Table of Contents
Hamilton yavutse ku itariki ya 11 Mutarama 1755 cyangwa 1757, kandi yavuye mu myitwarire ya Karayibe yoroheje, kugira ngo abe umwe mu bahanga bakomeye cyane mu by'ubwubatsi ba Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Mu gihe yari umunyamabanga wa mbere wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika wa Trigie, na Umuyobozi wa za politiki kuva mu mwaka wa 1789 kugeza mu wa 17959, Amategeko ya Hamilton yagenzurwaga hamwe n'impamyabumenyi idacogora ya leta y'ubuhanga bukomeye, byagize imiterere y'ibanze y'amategeko y'amategeko y'amategeko n'ubukungu ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Impano yatangijweho, indikirwa, na ubuyobozi bwa politiki (ikomeza kuyobora, amategeko y'ubwihariko, na gusobanura mu buryo budahwe bwingirwamo kabiri ibinye ibinye binye bibiri nyuma y'urupfu rwe.
Ubuzima bwa kera n’ibyabaye mu matorero yo muri Karayibe
Kuvuka n’umuryango twakuriyemo
Imyaka ya mbere ya Alexander Hamilton yari irangwa n’ingorane n’ubuvurungano. Ababyeyi be ni James Hamilton, Umucuruzi w’Umunyetiyopiya wa St. Christopher, na Rachel Fawcett, waje gushyingiranwa n’uwatanye. Urukiko rwamubujije gushakana na James Hamilton nyuma yo kwahukana, rugatuma ishyingiranwa rye ryemerwa mu bihugu by’i Burengerazuba bw'Indindindi, ariko si ahandi. Uwo mucuruzi w’ubuhesi uteye kubiri wahitwaga na we witwaga James Hamilton, rimwe na rimwe wakoreshwaga n’abarwanya politiki kugira ngo bahite ingeso ye.
Se James Hamilton, yataye we na murumuna we James bakiri bato, asiga umuryango mu mimerere igoranye y'ubukungu. Mu mwaka wa 1768, nyina wa Hamilton, Rachel Faucette, ashobora kuba yarapfuye bitewe na Jellow Fever, agatuma Hamilton ahinduka impfubyi ku myaka igera kuri 13.
Kwiga no gukora hakiri kare
N’ubwo Hamilton yari mu mimerere igoranye, yagaragaje ubuhanga bwihariye kuva akiri muto. Igihe nyina yari akiriho, Alexandre na James Jr., umwe wese yahawe amashuri n’amasomo mu ishuri ryigenga rya kiyahudi riyobowe n'umuyobozi w'Abayahudi, na Alexandre yongeyeho amashuri ye n'ibitabo by'imfashanyigisho by'umuryango we bigizwe n'ibitabo 34. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa nyina, Hamilton yabaye umukarani w’i Beekman na Cruger, isosiyete y'ihuriro ry’abacuruzi bo muri ako karere yimukanwaganje yacuruzwaga n'i New York n'u Bwongereza.
, Hamilton yagaragaje ko afite ubushobozi nk'Umucuruzi Kuri Ibumoso: Bya i Imirimo mu mezi ashanu in i Nyir' i Ku nyanja. Ubuhanga bwa mbere bw'ubucuruzi bwabaye ubw'ingirakamaro, bwa Hamilton ku bihereranye n'ubucuruzi bw' Mpuzamahanga, na Ubucuruzi nyuma y'aho bwamenyekanishije Amategeko y'Ubukungu bwaho bwa S $CR. Byavuzwe n'umuhungu we, Hamilton, Kuri iyi Akazi Nka "ibigize igice cy'amashuri ye".
Ibaruwa n’urugendo rwo muri Amerika
Mu mwaka wa 1772, yanditse inyandiko isesenguye cyane yandikiwe se ku bihereranye n'inkubi y'umuyaga yashenye Abakristo ku itariki ya 30 Kanama 1772, na Reverend Hugh Knox, umwigisha na mujyanama wa Hamilton, yasohoye inzandiko yo gusohora mu itsinda ry'abami ry'Abadage- Amerika.
His intelligence, writing, and administrative abilities were recognized by local benefactors who created a fund to provide him with a formal education in the North American colonies. In 1772, Hamilton arrived in New York City, marking the beginning of a new chapter that would transform him from an orphaned clerk into a founding father of a new nation.
Uburezi n’Ubwihindurize
Ku ishuri rya King’s College
Mu mwaka wa 1773, Hamilton yize mu kigo cya Elizabethtown Academy, ishuri ryo muri kaminuza i New Jersey, hanyuma yiyandikisha muri kaminuza ya King's College (ubu yitwa Columbia University). Mu gihe yari muri iyo kaminuza, yamenyeshejwe William Livingston, umuhanga w’umuhanga wo muri ako karere kandi waharaniraga imyifatire yamwo, kandi yakinanye n’abaturage bo mu gihe yigagaga. Uko gushyikirana n'ibitekerezo by'imyifatire yo guhindura ubutegetsi bya politiki byafashije Hamilton gucuranga.
