Table of Contents

Umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru ni kimwe mu bigize ingufu za demokarasi y'ingenzi cyane y'Abanyamerika, yashyizwe mu isomero rya mbere ry'amategeko, inzego z'amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Iryo burenganzira ry'ibanze rituma abanyamakuru, imiryango y'ibitangazamakuru, n'abaturage batangaza amakuru, ibitekerezo bya leta cyangwa amakuru adacurwa na Leta. Biringirwaho kurinda kuvana amakuru ku bushake, Kanda wishyuhira uburenganzira bwa rubanda bufite ubushobozi bwifatiweho mu byerekeye demokarasi na mu kugira uruhare mu butegetsi.

Ivugurura rya Mbere Ni Iki?

Ivugurura rya mbere rigira riti “nta tegeko na rimwe rizashyiraho ku bihereranye no gushyiraho idini, cyangwa kubuza abantu kwifashisha uburenganzira bwo kurikoresha ku bushake; cyangwa kugabanya umudendezo wo kuvuga, cyangwa w’ibinyamakuru, cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abantu bwo guteranira hamwe mu mahoro, no gusaba ubutegetsi ko hashyirwaho indinduru y’ibibazo." Byashyizwe mu mwaka wa 1791, bwashizweho umugabane wa Lwishingdodezw des Rights, Ivugurura rya mbere ritanga uburenganzira bunyuranye bufatiwe hamwe bwo kurinda umudendezo wa buri muntu ku giti cye no kugira uruhare mu bya demokarasiteri.

ni Kuri i Kuri Cyangwa imvugo in Amafishi. (- idini,,, Kanda, Isosiyeti, na Gusanya . Kanda i Inshingano Bya Ibitangazamakuru in, Gutangaza:% title%, na Gukwirakwiza Ibisobanuro: Kuri i public.

Amateka y’Umudendezo wo Gutanga Uturo

Icyizere cy’abatangije umudendezo batangiye kuvana ku buhanga bwabo mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bw'Abongereza, aho igenzura rya leta n'imyifatire ya mbere byari ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gutegeka. Basobanukiwe ko itangazamakuru rya kiyahudi ryari rya ngombwa kugira ngo abaturage baryo barengere gukandamizwa no gukomeza kuba babazwa na leta. Intego y'ibanze y'impamyabumenyi ni iyo kubuza amabwiriza ya mbere ku byasohotse.

Kuva mu Nteko y’Isi Yose, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatangiye kurwana intambara ya mbere y’isi yose, ubutegetsi bwagiye butangira gukoresha imvugo iciraho iteka. Ibyo bisobanuro by’imanza byagize ingaruka ku birebana n’icyo umudendezo ukoreshwa muri iki gihe ugamije.

Kuki ari iby’ingenzi ko abantu bagira umudendezo?

Umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru biba byaranzwe n'ibikorwa by'ibyangombwa mu muteguro wa demokarasi. Ishinga yayo, iremerera abanyamakuru gusesengura no gutanga raporo ku bibazo bihangayikishije abantu bose, batiriwe batinya igihano cya leta cyangwa kwihorera.

Na

Itangazamakuru ritanga uburenganzira bwo gutanga amakuru mu rwego rwa gipolitiki, rikora nk'igenzura rya leta n'andi mashyirahamwe akomeye. Binyuriye mu gusesengura ruswa, gushyira ahagaragara ibikorwa bya ruswa, no gusesengura ibikorwa by'abategetsi, itangazamakuru rifasha kwiyemeza ko abafite inshingano z'ubutware bakomeza kugira icyo babaza abantu bakorera.

Ibinyamakuru bimenyesha abaturage uko bagomba gufata imyanzuro irebana n’amatora, gahunda ya leta n’imyifatire yabo.

Isoko ry’abahanga mu by’amateka

, Jr. (Igerageza ukuri) ryatangaje ko "ikiruta byose ari imbaraga z'igitekerezo cyo kwemerwa mu irushanwa ry'isoko. Iyi bitekerezo y'ifatizo igaragaza ko ukuri kuva mu guhanahana ibitekerezo binyuranye na Ibisobanuro binyuranye. i Ibitangazamakuru bishobora gukora nta cyo bitwaye, bigira uruhare muri iyi majyaruguru, bitanga imyandikire irangamirongo myinshi na biremerera abantu gusesengura amahiganwa.

Ibinyamakuru birinzwe kugira ngo bitume abantu benshi muri rusange barushaho gukoresha umudendezo wo kuvuga, hakubiyemo n’abashishikazwa no kumenya amakuru.

