Table of Contents
na Gucunga Bigenga Amakuru y'ibanze Bya demokarasi y'ubwigenge, Nka Ibyangombwa i na Leta., OYA in i, Birenzeho Biruta Kabiri Kuri Ibikoresho ya: i Ikinyabugeni Bigenga Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Iperereza na Umumaro Bitanga ubushishozi bw'ibanze i na Sisitemu Bishinzwe ku Gihagarike, na Igaragaza mu Bikorwa.
Isoko y’ubuyobozi bw’Inteko Mbonezamubano
ni Oya Itangwa Cyangwa, i UMWIKUBE ni Kuri i Umumaro Nka Kuri Kuva: i Rusange Bya in I Bya i. Nta na kimwe Bigyanye na, i Kuri ni guhera "Byose"..
Nta bihabanye byabayeho bitewe n'uko ubucungamira n'ubutware bwabwo bwabonwaga ko ari imbaraga mvukanwa z'amakoraniro ahagarariye abahagarariye amategeko ya leta. Abashinzwe amategeko y'amategeko biyemeje ko Inteko Nshingamite y'Ikigo Ishinzwe Ubushakashatsi ikorwa n'abashinzwe Inzu y'Abasomyi. George Mason w'Uburongozi yavugiye mu Isosiyete y'Ikirere cya leta ko Abagize Inteko za Konsitamezo "sibene gusa, ahubwo ko bafite ububasha bwa Kiliziya ya Kiliziya ya Kiliziya. Bagomba guhurira hamwe incuro nyinshi kugira ngo basuzume Imyifatire y'Ibiro bya rusange."
Kuva: i na Bya i in i. ni in i, Ikindi na, Kuri,, Gutangiza na Gushigikira, ya: A,,,, na na Gukuraho Kuva: Ibiro i, Umukuru w'Ikigo cya Leta, na Ikindi Abayobozi. OYA Cyangwa i; Porogaramu, ku, na Ku Ikiguzi; na na Kuva: Ibiro i na Na:.
Amateka y’Ubutegetsi bwo Gushakashaka Ubuhanga
Iperereza ryakozwe mbere
Inzu yahatiye abahami b’abahamya kuva mu mwaka wa 1795, igihe bageragezaga kugurisha Abagize Inteko zaho. Ubushakashatsi bwa mbere bwashyizeho ingero ya leta yo guhamagara abahamya no gukusanya ibihamya.
Mu mwaka wa 1827, i Inzu yahaye ububasha i ku "Kurungika ya: na" Kuri Itegeko, na guhera Hanyuma zombi zombi zibona ko ari uburenganzira bwazo bwo gutumira umuntu, muri Cyangwa hanze ya guverinoma, Kuri. cy/ byagarajwe A Bya Amatsinda Kuri Impamvu.
Gushyirirwaho amategeko
Bya (. - 1), ya: i Itangira Igihe, ya: "" in public. na Kuri Gikomeza" KURI Porogaramu na; Abakoresha ya:; na Kwongerereza i Bya i, i Bya na, i ().
Bya (.. -) Kuri na, ku A Ishingiro, i Porogaramu, ubuyobozi na Itangiza" Bya; i Abakoresha Bya; Cyagutse i ku i; na i Porogaramu Imirimo Bya. Nka A Umumaro na Na: i Ibikorana Kuri.
Dusobanukirwe ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’amatsinda
na
Iperereza ryakozwe mu rwego rwa porogaramu rikubiyemo ibibazo bijyanye na komite z'amanama kugira ngo risuzume ibibazo bifitanye isano n'amategeko ya leta, amabwiriza, porogaramu, cyangwa ibikorwa. Bikubiyemo ubutware bw'ubutware bw'ubutware, ni ubutware bwo gutangira iperereza, gushyiriraho amarenga, gukusanya inyandiko cyangwa inyandiko zitangwa n’abahamya, na, mu mimerere aho ubutegetsi cyangwa itsinda ry’abantu ryibanga ryigenga ritagiye, guhatira abantu gukurikiza ibyo gusengwa binyuriye ku isosiyete y'ihuriro n'inzego n'inzego z'inzego.
i Bya i umuyobozi/ uyobora ku i Isubiramo, i, na Bya i Bya Rusange Itegeko., mu Icyo ari cyo cyose Umurimo w'amategeko na Gihinguranya A Bya, Imikoro, na. Urutonde Kuva: Kuri Cyangwa Na: & Game; Kuva: Kuri Gushigikira -; na Kuva: ku imyanya ibyiciro Kuri Ishuri ryateguwe n'Ibice Binyuranye, na ku Amatsinda Nka na Rusange.
Bya
Ibikoresho Byakoreshejwe Kuri A Umubare Bya Impamvu, Kuri Ibisobanuro: ya: na (Gicurasi i - Cyangwa - Umumaro) Cyangwa Kuri NYACYO ubuyobozi Bya.
Kuva mu myaka ya mbere, Inama Nshingano zagiye zikoresha imbaraga zayo zo gushakisha uko ziyobora, kumenyesha abantu no kwandika amategeko meza.