Mu gihe yari umwigishwa yivanze mu bihereranye n'imyifatire y'ivugurura, na arwanya ubutegetsi bw'Abongereza mu manama, na yasohoye udutabo tubiri tw'ibyifuzo by' ingero z'Inama n'Umuyobozi.
Umurimo wa gisirikare mu ntambara y’ubwihindurize
Nyuma y'ishyaka ry'Ubwigenge ryatangiye, Hamilton yahawe isosiyete y'ubukapiteni mu isosiyete ya New York. Ubuhanga bwe bwa gisirikare bwahise bwitonderwa. Mbere na mbere, George Washington mu gihe cy'impamyabumenyi ya New York na New Jersey, na Washington basobanukiwe ko Hamilton yari umuntu urangwa n’ishyaka, command ry'umuteguro, na wiyemeje gushyigikira iyi mpamvu.
, Nka Rimwe Bya, Nka - Kuri i - in -. IMYAKA, Ku, Ibikorwa:, na i Bya na A i Bya.
Kimwe n’abandi benshi bakoraga mu gisirikare cy’i Continel Army, Hamilton yasuzuguye Inama za Kiyahudi avuga ko ari inyamuryango, ibyo bikaba byaratumye yemera adashidikanya ko Leta nshya ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika yari ikeneye gutura ubutegetsi bukomeye.
Ibitabo: ya: Bishingiye ku Bijyanye n' Ishinga
Amankomoko n’Intego y’Abavandimwe
Nyuma y’aho Isezerano ry’Amateka risohoreye muri Nzeri 1787, igitekerezo cy’impamyabumenyi cyahuye n’ibitotezo bikomeye, cyane cyane mu bihugu binini nka New York.Hamilton, hamwe na Virginian James Madison na mugenzi we John Jay, banditse imyandiko yaje kwitwa Inyandiko, yasohotse mu buryo butamenyekana, yashyigikiraga ko itejekwa ry’Iteka.
ni A Bya na ku,, na i "" Kuri i Bya i Bya i. Itangira - 7 Bya in i, i, na i hagati na.
na Urufunguzo
i Umwanditsi, Bya i, Na: 29 na 5. A Urutonde Bya Kuri i Sisitemu, i Bya i Bya, i Bya, i Imiterere Bya i, na i Bya i.
Kuri i i KIGEZWEHO Bya i, Kugaragaza i ku Kuri ya: Cyangwa Rusange Itondekanya.
No. 70., Hamilton yahanuye A ku a UMWE, umuyobozi w'ubuyobozi... 70 ikenewe ya: Umuyobozi umwe (itonderwa) kugira ngo amenyeshe neza ko umuntu ari we ufite inshingano y'ubuyobozi n'ubutware bwitondewe. Yavuze ko imbaraga z'ubuyobozi zikenewe kugira ngo umuntu umwe ashyireho imbaraga, guhihihibika no kuryoza ibibazo byagize itsinda ry'abaturage bo muri Amerika kuva icyo gihe.
., i. i Inshingano na i By' ingirakamaro Bya Isubiramo. iyi, i Nka A Kugenzura ku UMWIKUBE, i ya: i UMWIKUBE Bya Isubiramo in.
Ingaruka Zigira no Gukomeza
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, i Inyandiko z'Ikirenga zahawe umwanya w'ibanze Nka ibisobanuro byemewe by'amategeko by'Ishingiro, na Umucamanza w'Ikirenga John Marshall yazivuze mu manza z'ibirangamimerere nka Marbury v. Madison (1803) na McCulloch v. (1819). Ibitabo byabaye bya ngombwa kugira ngo usobanukirwe imigambi y'abahanga mu by'amategeko mbonezamuco na za filozofiya z'ububiko.
Amapapa ashinzwe gushyingura akomeza gusomwa mu buryo bw’ingenzi ku muntu wese wize Ishingiro ry’Amateka cyangwa filozofiya ya gipolitiki yo muri Amerika, bityo akaba akomeza kugira ubumenyi ku birebana n’imigambi y’abahanga mu by’ubutegetsi hamwe n’ibibazo byo gushyira mu gaciro ku birebana n’umudendezo wa buri muntu ku giti cye.
Ishinga gahunda y’Ubukungu
Nka Nka Bya i
Hamilton yashyizeho Hamilton, perezida Washington, kugira ngo abe ari we wa mbere mu muyobozi w’Inzu y’Ibiro by’Ubutunzi, aho yashyizeho urufatiro rw’ubutegetsi bw’Abanyamerika.
