [[2] Ububikoshingiro [[[:]] Bya, na [[:] i Biganira [[: 5]]. A ni OYA A — ni A,, na A Kuri i Bya. i, i Igiciro Bya ni Kugumaho.