OYA Ifashayobora Ubwoko Itegeko, ariko ni i Bya na. Isesengura ryabitswe rya purezidamu, Nka i Cyangwa in i. ejuru - FACT Nka A Burinzi
na Bya
Ubuyobozi bw’Amategeko
i Isubiramo Bya Amategeko na Porogaramu Kuri Nka. Ubwoko: Bya ku, Porogaramu, na Kuri amategeko., Kugaragaza in KIGEZWEHO, i Bya Porogaramu, na Igikorwa ni Bya ngombwa.
, Igenzura ku. Itangaruhushya Gicurasi A Inturo: Bya Ibikoresho - -,, na - - i Urufunguzo Kuri i ni i Itangaruhushya. Itangaruhushya na Imisusire- shusho Porogaramu na Ibice, na ifite i Inyandiko Bya Itegeko ry' amategeko ya: i.
Ubushakashatsi
Ushinzwe gucunga ubwiyandarike, ruswa, gusesanya, cyangwa muri za leta na Porogaramu. Inzego zishinzwe gucunga akenshi zikubiyemo isuzuma rigaragara ry'ibyabaye, ibirego, cyangwa imikorere y'imyifatire igoramye. Ubwihisho bushobora guterwa n'ibyiciro by'abakoresha, amakuru, impuguke, cyangwa amakuru ahujwe mu bikorwa bya gahunda y'ubucungamari.
Ushinzwe iby'ubucungamyi bwitondewe n'amategeko, ubusanzwe ugenzura ushingiye ku bushakashatsi, ukomeza gushyirwa ku bibazo runaka cyangwa ibirego.
. Gucunga Urupapuro rw' Umuyobozi
Kabiri Kuri: na "". Ibisanzwe, Bya Muyobozi, Kuri A Pororisi A. Na Bya Ibikorwa:.
, ku, ni. iyi Urugero, ku -, Amatsinda, na i Ibitangazamakuru ("Kuburira Kuri. "", Na:. ni Birenzeho na ya:, Nka Kuri Kuri Ibikorana ku public.
Ibikoresho n’imashini z’ubutware bw’inteko
Komite Itanga Ibirego
Inzego zishinzwe gucunga amabwiriza n'amakuru, zigereranya kimwe mu bikoresho bigaragara na By' ingirakamaro bikoreshwa mu bucungami bw'ubucungamari.
Ibirego bikoreshwa mu buryo bwihariye, ni byo bitanga ibisobanuro bitandukanye.
Ubushobozi Buhanitse
UMWIKUBE () Bigenga icerurutse, i Bya i Bya i < > < / > in i < > < / >, i < > < / > in < > < / >. () Amatsinda y' itsinda () yashyiriyeho amatsinda ya porunogarafiya, ishinga abahamya bo gutanga ubuhamya, na Gufata mu buryo bwihishe iyo bananiwe kumvira.
Byose Na: i Kuri Kuri na Inyandiko ya:., i ya: ku. nibyo Bya Kuri ikoresha ibwirizwa ni in. ku Oya Kuri Itangwa Cyangwa.
i Bya Inyandiko, Kuri Ku, na in ya:. Bya iyi i Cyo ingirakamaro - Ibisobanuro:.
Inyandiko Isaba na Ishyirahamwe ry' Inyandiko
, Inyandiko n' Ibisobanuro bitangwa n'ibigo by'Ikigo cy'Ikigabanyi biturutse ku buryo buke. Ibyo bishobora kuza mu buryo bw'ifatizo ry'amabaruwa ava ku ntebe za komite, abyifuzo biturutse kuri buri wese mu bagize komite, cyangwa ashyizweho ibisabwa kugira ngo ayobore raporo za buri gihe ku matsinda. Ibigo byinshi bikorana n'ibyo bisabye bibyishakiye, byemera inshingano y'ubuyobozi bw'Intekote y'Amajyaruko Mpuko n'Imikoro.
Igice Bya Ibisobanuro Kubaza... ni. Gicurasi Gushaka imbere mu rwego rw'ibanze Amagenzura, igenzura, Inyandiko, na Na: Hanze, na Icyo ari cyo cyose Ikindi Inyandiko zihuje n' imishinga ya ngombwa. Ingano: Bya ni ku Bisabwa Kuri Impamvu z' amategeko yemewe.
Ubushobozi bwo gukora ibishushanyo
Inzego zose za leta zitanga amafaranga ku ishyirahamwe rya buri mwaka. Ifaranga rigenewe buri rwego ni muri kimwe mu mafagitire cumi na ebyiri inama z'Inama zifata buri mwaka.
Kuva: ~Umwimerere, in A Umubare Bya. A Kuri KURI, Cyangwa Kuri i. Koresha UMWIKUBE Kuri i. i. Bya Cyangwa Ururimi: Na: Ibyahiswemo ATARIIGIHARWE.
Amahitamo
Iyemeza Kuri Kwemeza abayobozi b'ibiro by'Ikigo n'Ubwicarutso By' ingirakamaro. Emera abashinzwe gukemura ibibazo ku bihereranye n'ibisabwa, politiki, na imyiteguro ya: Iyemeza ya: Kuri Kuva: Abayobozi b'Ikigo cy'ubucukunde ku bihereranye n'ubufatanye n'imihati y'ubugenzuzi.