Hamilton yegereye iyi ntera ifite imbaraga n’amaso, atanga urukurikirane rw'amakuru agaragaza porogaramu ihuse yo guteza imbere ubutunzi bw’igihugu. Uburyo bwe bw’iby’ubukungu bwari bushingiye ku nkingi z’ingenzi: gushyiriraho abantu umwenda binyuriye ku intego n’ifaranga, kurema ibanki y'igihugu, gushyigikira ibikorwa binyuriye ku gukinga amafishi, no gutanga amafaranga binyuriye ku ntanga y’imisoro.
Imyenda yo kwishyura Ituwe n’Ugutanga Amadeni
Mu gitabo cye cyavuze iby’impamvu zatanzwe mu gihe cy’ihuriro ry’ibyabaye muri leta, cyatanzwe mu Nshinga y’Amajyaruguru muri Mutarama 1790, Hamilton yagiriye leta inama yo kuba ari we ugomba kubazwa imyenda y’igihugu n’iya leta yakozwe mu Ntambara y’Ubwihindurize.
Hamilton yemeje ko igitekerezo cy’uko ari iby’ingenzi kugira ngo hatangizwe agaciro k'ubutegetsi bwa Leta hamwe no gushyiraho gahunda y'ubukungu bwunze ibihugu. Binyuriye mu gutuma leta igira imyenda ya leta, yari kurema itsinda ry’abagurana bafitiye inyungu zifatika mu birebana n'uko ubutegetsi bwifashe neza. Nanone kandi, umugambi wabaga ukubiyemo gutanga amafaranga y’umubare w’iyo fagitire, icyo gihe akaba yashoboraga kuzuza ibisabwa mu buryo bwuzuye, aho kuba ibye.
Guhanga mu buryo bw' iteganya, yatangiye kugera ku ruhande rw' i Bya i, in Hamilton yemeye gushyigikira umurwa mukuru w'u Bufaransa ku i Potomac in ya: Gushigikira ya:., Na: Ifashayobora ya: na James Madison, na Kuri Kuri.
Banki ya mbere yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika
Mu Kuboza 1790, Hamilton yatanze Raporo ye ya Kabiri ku bihereranye n’Icyegeranyo cy’Ibanki y’Amafaranga, yashakaga ko banki y’u Bwongereza ishingwa, kandi ikaba yari gukora imirimo myinshi: yari gutuma haboneka amafaranga ya leta atabanzwe, igatuma haboneka amafaranga y’imisoro yo gukusanya, igahabwa leta n’abacuruza b’abaseribateri, kandi igatanga amafaranga y’igihugu adahungabana.
Impano yatanzwe na banki yatangije impaka zikomeye z'amategeko. Thomas Jefferson na James Madison bemezaga ko i Constitution itahaye Inteko nshingano y'amategeko yo guha amategeko ibanki, na ko kubigenza utyo, binyuranyije n'amategeko y'ubutegetsi bwa cumi na gatanu yashyizwe kuri leta. Hamilton yashubije na shingiro ritangaje ry'ubutegetsi bw'ibice by'amategeko, atsinda ko abayobozi ba Konsitahe na Claus bahawe ubutware bukwiriye bwo gukoresha uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose butabuzanyijwe mu buryo busobanutse, butari buse.
Inyigisho ya Hamilton y'ibice byitonderwa, yashyizwe mu Igitekerezo cye ku i Bya i, yahindutse imfuruka y'impamyabumenyi y'amategeko. Na: Ibirindiro ya Hamilton, na i Banki ya Mbere ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yahawe urupapuro rw'umutwe rwayo muri Gashyantare 1791.
Raporo ku Bikorwa
Mu Kuboza 1791, Hamilton yatanze raporo ye ku birebana na Manufectures mu Nshingano, agaragaza igitekerezo gifatika cy'amajyambere y'amajyaruguru y'Abanyamerika. Muri iyo raporo, yahamije ko hakorwa impamyabumenyi n'abashinzwe gutanga amafaranga yo gushyigikira impamyabumenyi. Hamilton yibwiraga ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zagombaga kugira ubushobozi bwo kwihingurira ibintu mu rwego rw'ubukungu, kandi ko zigomba kurushanwa n’ibihugu by’i Burayi.
Raporo yashyigikiye ko barinda abapolisi baturutse mu bihugu byavanywemo ibintu byakorewe, amafaranga n’amafaranga bigenewe abahinzi b’inzu, na leta ishyigikira iterambere ry’ibintu by’ibanze. Hamilton yavuze ko izo ngamba zari gutuma inzego zitera imbere mu by’ubucuruzi bw’Abanyamerika, zigatuma haboneka akazi, kandi zigatuma abantu badakomeza kwibera mu mahanga.