Gushaka ubutegetsi

Ibinyamakuru ni nk'ibiro bya kane bidafite icyo bihuriyeho na leta, bitanga amagenzura n'uburinganire birenze ku bishyizwe mu rwego rw'amategeko. Binyuriye ku gutanga raporo y'isesengura ry'ibyataburuwe mu rwego rwo hejuru, abanyamakuru bashobora gushyira ahabona ubugoryi bwa leta, ubunyaburi buke, na gukoresha nabi ubutware.

Akagero k’uburinzi bw’ikoranabuhanga

N’ubwo Ivugurura rya Mbere ritanga uburinzi bukomeye ku mudendezo wo gusohora inzandiko, inkiko zararwanye zisobanura neza icyo ubwo burinzi busaba, kandi zikareba niba abanyamakuru bafite inshingano zihariye zirenze izo abaturage basanzwe bahabwa.

Uburenganzira butangwa n’uburenganzira bwa leta

Hari bamwe babajije niba i na i, ku birebana no kurinda amakuru. Imyanzuro nyinshi z’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe zitekereza ku mategeko y'ibitangazamakuru, zasuzumyega inzego zifitanye isano n'amategeko agenga umutekano zidahuje n'amarenga.

i Gucapa Ibitangazamakuru OYA i Kanda i Imbaraga Kuri Guhatira Gutanga Ibisobanuro Cyangwa i Kanda Kuri Ibisobanuro i Abantu Nta na kimwe.

Urwo Rukiko rwafashe umwanzuro w’uko muri rusange amategeko arebana n’amategeko adaca urubanza ku Ivugurura rya Mbere, bitewe gusa n’uko amategeko arebana n’ibinyamakuru agira ingaruka zitunguranye.

Kurindwa ku bihereranye no kurenga imipaka mbere y’igihe

Bya i Kuri i Kanda ni Kuva: Mbere Igenzura $() < > < / > < > < / > Mbere < >. < / >. v. 1., i "", i Iburyo: Bya Kigenga Kanda Mbere ku i.

iyi, i Leta yashatse kubuza ko i Inyandiko z' imibare zitangwa ku i. i OYA i Ikomeye Bya ngombwa Kuri Guhindura imyitwarire Mbere, i Ibinyamakuru Kuri i Inyandiko. i Ihame rya leta Mbere i Inyandiko ntirishobora na rimwe kwemererwa munsi y' i.

Imipaka ku Mudendezo Utangwa ku Biciro

N’ubwo Ivugurura rya Mbere ririnda umudendezo ukomeye w’abanyamakuru, inkiko zagiye zitanga ingero zitandukanye z’amagambo arinda cyangwa nta mategeko agenga abantu, kandi izo nyandiko zishobora kubazwa amabwiriza amwe n’amwe yo mu bitabo byangiza.

Gusenya: Gutanga Irenganya no Gusebanya

Buri gihe Nka A ku Kigenga na Bya i Kanda. Byombi (Ibitabo byanditswe) na (Ibivugwaho). Ryari: A Inyandiko y' ikinyoma na Ishingiro ku Bivugwaho ni Kuri A, Kuri i.

Mbere ya 1964, ibyivugo bya Leta byo gusebya byaregwa cyane mu ishyirahamwe ryemewe n'amategeko kurusha uburenganzira bw'amategeko bw'umudendezo wo kuvuga cyangwa guca ubwihisho burinzwe n'Ivugurura rya Mbere. Icyicirwaho, kimwe n’ibindi bice by'amategeko bisanzwe, nticyari kirenzwe n'amategeko.

Sullivan Standard

Rimwe mu manza zishingirwaho cyane mu itangiriro ry'Imibare ya mbere, ryabaye mu mwaka wa 1964, igihe Urukiko rwafataga umwanzuro mu byabereye muri New York Times Co. n'uw'uwa Sullivan.

Ikinyamakuru cyitwa Times cyari cyarasohoye itangazo ryatanzwe n’umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw’abantu, rinenga ukuntu umuryango w’abantu bo mu majyepfo wabyitabiriye, ukigaragaza ko ari wo wayobowe na Dokoteri Martin Luther King, kandi ko wari ufite amakosa menshi.