. Abashinzwe gukemura ibibazo bashobora gufatisha abashinzwe gukemura ibibazo cyangwa iyemeza ry’ibigo bihatira gutanga amakuru yasabwe cyangwa ihinduka ry' amabwiriza.
Gutanga
Ingufu ni i Cyo nyine iboneka kuri Konsitantiri munsi ya i. Ishinga rireba Perezida, perezida, na Ibindi Bishinzwe iby'Ikirenga mu mashami y'Ikirenga na Amacapa. Ibyakoreshwa gake cyane, ubuhagarike bw'Ikigo cy'Ubwigenge bw'Ikigo cy'Ubwigenge bw'Ikirenga mu gihe cy'imyifatire y'abayobozi bakuru.
Bya i Byonyine UMWIKUBE Kuri. A Byoroheje ni in i Kuri Bya. i Cyuzuye UMWIKUBE Kuri Kugerageza. A Kabiri - 3 ni Bya ngombwa in i Kuri na Gukuraho i Kuva: Ofise. na Kuri Bya.
Raporo n'Amaraporo
ku Raporo na ku Gushigikira na By' imbere. () Nka na, Bya Porogaramu na Ibikorwa: Ku Kubaza.... Itegeko na Gushigikira, i na.
Byongeye kandi, inama z'Amakoraniro zisaba ko inzego zitanga raporo nyinshi ku bihereranye n’ibikorwa byazo, imikorere yazo, hamwe n’ibisabwa n'amategeko.
Gahunda ya Komite n’Ubutware Bufite Ubutware
Komite Zihagarara
Amatsinda y'inteko ayobora iyo mbaraga ahanini binyuriye kuri gahunda yayo y'amatsinda. Amakomite y'ifatika ni komite zihoraho zifite ubutware ku nzego runaka z'amategeko n'ibigo by'ubuyobozi.
Kuva icyo gihe, i Komine yarushijeho kumenya akamaro k'iperereza, kandi yaguye ububasha bwayo bwo kugenzura ibibazo, hakubiyemo n'ubutware bwa komite zose zihagaze zatanzwe na ya Komite y'Amategeko yashyizwe ku i Gavumenti y'Amategeko y'Amategeko ya 1946.
Na
Uretse komite zishinzwe guhagarara, rimwe na rimwe havuka komite zishinzwe amanama zishinzwe guhitamo cyangwa zidasanzwe kugira ngo zigenzure ibibazo runaka cyangwa ibintu.
Bya, i, na i 11 Ubwigomeke.
Ubutware bw’Inzego
: na Itangwa ku A Bya. i, A Igiteranyo:% S Bya - - Cyangwa -. Bya Kuri ya: Birenzeho Ikiyega na muri Itegeko Ubuso.
Ikwirakwiza ry'ubugenzuzi Kuri imyanya igaragaza irusobeje na Ingano: Bya i. Mu gihe imyanya ishinzwe kugenzura mu turere twihariye tw' umwihariko, Inama nshinga ishobora gucunga cyane mu buryo bwitondewe kurusha uko byashoboka mu gihe komite yuzuye zikoresha imbaraga z'ubushakashatsi.
Imishinga y’Amategeko n’Ubucamanza
Urukiko rw’Ikirenga
Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika rwemeje ko ubutegetsi bw’Inteko Nshingamateka ari bwo bushinzwe kurinda uburenganzira bw’abaturage, incuro nyinshi.
ku & karm;.: "Ingufu Bya i Kuri i. UMWIKUBE ni in i. UMWIKUBE ni ni.
. v,: " Ibisobanuro:, in i Umukara, Kuri 'Cyangwa.) i Bya Ibisobanuro: - Bidasanzwe Ryari: i Bwite Ibisobanuro:.
Ibisabwa mu Bugenzuzi bwemewe
in V. (1961), A Ibisabwa ya: Kuri "", i Bya i Ikivugwaho: Umwanya ku; ISEGONDA, i OYA Kuri i Bya na, i Kuri i Ikivugwaho Umwanya ya:.
Ibisabwa Bishinzwe Amatsinda Bihuje n'Imishinga Impamvu z'amategeko, Nka Impamvu Bya By' umwihariko Cyangwa Bya Imimaro., i "Intego z'amategeko", na public Ibisobanuro: Imimaro Bihuje n' amategeko Impamvu ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: OYA Kuri amategeko.
Imipaka y’Isubiramo ry’Ibyategetswe
Imyaka myinshi, byamaze gushingirwaho ko inkiko zidashobora kuhagoboka kugira ngo zibuze irebe ry'ubushakashatsi cyangwa uburyo bw'ubushakashatsi, na n'umuhamya wizera ko isuzuma ritemewe n'amategeko cyangwa ridakwiriye mu buryo bunyuranye, kugira ngo ashyireho ikibazo mu buryo bwihishe mu buryo bwihishe no gukabya imyizerere ye mu kwiyemeza ko yiyemeje kwirwanaho ku bugizi bwa nabi. Iryo shingiro ryarushijeho kuba imyifatire y'impakanira mu buryo bugaragara, binyuriye mu itsinda ry'imyifatire y'abapolisi cyangwa ubundi.