Yashyigikiye umuteguro witwaga Sosayiti ya Iterambere ry'Ibiro Bifatika Bifatika (S.M.), na mu gushyigikira uwo muteguro, Hamilton yateganyaga gucengeza gahunda y'ubukungu y'igihugu binyuriye mu gukora amazu. Mu mwaka wa 1792, S.U.M., yaguze hegitari 700 z'ubutaka bukikije ibikubiye mu Makuzimu na ishinga umujyi wa Paterson, New Jersey, na mu gihe imyaka ya mbere yari afite ibibazo by'ubukungu, Paterson yitirirwa ko ari umujyi wa mbere wa za Amerika wakozwe n’amazuriro n’iterambere mu Bwongereza.
Mu gihe cy'ubuzima bwe, Inteko Nshingano ntiyemeye mu buryo bwuzuye porogaramu ya Hamilton y'ikora, ibyiyumvo bye by'ibyataburuwe muri Amerika y'abahanga ifite uruhare rugaragara mu guteza imbere iterambere ry'ubukungu mu buryo bukomeye, cyane cyane mu kinyejana cya cumi n’icyenda cy'ikinyejana cya 20 na i New Dec.
na i
Kugira ngo haboneke amafaranga y'imisoro y'igihugu, Hamilton yari akeneye kwishyiriraho isoko yiringirwa y'amafaranga. Yatanze igitekerezo cy'ishyira hamwe ry'imisoro ku bintu byavuye mu gihugu cyabo no ku nyungu z’imari zivanywemo. Impapuro z'impamvu kurusha izindi zose, ni imisoro itangwa ku myuka ihene, izwi cyane ko ari imisoro y'umutungo.
Urwo rutambo rwatanzwe mu mwaka wa 1791, rwashyizwe ku imisoro ku bahinzi baho bavumbuye amatongo, cyane cyane abahinzi bacuruzaga amasaka yabo mu isoko ryoroshye cyane. Abarwanyaga imisoro mu burengerazuba bwa Pennsylvania bari babaye abagome cyane, cyane cyane mu burengerazuba bwa Pennsylvania, aho rwateye urukiko rw’abahinzi rwo mu mwaka wa 1794.
Hamilton yabonye ko kwigomeka ari inzitizi irebana n’ubutware bwa leta, kandi yateye Washington inkunga yo kwitabira mu buryo bukomeye. Umukuru w'Ikigo cya Leta ya Washington yahamagaje ingabo ziturutse mu bihugu binyuranye, na Hamilton ubwe yaherekeje ingabo mu burengerazuba bwa Pennsylvania. Ubwigomeke bwarayo nta kumena amaraso gukomeye, bugaragaza ubushobozi bwa leta ya leta hamwe n’ubushake bwayo bwo kubahiriza amategeko yayo, ari na bwo buryo bw’ingenzi cyane bwo gushyiraho ubutware bwifashirijweho buyobowe n'amategeko mashya.
Filozofiya ya gipolitiki n’Ibitekerezo Bihereranye n’Imibanire y’Abavandimwe
Baharanira ubutegetsi bukomeye bwo muri Central
Mu gihe cyose cy’umurimo we, Hamilton yakomeje gushyigikira ubutegetsi bw’igihugu bufite imbaraga bushoboye kugira icyo bukora mu buryo budasubirwaho mu bibazo by’ingenzi by’igihugu.
Hamilton yemeraga ko ubutegetsi bwa Leta yose bwari bukeneye imbaraga zihagije kugira ngo buyobore ubucuruzi, bukomeze kurihwa, bugatanga ingufu z’igihugu, kandi bugateza imbere iterambere mu by’ubukungu. Yavuze ko ubwo butegetsi bwagombaga gusobanurwa mu buryo bwagutse, bukoresheje inyigisho y’imbaraga z’igitekerezo cy’ubutware bwihariye, kugira ngo burebe igitekerezo cy’uko hakorwa igikorwa cya leta mu duce tutavuzwe mu buryo bweruye mu Kishingiro cy’Iteka.
Bya UMWIKUBE Byatumye Hamilton ahangana na na, na James Madison, we a Birenzeho na Biruta cyane Kuri Leta. ku i NYACYO hagati na Leta, Ingufu yatangiye kunyuranamo, na Hamilton Nyobora i na i - Republicans.
Umuryango w'Abaturage
i Porogaramu y'ubwishyu, Porogaramu na, na ya: A Inturo: Bigenga Bishinzwe Bikomeye Biyobowe na Abakomangoma:. Hamilton ni i umuyobozi wa mbere wa rimwe mu matsinda ya politiki yo muri Amerika, i.