Urukiko rwarebye icyo kibazo ku bihereranye n’uko igihugu cyagombaga kwiyemeza mu buryo bukomeye ku itegeko rivuga ko impaka zihereranye n’ibibazo bya rubanda zagombye kuba zidafite aho zigarukira, zifite imbaraga kandi zigaragara hose, kandi ko zishobora kuba zikubiyemo gukabya, gukabya, kandi rimwe na rimwe zigabwaho ibitero bikaze ku bategetsi no ku bategetsi.

i "A Umuyobozi w'Ikirenga Kuva: ya: A Kuri Kuri ("ni, Na:, Na: Bya Sibyo Cyangwa OYA" Bisanzwe ya: i Kanda Ryari: ku public, Amakosa in Rusange.

Kuri

Nyuma y'aho, amategeko ya Sullivan yashyizwe ku bategetsi ku bantu ba leta − + - gereranya n'abantu bagezweho n'ibirangirire cyangwa ibirangirire cyangwa abagiye bishyira mu makimbirane ya rubanda.

Ku bantu bwite bafitanye isano n'ibibazo bya rubanda, inzego zemewe n'amategeko zirinda abantu mu rugero runaka, n’ubwo ibihugu bitazigera bigira icyo bibuza abantu, nta ikosa ribonetse.

Ukugira agaciro

Imyifatire yo kwiyandarika si mu gace k'umudendezo urindanwa n'amategeko w’ibanga cyangwa w'ishyira mu nyandiko munsi y'Ihuriro rya mbere. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashyizeho ibipimo kugira ngo rurebe icyo ari cyo, ubusanzwe rusaba ko ibintu bikoreshwa bikoreshwa bigamije gushishikaza inyungu, bigaragaza imyifatire y’ibitsina mu buryo bwihishe, kandi nta cyo bitwaye mu buryo bwihishe, mu by'inyandiko, mu bya politiki, cyangwa mu rwego rwa siyansi.

Icyakora, umupaka uri hagati y'imyitwarire irinzwe n'ibikorwa by'umwanda bidakwiriye, ukomeza kurwanywa na nyuma y'igihe. Ibyo abantu bamwe babona ko ari ibikorwa biteye isoni bishobora kuba bitandukanye n'amahame y'abandi, bikaba biteza ibibazo imiryango itangazamakuru ihora ihagurukira.

Yateye abantu inkunga yo gukora ibintu bidahuje n’amategeko

Umudendezo wa: na Kanda OYA A Leta Kuri Kubuza ikoreshwa Bya i Bya UMWIKUBE Cyangwa Bya amategeko, kiretse mu gihe ubutegetsi butegetswe ko bugomba gucengeza cyangwa gukora igikorwa cy'ubwicamategeko, na Kuri Guteranya + Cyangwa Igikorwa. Bisanzwe, in. (- (1 969), irekura ry' ubutegetsi kugira ngo bubuze kuvuga amagambo na ako kanya, cyangwa umurimo utemewe n'amategeko.

Muri rusange, amateka abera uburinzi mu gihe atanga raporo cyangwa asohora amagambo ashyigikira ibikorwa bitemewe n’amategeko, mu gihe icyo gitabo ubwacyo kidateguwe ngo giteshe igikorwa cy’ubwicamategeko kandi wenda kigashobora no gutuma kigera ku bantu begereje.

Umutekano w'Isi n’Amakuru Ashyize mu Bice

Imyiryane iri hagati y'umudendezo ushingiye ku rwego rwo guharanira umutekano w’igihugu, ikubiyemo kimwe mu bintu bikomeye kurusha ibindi mu bigize amategeko ya mbere y'ivugurura. N’ubwo urwo rubanza rwatanzwe mbere yo kwifata, nta bwo ari gake cyane umuntu ahabwa uburenganzira bwo gutanga ibisobanuro byemewe, nta bwo akwiriye no kubaza abanyamakuru niba bashobora gushinja abandi amabanga y’umutekano w’igihugu nyuma yo gusohora.

Ubutegetsi rimwe na rimwe bwagiye butera ubwoba abanyamakuru b'intashyo ku mategeko y'amategeko agenga ko basohora amakuru ashyizwe ku rutonde, nubwo ibirego byatanzwe ari bike cyane. Uburenganzira butangwa n'abaturage bwo kumenya ibikorwa bya leta na ko leta ikeneye kurinda amakuru y'umutekano w'igihugu nta buryarya, bugikomeza kuba ikibazo cy'impagarike.

Uburenganzira bw'ubwihisho

Hafi buri Leta yemera uburenganzira runaka bw' umwiherero, haba ku mategeko cyangwa munsi y'amategeko asanzwe. Amategeko ya leta hafi ya yose agerageza gushyira hagati y' uburenganzira bw'umuntu bwo kuba ari we wenyine na rubanda rushishikajwe n'umudendezo w'ibinyamakuru.