Urukiko rw'Ikirenga ni gake cyane mu kiganiro icyo ari cyo cyose cy'ingenzi cy'igenzura rya Konsita z'Ikirenga, kandi mu by'ukuri rimwe ryasohowe ritanga igitekerezo cy'ibyago by'ubucungamyi hagati y'urwego rwa Kontekote na i Urwego Ruyobora. Ibintu binyuranye bigira uruhare mu ruhare rw'imanza muri iyi akarere, hakubiyemo amahame y'amategeko agenga iby'ubucamanza na gutandukanya ubutegetsi.
Imashini zihatira abantu gukora ibyo basabwa n’amatsinda y’abagiye mu materaniro
Gusenya Inteko Nshinga Amategeko
ni i Bya i Ibanga rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika Cyangwa Rimwe Bya. Muri iki gihe, i Bya Bya Byanzwe na A Byasohowe na A Cyangwa i Byasohowe
Mu mwanzuro wafashwe na Sinclair na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (1929), Urukiko rwafashe umwanzuro w’uko umuhamya urebye komite ishinzwe gushyigikira iyo nama, ashobora gucirwa urubanza rw’ubugome.
Abagizi ba nabi barahemukirwa
Nyuma yo gusuzugura, umuyobozi w'ubuyobozi bw'icyo cyumba yahawe amabwiriza yo kwerekeza iyo ngingo kuri Attorney ya: i Disiturike ya Colombie; hakurikijwe amategeko ni inshingano ya Attorney wa U.S. Kuri Kuri Aburira ikibazo abakiryi bakomeye mu gihe cy'urukiko rw’urukiko rw’amategeko rubacira urubanza. Urukiko rw’ikosa ry’Inteko Mpuzamateka ni ikosa ribi, rihanishwa ku fagitire y'idarenze dolari 300.000 cyangwa munsi y'amadolari 30 n'amadosiye 5 (idolari 50.000) n’imo yafungirwa muri gereza rusange y’ukwezi kumwe cyangwa irenga ukwezi kumwe na cumi n’indwi.
Ishami rishinzwe iby’amategeko rigomba kwemera gucira urubanza abavuga ko basuzuguye abakozi b’amashami, rigasuzugura abashinzwe iby’ubucamanza, rigatangira kubuzanya amacakubiri, ibyo bikaba byatuma havuka impanuka zishobora gutuma habaho impari hagati y’ubutegetsi bw’Inteko Nshingano n’abayobozi b’ibiro by’ishami.
Isubizwa
Nanone kandi, Inteko Nshingano ishobora gushaka uko ishyira mu bikorwa ibikorwa byayo by'ubucamanza binyuriye ku nkiko za leta. Ubwo buryo bukubiyemo gushyiriraho urukiko ibyemezo byo gushyigikira amategeko y'abayoboke. Ubutegetsi bwifashe mu myaka mirongo ishize bwagiye bwiyongera cyane cyane, bwaje kuba uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo by'ubugizi bwa nabi, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'impamvu zifitanye isano n'abayobozi b'ibiro by'ibiro by'Amacamanza aho Urwego rw'Ubucamanza rushobora kuba rutashaka gukurikirana ibyo guciraho iteka.
Imikoro y'ubwicanyi i Byasohowe i ~Umwimerere. Icyo gihe ni itsinda ry'ushinzwe iby'ubucungamari bwa gihangange, cyane cyane ya: - Igihe.
Umudendezo twavukanye
, i na Nama shingiro y'amategeko, ntiyishingikiriza ku butware bwabo bwite bwigenga bwashyizweho kugira ngo butangize, ahubwo nanone bujye bwitabira ku bindi bikorwa iyo nzu yabonwaga nk'ibuzanya uburyo bwabo bw'amategeko cyangwa uburenganzira.
Nubwo inama z'Ikigo cy'Ikirenga gikomeza "ubutware bwacyashye" na Gicurasi ku Icyo ari cyo cyose, iyi mfatiro yakorewe ku i Konsitantine mu 1934, in A Bya indege na i Nshinga y'amaposita. UMWIKUBE watangiye kudakoreshwa bitewe n'igihe cyayo cyo gusesanya ibinyabuzima na bishobora kunyurwa na politiki, isigaye ari yo ihitamo rya mbere ryo gushyigikira ibyo guharanira amatorero.
Imipaka n’Ibigoranye mu Bihereranye no Gucunga Inteko z’Abibumbye
Umushinga uhereranye no gutanga ubuyobozi
Rimwe Bya i ku., in Bya, i Kuri Ibisobanuro: Kuva: Kuri Kurinda i Bya. in V., "i Bwite Ibisobanuro: i Bya" A Ibyiciro Bya "" Konti: "Bibiri i Bya na i' Ibirindiro: Bya i""
Ibyifuzo by'ubuyobozi bishobora gutindisha cyangwa bigatuma hadashyirwaho gahunda yo gukusanya amakuru. Imyifatire y'inshingano y'ubuyobozi n'ibyemezo by'ubuyobozi, byatumye hakorwa impamyabumenyi y'impamyabumenyi y'impamyabumenyi n'impamyabumenyi hagati y'Inama n'ibiro by'ubuyobozi, rimwe na rimwe ikaba yaratumye hashyirwaho inteko nshingarugero.