Abayobozi b'ubucuruzi bashyigikiwe n'abacuruzi, abacuruzi, n'abacuruzi bungukiwe na Amahame y'ubukungu ya Hamilton. Abayobozi b'ubucuruzi bakomeye cyane mu mazu ya New England na mu mijyi. Abayobozi ba leta bizeraga ko ubutegetsi bwagombye kuyoborwa n'abakire na bize, bakagira imyidagaduro na amashuri bya ngombwa kugira ngo bafate imyanzuro irebana n'amakuru ya leta.
Igitekerezo cya Hamilton cy'ubutegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika cyatsindagirije ubumwe bw'ibihugu, iterambere mu by'ubukungu, na leta ikomeye. Yizeraga ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zagombaga guhinga imbaraga zayo mu by’ubukungu no mu bya gisirikare kugira ngo zirushane n’amahanga y’i Burayi kandi zibone ubwigenge bwayo. Ibyo byasabye ubutegetsi bwiganjemo ubutegetsi bukomeye bushoboye gushyiraho amategeko y'ibihugu byishyize hamwe, aho gushyirira hamwe ubutegetsi bwigenga bukurikirana inyungu zabwo bwite.
Gusobanura Amategeko n’Ibice Bifite Ubutware Bikoreshwa
Impano ihoraho ya Hamilton ku Igitekerezo cya Amerika ishobora kuba ari inyigisho y'ibice by' amategeko. Kuboneza i Bya i, Hamilton yatangaje ko i Ishingiro ry' amategeko ryagombaga gusobanurwa mu buryo bwagutse kugira ngo i Leta y'Ikigo gishinzwe muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika irekerweho gukoresha uburyo ubwo ari bwo bwose butabuza gukora ibijyanye n'ubutegetsi bwayo.
"" Bya i Na: "Imibare," i ku i., i Kuri Aderesi: Gihinguranya.
in. (1819), Ryari: in i Bya i Bya i. Igitekerezo cya Hamilton cyagutse Bya i na, A ya: UMWIKUBE Kuri Imisusire & kde; Uyumunsi.
Ibyifuzo bya Hamilton ku Imbaraga y'Ikinyabugoro
Iyobora rya Washington
Nka Umunyamabanga w'Umuyobozi w'Ikigo na Rimwe Bya Byizerwa cyane kurusha ibindi, Hamilton yagize uruhare rw'ingenzi mu gushyiraho ingero za za porogaramu za ya: i Urwego rw'Ikirere. Yizeraga mu buyobozi bw'Ikirenga bwivuye inyuma na yaguye ubutware bwa perezida muri byombi mu muryango na mu bindi bihugu.
Bya By' ingirakamaro Leta, Bya. Hamilton Bya, in OYA Gukoresha ya: A Igihe Nka Umukuru w'Ikirenga. Aderesi: na Mvamahanga, Itegeko ya:.
Hamilton na we yatangiye guharanira ubuyobozi mu mvo z'amahanga. Nka - in - na, yavukanye ububasha bw' umuyobozi w'Ikirenga bwa politiki na Kuri Amahanga Amahanga Kurindira ko hashyirwaho uburenganzira bw' ihuriro. Reba Bya UMWIKUBE w'Ikirenga in abanyamahanga, byagiye bigira ingaruka ku bikorwa bya perezida kuva icyo gihe.
na Inzego z' Urwego Ruyobora
Hamilton yashyizeho icyitegererezo cy'ubutware bw'umukuru w'Ikigo cy'ubutware bwa leta, bwabaye inteko y'abayobozi b'ibanze bafitiye icyizere umuyobozi mukuru.
Hari raporo yarungikiwe Inama nshingamateka ku bihereranye n’amafaranga, yasigiye abayobozi b’ibiro by’amashami batanga inama zisobanutse neza ku mabwiriza ashinzwe ku mafasi ashinzwe iby’ubutegetsi.
Iyo gitekerezo cy’uko Hamilton yari umuyobozi ukomeye, rimwe na rimwe cyatumaga ashyamirana n’abagize Inama nshingamateka, babonaga ko afite imbaraga zirenze urugero.
Umurimo wo mu gihe cya nyuma n’ingaruka zakomeje kugira
na Kuri
Imihati y’amafaranga hamwe n’impaka za politiki, hakubiyemo ibirego by’ubukungu yarwanyije, byagize uruhare mu gufata umwanzuro wo gusubira mu mibereho ye bwite. Yasubiye mu bikorwa bye by’amategeko mu mugi wa New York City, aho yahise aba umwe mu bashinjacyaha b’abahanga mu by’ubukungu bakomeye cyane muri icyo gihugu.