, i Ibitabo Ryari: Gutangaza amakuru y' ukuri ku birebana n' ibibazo by' irebana n'abantu, ndetse n'ibanga.

Amahame y’ingenzi adufasha kubona umudendezo uciriritse

Amahame menshi y’ibanze ayobora ishyirwa mu bikorwa umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika:

  • [[: 0% S] Kuva:: [[: 1] Bya Ibisobanuro: in i Mbere Amabwiriza Biringaniye.
  • [[: 0% S] Kuri Tangaza: [[[: 1] Kanda Tangaza A Urutonde Bya,,, Cyangwa Icyuhoho,.
  • [[: 0% S] Kuri na Icyegeranyo:[[: 1],, na Tangaza Iyemeza Cyangwa.
  • [[: 0% S] Cyangwa: [[[1.] i Kanda ya: Gutangaza:% title% Ibisobanuro: Abayobozi Cyangwa Amahinanzira, in Ibyiciro Bya.
  • [[: 0% S] Bidasanzwe Ibisabwa:[[: 1] Ikindi, i OYA Kuri Uburenganzira bw' umuhimbyi Cyangwa Kuri.
  • [[: 0% S] Kuri public:[[: 1] Kanda na public A Iburyo: Kuri Amagerageza na Ikindi, iyi Iburyo: ni OYA.

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashinjaga Umudendezo wo Gutanga Imirimo

Sullivan, uretse New York Times na Sullivan, imyanzuro myinshi yafashwe n’urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavuze uko umudendezo wo gucapa ugenda ugenda urushaho kugenda muri Amerika.

Hayes (1972)

I Branzburg na Hayes (1972), umunyamakuru w’i Louisville, Kentucky, yabajije abantu bari bafitanye isano n’urucuruza rw’ibiyobyabwenge mu gihe cy'impamyabumenyi, kandi yanze kuvuga aho yavuye mu makuru akomeye. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro w’uko ibyo bintu byagize ingaruka zikomeye kandi y’ingenzi yashishikajwe na leta yasimbuje uburenganzira bwe bwa mbere bwo gusubizwaho imiyobozo, kubera ko bwari bukenewe kugira ngo hakore iperereza ry’ubwicanyi.

Uwo mwanzuro wagaragaje ko Ivugurura rya Mbere ritavanaho umunyamakuru inshingano yo gusubiza umushinga w’inama ikomeye ishinzwe gucira urubanza, cyangwa gusubiza ibibazo bifitanye isano n’icyiciro cy’ubwicanyi. Ku bw’ibyo, Ivugurura rya Mbere ntiriha umunyamakuru igikundiro cy’impamyabumenyi y’amategeko y'uko bashyiraho amasezerano yo guhisha ibintu bifitanye isano n’iperereza rikomeye ry’abacamanza.

N’ubwo Branzburg yemeraga ko abanyamakuru badafite igikundiro gishingiye ku mategeko cyemewe n’amategeko cyo kwanga gutanga ubuhamya imbere y’abacamanza bakuru, kuva icyo gihe, ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko ashinzwe kurinda abanyamakuru mu buryo bw’amategeko.

Kuhlmeier (188)

Inzego y'igenzura ry'ibinyamakuru yaje mu indi mimerere inyuranye mu itsinda ry'abahanga mu by'ishuri rya Hazelwood (1988). Mu cyemezo cya 5- 3 cy'Ubucamanza Byron White, yiyemeje ko umuyobozi w'ibiro bya leta yari afite uburenganzira bwo gusesengura ingingo zasohotse mu kinyamakuru cy'abanyeshuri batoranyijwe n’abanyamakuru.

Icyo kibazo cyagaragaje ko uburenganzira bw’abanyeshuri mu mashuri ya leta bufite ari buke cyane kurusha ubw’abahanga mu itangazamakuru, cyane cyane iyo hasohotse igazeti y’abanyeshuri mu mashuri.

Virginia (1980)

Uwo mucamanza washyizeho Ihuriro rya Mbere ry'Umwanzuro w'ubucamanza mu manza z’abanyamakuru n'abaturage. Urukiko rwiyemereye ko imanza zishobora gushyirwa ku rutonde rw’abaturage, hakubiyemo no guhitana ubutabera, gutanga isheketi, no gukomeza kugirira icyizere abantu bose ku bihereranye n’amategeko. Ubwo burenganzira bwo kugera ku bundi butegetsi, nubwo ubwo burenganzira bwabwo bugikomeza gutangwa n’impano zihoraho.