Gutandukana mu byo guhangayikishwa n’ubutegetsi
Gutandukanya ubutegetsi bitera amacakubiri mu rwego rw'ubuyobozi bw'ibiro by'ubuyobozi bw'ibiro by'ishami. Nubwo Inteko Nshingano z'Ikigo cy'ubuyobozi bwagutse, ntishobora gukoresha ubwo butware kugira ngo yihange imirimo y'ubuyobozi bw'ubuyobozi bw'ubuyobozi cyangwa ngo yihane mu buryo budakwiriye n'inshingano z'amategeko ya Prezida. Gushyiraho ubugenzuzi bw'ingirakamaro mu birebana no kubaha ubuyobozi bwigenga, ni ikibazo kikomeza kuba ikibazo.
na. ni nibyo Ryari: i (""") i By' umwihariko,,, Cyangwa Ikigo cy'Ishami:" Kuri Ibisobanuro Kuri. muri iyo mimerere, i Gicurasi Kuri Kuri, Nka i Ibisobanuro: OYA Kuri A, Cyangwa Ibyifuzo Bigenga.
Guhindura Ibitekerezo mu Bihereranye na Politiki
Amacakubiri ya gipolitiki hamwe n'amacakubiri ashingiye ku macakubiri, bishobora kubuza cyane amajyaruguru. Igihe itsinda rya Prezida rigenzura inzego imwe cyangwa zombi, kugenzura ishami ry'ubuyobozi bishobora kuba bidafite ubugome.
Imyifatire yo gushyigikira inzego z'ubucuruzi ishobora kugira ingaruka ku mpande, ariko nanone igatuma abantu barushaho kwishimira ibyo bashinzwe.
Ibyinjizwa
Icungabungiro rifite ireme rikenewe, hakubiyemo abakora mu rwego rw'ubuhanga, igihe, n'impamyabumenyi. Komite z'Inama mpuzamahanga zigomba gushyira mu gaciro inshingano zo gucunga inshingano z'ubutegetsi, imirimo ishinzwe guharanira amategeko, n'izindi nshingano.
Amakomite ashinzwe iby’ubugenzuzi agomba guhitamo neza imirimo yayo, bityo akaba ashobora kureka ibibazo bivuka mu miryango imwe n’imwe cyangwa porogaramu zigafatwa uko zidashobora kumenyekana.
Verisiyo
Ibigo by'uyobora bifite amakuru menshi ku birebana n'ibikorwa byabyo kurusha ayo Inama nshingamateka ishobora kuvanaho ubucunganzira bw'ubwitondere. Ibyo bikubiyemo bishobora gutuma ibibazo bigorana mu rwego rurerure, kubera ko inzego zishobora guhisha ibibazo cyangwa zitanga amakuru mu buryo bwijimye.
Bya Porogaramu za leta, bishobora kuba bihuje n' ibyihariye Kuri na Suzuma, Kuri Bya Porogaramu.
Ibibazo bikoreshwa
i umuyobozi/ uyobora ni Kuri Ibisobanuro, Koresha i Porogaramu Bya Ubwoko Bya, Na: Bya na, Kuri. UMWIKUBE KURI i Ikigabane ku,,, na, in i Bya i, Iyemeza Bya Abayobozi. Koresha Cyangwa Koresha Bya in A ku Na: (Cyangwa Ubwoko Birenzeho Ibisobanuro: Kuri Itangwa Itangwa A) na Ibirindiro Ryari: Kuri A Na: i. na i OYA Buri gihe, Kuva: i.
Inzitizi zifatika ziterwa no gushyiraho imihati yo gushyiraho imihati yo gushyigikira gahunda y'amanama, cyane cyane abakozi b’ibiro by'ibiro by'ishami, zishobora kugabanya ubugenzuzi mu buryo bukomeye. Igihe gisabwa kugira ngo habeho ihuriro ry’inzego za politiki, kirenze idirishya rya gipolitiki ryo gukemura ibibazo by’impamvu z’ingenzi, bigatuma imihati y’ubugenzuzi igabanywa buhoro.
Uruhare rw’Inzego Zishyigikira Inteko z’Ikigo
Ibiro Bishinzwe Ibikorwa bya Gihemu
() Nka na,, Bya Porogaramu na Ibikorwa:., na Ku i Kubaza... Bya KopiKuyobora Cyangwa Nka ku. Bya Na: in,, Itegeko, na Amashami:.
Akazi ku, Bya, Porogaramu, na Na: Ibisabwa by'amategeko. Raporo iranga in Porogaramu na Gusemura Ibikorwa, Na: i Ibisobanuro: Kuri Gucunga na Ubwoko.