N’ubwo Hamilton yavuye mu biro, yakomeje kwivanga mu bya politiki, ari we muyobozi w’Ishyaka rya Fenisiti. Yakomeje gutanga inama ku perezida Washington, kandi nyuma y’aho yaje kugira ingaruka ku miyoboro ya John Adams, n’ubwo imishyikirano yari afitanye na Adamu yakundaga kuba irangwa n’amakimbirane.
Itoranywa rya 1800 n’irya politiki byagendaga bikendera
Uruhushya rwa perezida wa 1800 rwagaragaje ihinduka rikomeye mu mateka ya politiki y'Abanyamerika, kandi ryaje guteza akaga Hamilton ubwe. Igihe amatora yatumaga Thomas Jefferson na Aaron Burrr bafata umwanzuro, wagiye mu Nzu y'Abahagarariye. N’ubwo Hamilton yagiranye na Jefferson, Hamilton yashyize inyuma ibyo bintu kugira ngo ashyigikire Jefferson Bur, uwo yibwiraga ko ari we wari ufite akaga kandi ko nta kigoro kagira.
Hamilton yarwanyije abaturage ba Burr yagize uruhare mu ishyamirano rikomeye ryihariye ryari kuzahitana. Ibyifuzo bye muri Parti hitwa Fenisian Party byari bigiye bikendera, kubera ko abari bagize ikipagani bakiri bato bababazwaga n’uko yakomeje kugerageza gutegeka amayeri y’umugambwe aturutse hanze y'ubutegetsi.
Ingero zishobora kugaragara neza
Ubuzima bwa Hamilton bwageze ku iherezo ku 12, 1804, Ryari: in A Na: Aaron Burr, A.
Ku mu gitondo ku ya 11 Nyakanga 1804, Hamilton na Burr bahuriye i Weehawken, New Jersey, i Indanganturo imwe n'imwe aho umuhungu mukuru wa Hamilton Philip yapfiriye in A Imyaka itatu mbere. Burr na Hamilton barwanye al in Wehawken, New Jersey, na Burrr Hamilton, yapfiriye mu mu mugi wa New York ku munsi, 12, 1804.
Umurage n’ingaruka zihoraho
Ingaruka Zigira ku Birego by’Ubukungu bya Amerika
Sisitemu y'Ubukungu yashinze i ya: Iterambere ry'ubukungu. Amategeko- shingiro yahinzenze ifaranga, Inguzanyo rusange, na Kwagura ingufu z'ubucuruzi na Imirimo. . . ni Gifite imyanya ya leta ishyigikira mu buryo bwihishe, ishimwe ry'putu ni rya ngombwa cyane mu rwego rw'ubukungu bwihuse, na Sisitemu ikomeye y'ubukungu ishyigikira ubutegetsi bw'igihugu (--- shingiro) mu mateka y'igihugu.
Gahunda y'ibanki y'igihugu, abashinzwe kurinda, imyanya y'amadeni ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, hamwe n'ishyigikiro ya leta ku nyungu z'ibiro by'ibanze n'inzego . Amateka yose Hamilton yashyigikiye, yabaye ibintu by'ibanze bigize amajyambere y'ubukungu bw'Abanyamerika mu kinyejana cya cumi na icyenda n’icyenda na mirongo ibiri.
Umurage w’Amategeko n’Uw’Amategeko
Kuri. Inyigisho Bya Ibisabwa, in Bya i, i ya:. Igitekerezo cya Hamilton Ryari: Gushyigikira Insobanuro z'Ikirenga Bya UMWIKUBE, i na Ikindi.
Ibitabo by'ifatizo, cyane cyane bya Hamilton, biguma ari amakuru yemewe yafashaga gusobanukirwa igisobanuro cy'ibanze cy'Amateka. Abacamanza, abacamanza, n’intiti, bakomeza kubaza ibi biyandika mu gihe basobanura inzego zishingiye ku mategeko y' amategeko n'ibibazo by'impamyabumenyi, gutandukanya ubutegetsi, n'uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye.
Ingaruka Byagize ku Mitekerereze ya Gipolitiki y’Abanyamerika
Filozofiya ya Hamilton ya gipolitiki ----ishyira imbere ubutegetsi bwihamye, ubumwe bw'igihugu, na iterambere mu by'ubukungu, byagize ingaruka ku bitekerezo bya politiki bya Amerika binyuranye. Imyizerere ye mu butware bukomeye yahinduye iterambere ry'ubutegetsi bw'Ikinyabuhanga bw'ubwenemerika. Inzego ze zashyizweho ku butegetsi bwa leta ya Leta yafashe ku ngaruka z'ibyarwaho ku Ntambara y'Ikibano cya Cin na New Deal kugeza ku imyivumbano ya none.