Ibibazo byo gukongeza umudendezo mu buryo buciriritse

Mu kinyejana cya 21, umudendezo uturuka kuri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika uhanganye n’ibibazo byinshi, bisaba ko abantu bakomeza kuba maso kandi bagahuza amahame ya Mbere y’Ivugurura n’imimerere mishya.

Na

Bya i Interineti na Ibitangazamakuru na Hejuru Gishya Bigyanye Kanda. Ababwiriza, na Abakoresha Ibitangazamakuru NONEAHA i Ibyihutirwa Bya Ibitangazamakuru. Byongerewe... Kuri kiri kuri interineti, i Bya ya: Umukoresha - Ibirimo: na i Porogaramu Bya Ibitangazamakuru Kuri Gishya Amafishi Bya Itumanaho.

Itandukaniro riri hagati y’abanyamakuru b’abahanga n’abanyamakuru, ryagiye rirushaho kwiyongera, rigakomeza ibibazo ku bihereranye n’umuntu ukwiriye gushyirwa mu rwego rwo gushyirwaho ibitabo, n’inshingano.

Imirimo ya leta n’uburinzi buyikomokaho

Mu myaka mirongo ishize, ubushobozi bwa guverinoma bwiyongera mu buryo butangaje, kugarurirwaho ibikangisho bishya byo gucengeza umudendezo. Amakuru y'abanyamakuru n'ibikorana, binyuriye mu gusura amaderesi ya elegitoroniki, abavuzi na ba magenzura. Ubushobozi bwo kurinda amabanga ni ingenzi cyane ku magazeti y'igenzura, ariko gushinzwe umutekano kwa leta gutuma uburinzi burushaho kugora.

Abanyamakuru bamwe bagiye bashinja abandi cyangwa bababwira ko bashinja ko bashinja abandi amakuru bashinjwaga, bagatera impungenge ku birebana n’uko ubugizi bwa nabi bukorwa mu binyamakuru.

Ibitero Biterwa n’Imihati Ikomeye

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, icyizere abantu bafitiye itangazamakuru cyagiye gicogora, abayobozi ba politiki n’abandi bahora bagaba ibitero mu binyamakuru, nk’aho ari ibinyurabwenge birangwa n’ubuhemu cyangwa "ubuhemu". Nubwo ibirego by'itangazamakuru ubwabyo birinzwe, ibitero bikomeza kurangwa no kwishimirwa, bishobora gutuma ubushobozi abanyamakuru bafite bwo gukora umurimo wabo wo kugenzura, kandi abayobozi ba leta bashobora kugira ubutwari bwo kubuza abantu kwinjira cyangwa kwihorera ngo birinde guseserwa.

Ikwirakwira ry'ibivugwaho na kiri kuri interineti, i Ibitangazamakuru, bituma bibagora cyane i Rusange gutandukanya hagati na Cyangwa ibiranga. Kuri ya: Bisaba ko inzego za interineti, irebana n'igenzura rya leta na i Byanzwe n'amategeko.

Imihangayiko y’Ubukungu ku Bijyanye n’Amakuru

Urugero rw'ubucuruzi ya: i Guhindurira ku bijyanye na za tekidiyo na ihombo ry'ibitangazamakuru. Amashyirahamwe y' amakuru yagabanyije abakozi bayo cyangwa agabanyije mu buryo bwihishe, bigatuma abakoresha batangira gukora imirimo ya demokarasi, na kugabanya irengero rya leta y'ubukungu.

Kuri

Abanyamakuru bahura n'imyishobokere mu gihe cy'impamyabumenyi y'amategeko ku imyanya y'ubwihugu n'iy'ubutegetsi, bashobora gutinda kugisubiza ku mafasi y'amakuru ya leta, cyangwa kugisaba amafaranga arenze urugero yo kuvanaho inyandiko. Abategetsi bashobora kugabanya umubare w'ibiro, ibikoresho, cyangwa abayobozi, bigatuma abanyamakuru barushaho kugora gutoranya amakuru no guhanwa na leta.

Uburenganzira bwo Kurinda Amategeko n’Uburyo bw’Umunyamakuru

N’ubwo Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rw’i Branzburg rwavugaga ko Ivugurura rya Mbere ritaha abanyamakuru igikundiro cyemewe n’amategeko cyo kwanga gutanga ubuhamya ku birebana n’ibyanditseho ibanga, ibihugu byinshi byashyizeho amategeko ashinzwe kurinda abantu ashingiye ku mategeko agenga iby’amategeko, anyuranye cyane mu rugero rwabyo no mu mbaraga zabyo, kandi amwe muri yo akaba arinda mu buryo bwuzuye isoko z’ibanga, abandi bakabaha uburinzi bukwiriye gusa, bugahabwa mu buryo bw’impano zikenewe cyane.