Umurimo wo gukora ubushakashatsi mu myidagaduro
() na Kuri Gushigikira Ibikorwa by' itsinda,. Abagenzura bategura Raporo,,, na ku A Urutonde Bya Itegeko, Gufasha abagize na abakozi gusobanukirwa iTSINDA RY' IMIBARE C na Suzuma Ibice. Gushigikira ni ya: na in i Porogaramu.
Ibiro by'Ingengabihe Bishinzwe Ingengabihe
() na Bya. i, i Bya Amagenzura, na i Bya Porogaramu. na Porogaramu Ikiguzi -.
Rusange
Mu gihe atari kimwe mu bigize Inteko Nshinga Amategeko, abagenzura abayobozi bo muri rusange (IGS) bagira uruhare rw'ingenzi mu gushyigikira amanama. Abayobozi bigenga mu nzego z'ubuyobozi bashinzwe kugenzura imibare y'iperereza n'amaperereza kugira ngo barebe ko badashobora gusesanya, gusesanya, no gukoresha nabi amafaranga. Amakuru y'ikigo cy'urwego ahora aherekezwa ku matsinda, kandi akenshi akaba ari yo ashingiraho imirimo y'ubugenzuzi.
Sisitemu By' imbere muri i umuyobozi/ uyobora. Kugaragaza OYA Kuri na Ibisobanuro ku Bikorwa Birenzeho.
Ubushakashatsi Bugaragara mu Mateka ya Amerika
Urupapuro rwa kabiri
Iperereza ryakozwe mu mwaka wa 1920 ryihariye ryakozwe mu matsinda. Byabaye amahano, binyuriye ku isoko ryihishe rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ryagabanyaga mu ibanga ibigega by'amavuta bya peteroli, rigatanga inguzanyo y'inguzanyo y'amazu y'ibiro bya leta, Albert Fall, mu gihe yaguraga ubwishyu.
Iperereza ry'Ikigo cya Teapoke Dome ryanatanze imyanya y'amategeko y'ubukuru, i Byafashwe na Urukiko rw'Ikirenga in McGrain v. Iyemeza ububasha bw'Inteko Nshinga y'amategeko Kuri Guhatira ubuhamya ku bijyanye n'ibice binini.
Ubushakashatsi bw’Amazi
i Nka i in Urutonde. ku, ku,, yayoboye ku, A Ishusho Bya Umurimo na Bya UMWIKUBE ku i ubuyobozi. Kuri na Kuri in na Amategeko ya Leta.
N’ubwo ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko ibikorwa bibi byakozwe kandi abategetsi bakaba ari bo babiryozwa, bwagaragaje kandi ko gushakisha uko perezida uhari n’akamaro k’ubufatanye bwa bipartis mu mihati yo gucunga, ari na ko byanze bikunze bigorana.
Iran- Kontra
Irani - Kontra yasuzumye imyandikire y'ubuyobozi bw'ibanga rya Reagan, na Iran, na Ibyifashishozo byatangwaga kugira ngo bishyigikire abigometse ba Konsitantine ba Nikaragwa mu kwirengagiza amategeko agenga amategeko. Komite z'Inzu n'Inama mpuzamahanga zayoboye amanama y'urusobe- tubiri, zagaragaje igitekerezo cy'inyurabwenge gifitanye isano n'ibigo by'ibigo by'ubuyobozi, iby'ubutware bw'ubutware, n'imipaka y'ubutegetsi bwa perezida.
11 Nzeri
Nyuma y’ibitero by’ibyihebe byabaye ku itariki ya 11 Nzeri 2001, hashyizweho Inama y’Igihugu ku Bihereranye na Tereviziyo, kugira ngo igenzure imimerere yari irebana n’ibyo bitero, kandi igire icyo itera inkunga yo kurinda iterabwoba.
Raporo y'Ikomyunizimu yatumye habaho ihinduka rikomeye mu by'ubuhanga no mu by'umutekano w'igihugu, igaragaza ukuntu iperereza ryakozwe mu manama rishobora gutuma habaho ihinduka rikomeye mu rwego rw'ibanze, ndetse no mu gihe ryakozwe binyuriye ku mitungo yigenga.
Ibibazo by’Inteko Mbonezamubano
Ubugenzuzi mu gihe cyo guhumanya inyenyeri
Imyaka myinshi ishize yabaye igihe cy'amajyaruguru n'imikorere y'ubuyobozi bw'amatsinda agenga. Inteko Nshingamite y'Amakoraniro yagiye igenzura ibintu bitandukanye byatumye abantu bitabwaho cyane, kandi ishami n'Inteko Nshinga na byombi byatangije ibikoresho bishya n'impaka zemewe n'amategeko kugira ngo bihishe impaka z'ubucungamira. Inkiko zashubije ibibazo bimwe na bimwe ku bihereranye n'ubutware mu gihe abandi batabisubiza.