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Kubaha agaciro umuco no guheshwa agaciro muri iki gihe
Hamilton areba amafaranga icumi, umwe mu bagabo babiri gusa batari perezida, bashoboraga kwishyira mu mwanya w’ifaranga ry’Abanyamerika (undi ni Ben Franklin). Uko gushimirwa kugaragaza akamaro k’ingenzi yari afite mu mateka y’Abanyamerika, n’ubwo atigeze aba perezida.
IMYAKA, Ubuzima na & Ongera itegnore - ku "," ku in 2015. Kuri Bya Abantu, Gishya in Kuri Urutonde na i Itangiza Igihe Birenzeho.
Igitekerezo cya Hamilton cy’uko Amerika ari igihugu gifite imbaraga, gifite ubukungu bukomeye, gifite ubutegetsi bukomeye bwa leta bushoboye guteza imbere imibereho myiza ya rusange, cyarasohojwe cyane. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yabaye isosiyete y'ubukungu na gisirikare Hamilton, ifite ubutegetsi bwifatanyije mu buryo bukomeye mu kuyobora ubutunzi, guha igihugu umutekano, no gukemura ibibazo by’igihugu.
Igereranya: i.
Inyigisho z’Ishingiro Zitandukanye n’Iz’Abafilosofi
Impaka z'impagarike za Hamilton na republic ya Jefferson zagaragaje ibintu by'ibanze bitandukanye byanze birebana n'igihe cya none cya Amerika. Hamilton yibwiraga ko mugi, mu bucuruzi, no mu mahinguriro, igihugu gifite ubutegetsi bwiganjemo cyane buteza imbere ubutunzi. Jefferson yahisemo ko mu gihugu cy’abahinzi bigenga, hamwe na leta y'ubwigenge irimo ubwigenge na Leta y'ubwigenge igabanyije.
Hamilton yemeraga ko kamere ya kimuntu yasabaga ko ubutegetsi bukomeye bukoresha ubwibone n'imyifatire irangwa no kwishimira inyungu. Yatekerezaga ko ubutegetsi bwagombaga kuyoborwa n’abantu b’intwari bize basobanukiwe ibintu by'urusobe. Mu buryo bunyuranye n’ibyo, Jefferson yizeraga cyane ubwenge bw’abaturage basanzwe, kandi agatinya ko ububasha bufite imbaraga bukabije bwari gutuma akandamiza.
Irushanwa ya:. hagati UMWIKUBE na Leta, hagati na, hagati Ubucuruzi na Uduciro , Byose Kuri i ~Umwimerere -.
Uko ubukungu bwarebaga
Igitekerezo cya Hamilton cy'ubukungu cyatsindagirije iby'ubucuruzi, ubucuruzi, na amafaranga. Yibwiraga ko Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zagombaga kwitoza ubushobozi bwayo bwo kwigenga mu by'ubukungu no mu rwego rw'igihugu. Amateka ye yashinzwe kurinda, ibanki y'igihugu, imyanya y'amadeni, Gushigikira ku buhanga (-byose bigamije guteza imbere iterambere ry'ubucuruzi n'ubucuruzi.)
Ibitekerezo bya Jefferson by'ubukungu byari bishingiye ku buhinzi, kandi yatinyaga ko ingaruka mbi zaterwaga n'ibanki, ubucuruzi, n'ubucuruzi bwo mu mijyi. Yibwiraga ko abahinzi bigenga ari bo batumaga rubanda ruba rurangwa n'ingeso nziza na ko iterambere mu by'ubucuruzi ryatumaga abantu barushaho kungana mu by'ubukungu na ruswa mu bya politiki.
. i Nyobora na UMWIKUBE, i Inzira:., Bigyanye, UMWIKUBE, na i Bya.
Filozofiya ya leta
Hamilton yashyigikiye ubutegetsi bw’igihangange bwari bufite imbaraga zo gukemura ibibazo by’igihugu, yizeraga ko gusobanurira amategeko y’igihugu mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, yemerera leta gukoresha uburyo butandukanye kugira ngo isohoze intego zayo.
Jefferson yahisemo ubutegetsi bufite imyanya igenga amategeko, ibihugu bigenga, na ibyifatamo bya demokarasi. Yatinyaga ko ubutegetsi bwigenga cyane kandi yemeraga ko ari bwo butegetsi bwiza cyane butegekwa na buhoro. Yizeraga cyane ubwenge bwa benshi, kandi yahangayikishijwe n’uko gahunda ya Hamilton yari kuzana ubukire n’ubutware.