Mu rwego rwa Leta, nta mategeko agenga umutekano, n’ubwo inkiko zimwe na zimwe za Leta yemeje igikundiro cy’umunyamakuru ubishoboye munsi y'amategeko ya mbere y'umudasomyi cyangwa asanzwe. Imihati yo gushyiraho amategeko ya leta yashinzwe irinda, yashyizwe mu Makoraniro incuro nyinshi ariko ntiyageze ku nyungu, ireka abanyamakuru babangamira abanyamakuru bo mu rwego rwo hasi bahabwa isoko n’amakuru adatangwa.

Bya Imiterere ya: Bya, i Igikorwa, Nka, Gicurasi Kuri Imbere NIBA Bya. Ikibazo Nka na Amatumanaho.

Igereranya Mpuzamahanga n’Abategetsi Bashinzwe Umudendezo wo Gutanga Umudendezo

N’ubwo Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika zifite amategeko agenga umudendezo utangwa n’amategeko, imiryango mpuzamahanga ishinzwe iby’uburenganzira bw’ishyira ku mutekano, yagiye igaragaza ibintu bihangayikishije abantu.

Muri rusange, Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zifite imyandikire myiza mu miteguro mpuzamahanga irebana n’umudendezo mpuzamahanga, bitewe n’uko isohorezwa mu rwego rwa mbere, ariko si ko buri gihe iyobora inzego z'ibanze.

Kugereranya itsinda ry' amakuru hirya no hino mu bihugu, bihishura uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyira hagati imvugo ya Kigenga n'ibindi bishishikaza indi mikorere. Ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi bufite uburinzi bukomeye bwihishe cyangwa amategeko yanga abavuga amagambo agenga umudendezo mu buryo butagengwa n' imyanya ya mbere ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Ibinyuranyo mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga bishobora gutanga amakuru ku bihereranye n'umwanya ukwiriye w'umudendezo w'icapiro n'ibyinjiriro bifitanye isano n'ubucuruzi bifitanye isano n'amagenzura atandukanye.

Uruhare rw’Umudendezo wo Gutanga Umudendezo mu Butegetsi bwa Gidemokarasi

Umudendezo utangwa n’itangazamakuru si uburenganzira gusa bufitwe n’imiryango itangazamakuru; ni uburyo bw’inzego zigenga ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi bugirira akamaro abaturage bose.

Uko abantu babibona

Demokarasi ishingiye ku matora agenanywe ubumenyi butangwa n'ubuhanga bwo gufata imyanzuro irebana n'amategeko ya leta hamwe n'ubuyobozi bwa politiki. Ibinyamakuru bikorana uwo murimo biteranya, bisuzuma, kandi bigakwirakwiza amakuru arebana n'ibikorwa bya leta, impaka za politiki, n'ibibazo bireba abantu. Bidahari itangazamakuru rya bwite, abaturage ntibashobora kugira amakuru akenewe kugira ngo abahagarariye babo bagire icyo bazabazwa cyangwa ngo bifatanye mu buryo bwifatika mu bikorwa bya demokarasi.

Dutsinde Impaka z’Abantu

Kanda A ya: public ku na Bya By' ingirakamaro. Gutangaza:% title%, Kuri i Muhinduzi, na Bya, Ibikorana: Ifashayobora Kurema i Bya Kuri. Umumaro ni By' ingirakamaro in A Kinini, Abantu in - Kuri - Inyandiko Bigyanye Byose Bya public.

Dusesengure ibikorwa bibi

Iperereza rikoreshwa mu itsinda ry' amakuru rishinzwe gushakisha uko ryakwitwa iperereza, mu guhishura ruswa, gukoresha nabi ububasha, n'ibindi byaha bishobora kuguma bihishwe. Amakosa akomeye nka Watergate, i Pentagon Papers, na ibindi byinshi byahashutswe byagaragaje ubushobozi bw'ibinyamakuru bwo gutuma inzego zikomeye zigira icyo ziryozwa. Uruhare rw'ubushakashatsi rusaba uburinzi bukomeye bwemewe n'amategeko, nk'uko akenshi usanga abanyamakuru bashyirwaho impano zikomeye mu gutsemba cyangwa guhana.