Iterambere ryiyongera rya politiki yo muri Amerika ryafashe imikorere y'ubucungamari. Ubucungamyi bwagiye burushaho kuba bwa gitsina, na ku matsinda anyuranye. Imyifatire yo gukemura ibibazo, ishobora gutuma abantu barushaho kwizera kandi bagakora neza, mu gihe kugenzura inzego z'amatsinda y'akazi bipartis biba ngombwa ko bikoreshwa mu iperereza rikomeye.
Ikoranabuhanga n’imihangayiko y’akabanga
Ikoranabuhanga ryo muri iki gihe ryatumye habaho inzitizi n’uburyo bwo gucunga amatsinda. Amakuru n'ibyandiko by'imashini bitanga amakuru menshi ashobora gushyigikira ubugenzuzi, ariko nanone bigatuma abantu bahangayikishwa n’ibanga ryihariye.
Imbaraga y'ubutware bw'ubutware bw'ubuhuzabiko, amakuru y'ikoranabuhanga, n'ibindi bijyanye na interineti, na n’ubu ni ibintu bigifite imyanya y'amategeko. Inkiko ziracyakomeza kugendera ku mahame agenga iby'ubucukumbuzi akoreshwa mu buryo bwa none, ibyo bikaba bituma abantu bashidikanya ku mipaka y'ubuhanga bw'isuzumaguritso mu gihe cy'ikoranabuhanga.
Ingeso z’Ubuhanga
Amasosiyete ashinzwe kwita ku miyoboro ishinzwe iby’ubuhanga ashyiraho ibibazo byihariye bitewe n’itsinda ry’abahanga mu buryo bwihariye.
Gushyira mu gaciro ku bihereranye no kwita ku bihereranye no kurinda isoko ry’ubwenge n’uburyo bwo kugenzura, ni ikibazo gikomeza.
Ingeso z’Ingufu z’Ibihe Biza mu Buryo bw’Impanuka
Abayobozi bakomeye bagiye barushaho gusaba abategetsi b’ibiza kugira ngo bakore ibintu mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, bagatuma havuka ibibazo ku bihereranye n’uko gahunda z’ubugenzuzi zishobora gufatwa mu buryo bwihutirwa, cyane cyane mu bihugu by’igihugu n’inzego za leta zishinzwe umutekano, kandi ibyo byatumye havuka imyitwarire y’abantu benshi.
Inteko ziharanira ko abaperezida bakomeza kugenzura neza abashinzwe iby’ubutabazi, kandi ubu hari ibintu byinshi bitoroshye bidashobora gukemuka, kandi hari ibintu byinshi bitoroshye bisabwa kugira ngo habeho ubuyobozi bwihuta mu rwego rw’ubuyobozi n’ubutegetsi bufite icyo buzabazwa.
Ibikorwa byiza cyane byo gucunga amatsinda
Gufatanya mu biparti
Ibyifuzo byagezweho bifitanye isano n'ubufatanye bw' itsinda ry'imyugariro. Iyo abashinzwe imyitwarire bombi bakorera hamwe ku bw'ubuyobozi, barushaho kwiringirwa na kurushaho kugira ihinduka rikomeye.
Kugira ngo haboneke itsinda ry’abashinzwe kuyobora, bisaba kwibanda ku bibazo by’inyongera aho kuvanaho inyungu za politiki.
Ibintu na
na Ingano:. Na: na - Ibigenga Birenzeho Kuri ibisubizo - Gufungura - Impera. Ifashayobora Gukomeza ku Impamvu Cyangwa.
Komite zishinzwe iby'amategeko zagombye gusesengura umugambi w'iperereza rishinzwe amategeko, kandi zigasobanura ukuntu amakuru agezweho afitanye isano n’imyitwarire y'amategeko cyangwa y’amategeko ahari.
Gutegura mu buryo bunonosoye
Successful oversight requires thorough preparation, including research into the issues under investigation, careful planning of hearing questions, and strategic use of available information-gathering tools. Committees should leverage support agencies like GAO and CRS to develop expertise on complex issues before conducting hearings or issuing subpoenas.
Nanone kandi, gutegura bikubiyemo gutegereza ko ibikorwa by’ubugenzuzi n’iby’ubutegetsi bishobora kugorana.
Ikoreshwa ry’ubushishozi mu buryo bw’ingirakamaro
Amakuru y'uruhare akoreshwa mu buryo bw' ingirakamaro, rutarenze ibyo gukusanya amakuru, hakubiyemo kwigisha rubanda, gushyiraho imyandikire ya politiki iharanira ivugurura, no kugaragaza ko hakorwa inama z'amatsinda ku bibazo by'ingenzi. Icyakora, ibyo kumva bigomba gukoreshwa mu buryo bwitondewe, aho gukoresha nk'ubuhanga bw'ibanze. Myinshi mu mirimo y'ubushakashatsi ikorwa mu buryo burambuye, bigomba kuba binyuriye ku bushakashatsi bw'abakozi, isubiramo ry' inyandiko, n'ubundi buryo buke bwa ruhame, na amatwi akoreshwa kugira ngo habe ibihamya by'ibanze ku nyandiko.