Gushaka ubutegetsi

: i, i & Game, i, i, i, i, i, Bya i, i, i, Bya i, na i, i. i, i. i Kugenzura... Umumaro ni By' ingirakamaro mu gihe cy' impanuka cyangwa mu gihe cy'akaga, mu gihe ibindi bigezo bishobora kugabanuka. Kanda ku birebana na leta yakorewe ubucamanza na public irwanya ibikorwa bibi by'ubutware.

Ibitabo by’ingirakamaro ku Banyamakuru n’Ababwiriza

Ubushobozi bwo gusobanukirwa umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru ntibusaba ubumenyi gusa ku byerekeye amahame agenga amategeko, ahubwo nanone busaba ko abanyamakuru n’ababwiriza bamenya ibintu by’ingirakamaro basabwa kugenzura mu gihe bakoresha uburenganzira bwabo bwa mbere bwo gusubizwaho imitekerereze.

Akaga Gaterwa n’Amategeko n’Ibirego Birebana n’Ubwigenge

Abanyamakuru bagomba gukoresha impanuka zinyuranye z'amategeko, hakubiyemo ingwate zisenya, ibyivugirwe by' umwihisho, na ingwate ya marije ya: Gutangaza indi mishinga y'amategeko iboneka. "" Nka, Icyo wongeraho, na i Bisanzwe nyaryo ry'ibitabo bya rubanda" ni rya ngombwa ya: Indangabintu Birebana n'Imishinga, mu gihe birengwaho ku buryo bwihishe.

Imiryango y'ubucuruzi ikurikiza neza inama z’amategeko zitangwa kugira ngo isuzume inkuru zihambaye mbere yo gusohoka no kwiregura mu gihe umuntu aregwa. Icyakora, amafaranga yo kwivunanira mu by’amategeko ashobora kuba menshi, ndetse n’ibirego bidakwiriye bishobora kugira ingaruka ziteye ubwoba ku gutanga amakuru, binyuriye mu gukoresha amafaranga menshi n’isesengura ibibazo bishyamiranya.

Gutekereza ku bintu bikwiriye

Nubwo Ivugurura rya Mbere ritanga uburinzi bwagutse bwemewe n’amategeko ku birebana n’umudendezo wo gusohora itangazamakuru, kandi rinarinda abanyamakuru mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, ibyo bikaba bibuza amabwiriza y’amategeko, bishobora kuba bibuza amabwiriza menshi.

Gushyira mu gaciro uburenganzira bwa rubanda bwo kumenya ibintu n'ibindi, urugero nk'ibanga rya buri muntu, umutekano w'igihugu, n'ibyangiza bishobora guterwa n'imfashanyigisho, bisaba gufata imyanzuro ishyize mu gaciro. Abanyamakuru bagomba gusuzuma ibyo bishyamiranye kandi bagafata imyanzuro ikomeye ku birebana n'ibigomba gutangwa n’uko bageza ku bandi amakuru y'impanuka.

Inkomoko

Amakuru y' ibanga ni ay'ingenzi ku, Nka Amakuru y' ingirakamaro ashingiye ku makuru avuye ku bavugisha amasaha n'ibindi, bahangana no kwihorera niba barabizi. Abanyamakuru bagomba gutera intambwe z'ingirakamaro Kuririnda, ikoresha uburyo busesuye bwo gushyikirana, kugabanya umubare w'abantu bazi neza imiterere y'inkomoko, na kwitegura guhangana n'impanuka z'amategeko, aho guhishurirwa A Inkomoko.

Inkomoko Irinda Birenzeho, Nka Amakuru Cyangwa. Koresha Bishunzwe: na Ikindi Umutekano Kuri, Ibikoresho OYA.

Igihe kizaza cy’Umudendezo wa Gahunda

Uko ikoranabuhanga, itangazamakuru n’abantu bikomeza guhinduka, umudendezo wo gusohora amakuru uzahura n’ibibazo bishya n’uburyo bushya bwo kugeraho.

Ihinduka ry'Umuco

Nka,, na Urwego rwo hejuru Ibikoresho Kurema Gishya ya: Kanda. - Ibikubiyemo Gicurasi i Umurongo: hagati na Ibikubiyemo, in Kigaragara. i Igihe, Na: Gishya Ibikoresho ya:, Ibyatanzwe, na Gitekaanye Itumana.

ihinduka

Ibyifuzo bihereranye no gukosora amakuru yo mu rwego rwa interineti na Ibiganiro by' amakuru bifitanye isano n'ibijyanye n' imyitwarire. Mu gihe ayo matsinda yo mu rwego rwo hejuru atari yo agengwa n'umuyoboro wa mbere wa mbere wa kimuntu, amategeko ya leta ya porogarama yashobora kugira ingaruka ku mudendezo wo gukusanya i Ibidukikije bitangwa na bikoreshwa.

Gucengeza Amahame y'Amategeko

Amategeko ya mbere y'Isubizwamo Ivugurura akomeza kwihindukiza binyuriye ku myanzuro nshya y’inzego n'inzego z'amategeko. Ibyagiye bibaho mu gihe kizaza bishobora kukemura ibibazo ku bihereranye no gushyira mu bikorwa amahame agenga umudendezo agenga amanyandiko agenga iby'ubuhanga n'uburyo bwo gushyikirana.

Ingaruka zigera ku isi hose

Imishinga mpuzamahanga y'amategeko agenga umudendezo n'amategeko agenga itangazamakuru, ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mitekerereze y'Abanyamerika kuri ibyo bibazo. Uko amakuru agera ku mipaka n'imiyoboro y'ibitangazamakuru bikorera ku isi hose, amahame mpuzamahanga hamwe n’ibikorwa bishobora gutangira impaka zo mu muryango ku bihereranye n'umudendezo wo gusohora ibinyamakuru. Nanone kandi, imigenzo ya mbere y'Ivugurura rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ishobora kugira ingaruka ku kongera gucengeza imbere umudendezo mu bindi bihugu.

Ibitabo by’ubuhanga

Imiryango myinshi n’ubutunzi bwinshi bishobora kuboneka ku bantu bashaka kumenya byinshi kurushaho ku bihereranye n’umudendezo wo guharanira inyungu z’inzego hamwe n’Ivugurura rya Mbere:

  • [[: 0% S] ya: Bya i [[: 1] By' amategeko Ibikorana,, na ya: By' amategeko. Webu Ibiyobora,, na Ibisobanuro: Bigyanye Kanda.
  • [[: 0% S] i, Ibikorana Bigyanye Byose Bya, Kanda.
  • [[: 0% S] Bya [[: 1] ya: Kanda na Ibikorana ku Ibitangazamakuru,, na Bihebuje ya:.
  • [[: 0% S] [[[: 1] ku Kanda na
  • [[: 0] ku [[: 1], na ku in i

Ku bashishikazwa no gusesengura inyandiko z'ibanze, ibitekerezo by'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga mu manza zihambaye zitangwaho umudendezo biboneka ku mataruka y'amategeko n'urubuga.

Umwanzuro: Akamaro ko gusohora umudendezo wo gutanga amakuru mu kazi

Umudendezo w'itsinda ry'ibinyamakuru ukomeza kuba imfuruka ya demokarasi y'Abanyamerika, bigatuma hashobora kuboneka amakuru y'ingenzi kugira ngo umuntu yimenyeshe kandi yishingikiriza ku byo yishakiye.

Ibibazo bigorana mu birebana n’umudendezo muri iki gihe, bishobora gushyirwa mu rwego rw’ubukungu, ku bihereranye n’ibirori byo gushakisha amakuru bya leta, kugira ngo birwanishe abantu ku bihereranye no kwizera, ni ngombwa ko abanyamakuru, abaturage n’imiryango biyemeje gukurikiza amahame ya demokarasi.

in i, "Igicapwe Kuri i, OYA i. Kuri Kanda in, i Ibitangazamakuru Inshingano in i na. i Kuri na Tanga Ibisobanuro:, i OYA Byose ku A Kigenga Ibisobanuro: Kuri in Ubuzima.

Waba uri umunyamakuru, umunyeshuri, umwigisha, cyangwa umuturage ufitiwe, ubwigenge bw'ibinyamakuru bugufasha gusobanukirwa umwe mu burenganzira bw'ibanze bwitandukanya imiryango ya demokarasi n'iy'abatwaza igitugu. Uko ubuhanga bushya bugenda butangira kubaho na ko umuryango w'abantu ugenda uhinduka, amahame y'ibanze y'umudendezo washyizwe mu i Ivugurura rya Mbere, azakomeza kuyobora impaka ku bihereranye no kutabogama ku bihereranye n'ubusumbane hagati y'umwimerere imvugo n'ibindi bintu bishishikaza, wiyemeza ko ibyo bitangaza bishobora gukomeza gusohoza imirimo yayo y'ibanze ya demokarasiteriyo y'ifatizo.

Birenzeho Ibisobanuro: Bigyanye na Kanda, i [[: 0% S] ya: Bya i [[:] 1] na i [[:][:][[:]]. [[:]., i [:] na By'amategeko Ububikoshingiro Nka [[:] [[:]. KIGEZWEHO]. Kanda na A, i [[:]