Amaturo akwiriye asabwa no gutoranya ibintu mu buryo bwitondewe, ibibazo biteguye neza, n’itanga ibimenyetso bifatika. Komite za komite zagombye kwirinda gukoresha amatwi mu buryo bwitondewe mu mikino ya politiki, kubera ko ibyo bishobora gutuma imihati y’ubucungamyi itakaza icyizere.
Gihinguranya ku
ni Byakunze Ryari: Kuri ibisubizo, Gihinguranya, Itegeko Amahinduka, Cyangwa Ikindi. ya: ku na ku Kuri Amahinduka. - Kuri ni ya: Iteranya in Ibikorwa.
Igihe kizaza cy’ubugenzuzi bw’amakoraniro
Tujye duhuza n’ihinduka ry’ubuhanga
Ibikorwa: na -, Kuri Gishya. in, Imirimo Ibikorwa:, na ya: i. Kuri in na Gishya Ibikoresho ya: - Porogaramu.
Gukomeza ubushobozi bwo gukora mu rwego rw’imishinga
Ubuyobozi bwiza mu butegetsi bugenda burushaho kuba bugoranye, busaba ko hashyirwaho inzego zikomeye. Ibyo bikubiyemo abakozi bagenzurwa neza na komite, ishyigikiwe n’amashirahamwe ashinzwe inzego zitwa GAO na CRS, hamwe n’imyitozo ikomeza gutangwa ku bagize umuryango n’abakozi ku bihereranye n’ubuhanga n’amategeko.
Na Ibanga
Imyifatire iri hagati y'ibonerahamwe n'ubucungamari mu gihe abayobozi bashinzwe, bishobora kwiyongera uko abanyagihugu bagenda biyongera, mu gihe umutekano w'igihugu n'imyitwaramutima y'ibanga bikomeza kuba ngombwa ko hakorwa imishinga myiza kurushaho yo kuyobora ibintu byemewe n'amategeko, mu gihe abantu bakomeza kuba abayobozi bashinzwe kuzagira icyo babazwa. Ibyo bishobora kuba bikubiyemo uburyo bwunguka bwo kwita ku mabwiriza agengwa n'amategeko, amahame y'umwihariko asobanutse neza kurushaho yakoreshwa mu gutanga igikundiro, na kurushaho kunonosoho ku bihereranye n'imishingano y'ubuyobozi.
Guhindura imashini zikoreshwa
Inteko Nshingano y'Ibigo by'Ubushakashatsi yahuye na yo mu guha ibyemezo, cyane cyane ku bayobozi b'ibiro by'ibiro by'ishami, igaragaza ko ihinduka rirebana n'ibikorwa by'imyifatire y'ishyira mu mwanya w'amategeko rishobora kuba ngombwa. Ivugurura rishobora kuba rikenewe.
Umwanzuro: Uruhare rw’ingenzi ruba mu gushyigikira inteko z’ubutegetsi
Iperereza n'ubucungamyi by'ingenzi bitangwa na demokarasi y'Abanyamerika, bitanga uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo kwishushanya ku bikorwa by'ibiro by'ubuyobozi by'ibiro by'ibiro by'ishami, na kongera gukora ibyo gushyigikira iyo mikorere ya leta mu buryo buhuje n'amategeko na ko n'intego z'amategeko.
Kugira ngo ubutegetsi bugenzure neza biterwa n’ibintu byinshi, hakubiyemo n’inteko za gipolitiki zifite intego yo gukora ubushakashatsi mu buryo bunonosoye, gushyigikira inzego zishinzwe iby’ubuyobozi, kugira ngo habeho ubutunzi n’ubuhanga buhagije, hamwe n’ubutegetsi bugenga ibikorwa byemewe n’amategeko.
Gutegeka bikomeza na Gukomeza, na Guhangana na Gishya, Gucunga Amatsinda Imimaro yayo. Gukomeza kwita ku bugenzuzi, Igishobokere in, Igishobokere mu ishyirahamwe, ifatanyije mu itsinda ry' Urwego, na A Kuri ikoresha Abatware na. Bya Ubuyobozi bw' agatsiko k'amatsinda ku bushobozi bwa kimuntu bwo gushyiraho umukono ku i Imimaro y'ibanze y'ubwihisho in i Sisitemu.
Ku bihereranye n'ukuntu ubutegetsi bwabo bukora na uko bwitwara, kumenya iby'ubugenzuzi ni ngombwa. N’ubwo ibyo bintu bigoranye na rimwe bishya, bigereranya demokarasi mu bikorwa, abahagarariye abantu bakora umurimo wabo wemewe n'amategeko kugira ngo biyemeze neza ko ubutegetsi bwitaye ku bantu bose kandi bukorera muri gahunda z'amagenzura n'ubugenzuzi, abaturage bashobora gusuzuma neza uko ubutegetsi bwabo bukora, kandi bagafata abahagarariye mu buryo bwitondetsweho inshingano zabo zo guhagarikira.
Birenzeho Ibisobanuro: ku na, i [[: 0% S] Webu.. [[: 1] Webu, Kuri Ibisobanuro:, na Raporo. [[[:]].. Bya, & pageous; [[:] Webu], i [[:] U.]. [2] Webu. [[:]