Ubutegetsi bw'Amerika bwashyizemo ibice by'ibyo byombi yeretswe. Intwaro y'ubutegetsi bwigenga Hamilton yashyigikiye, ariko muri gahunda y'isuzuma n'ishyirahamwe, hamwe n'imyitwarire ya demokarasi, ibiranga imihangayiko ya Jefferson. Imyiryane ikomeza hagati y'ibyo bintu, ikomeza kuzana impaka za gipolitiki muri Amerika.
Kuri Bya
Ibijyanye na pisito
Hamilton yashyizeho ihame ry'uko ubutegetsi bwigenga bwagombaga kugira isoko ryigenga ry'umutungo n'ubushobozi bwo gukoresha amafaranga y'igihugu. Mbere y'ivugurura, leta yagombaga guhitamo amafaranga yaturutse kuri leta, akenshi akaba yarasuzuguwe. Sisitemu ya Hamilton y'imisoro ya leta, ubuyobozi bw'amadeni y'igihugu, na konti y'ibanki y'ibanze yahaye leta ubwigenge n'ubwigenge.
Guteganya ko yateganyaga byatumye habaho gahunda y'ihuriro ry'igihugu yahuzaga ibyo bihugu bifitanye isano n’inyungu z’amafaranga.
i Imishinga yatangije imiyoboro ya politiki ya gipolitiki nk'impamyabumenyi y'ibanze y'inzego z'inzego za Amerika. Ibushobozi bw'ubwihariko bw'ubwihugu bw'ubwihuse bw'ubwishyu, ingufu z'imisoro, na Amafaranga yatanzwe ku mpande zose, byagaragaye ko ari iby’ingenzi ku bw'ubutegetsi bw'igihugu, uhereye ku nyungu z'ibijyanye n'umutungo, uhereye ku buryo bwihihihihibikamo porogaramu ya porogaramu y'imibanire kugeza ku bihe by'ihungabana ry'ubukungu.
Ubucuruzi
Hamilton yizeraga ko ubutegetsi bw’ibihugu bwagombaga guharanira no guteza imbere ubucuruzi bwihariye. Amategeko ye y'ubutegetsi, gushyigikira imirimo y'ubwubatsi, hamwe n’iterambere ry'ubuturo bwa leta, byose byagaragaje uko kwerekezwa kw’ubucuruzi.
Yavuze ko mu kinyejana cya 20, iyo nsobanuro, nubwo yari ifitanye impaka n’impamvu nyinshi, yabaye urufatiro rw’amategeko y’ubukungu yashyizweho na leta mu kinyejana cya 20.
Igitekerezo cya Hamilton cy'ubukungu bwunze ubumwe bw'igihugu, na i Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ishyiraho politiki y'ubucuruzi na imyitwarire irebana n'ubucuruzi bwihuse, cyagezweho mu buryo bwihariye. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zakuze zihinduka isoko rimwe, ihuriro ry'ubukungu, na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, na inzego zishinzwe gutuma mu rwego rumwe rw'ubucuruzi, kandi birinda amarushanwa ya leta yangiza.
Gahunda y'Ubutegetsi
Hamilton ni we Munyamabanga wa mbere w'Uducamanza, yashyizeho imikorere y'ubuyobozi bwa Leta yagize ingaruka ku iterambere ry'ibiro by'ishami biyobora.
Urwego Rushinzwe Imirimo y’Imirimo y’Indanganturo yabaye icyitegererezo cy’ubuyobozi bwa leta bw’ingirakamaro, rugaragaza ko ubutegetsi bw’igihugu bwashoboraga gukemura neza imirimo igoye.
Imishinga y'ubuyobozi ya Hamilton yashyizeho urufatiro rw'ubutware bwa none. Itsinda ry'ubuhanga, ubuhanga, n'ubuhanga mu miyoboro byagize ingaruka ku guteza imbere gahunda y'umurimo wa Leta hamwe no gukura kw'ibigo bya leta.
Imitekerereze Igoranye n’Ibitekerezo Bivuguruzanya
Bya
Ibyiyumvo Hamilton yabonye by'ubutegetsi bwa gipolitiki, byagiye bijya bishinjwa mu buryo bukomeye mu mateka ya Amerika yose. Abajora bavuga ko kuba yarerekeje cyane ku butegetsi bwa politiki n’ubuyobozi bw’igitugu, byateje umugongo amahame ya demokarasi hamwe n'ubutegetsi bwa leta.
Jefferson Republicans yashinje Hamilton ko yagerageje guhindura imiterere y'ubutegetsi bw’u Bwongereza n’ubutware muri Amerika. Bavugaga ko amategeko ye yari ashingiye ku butunzi n’ububasha bwiganje ku butegetsi buke, buteye ubwoba bwa republika.
Abajora bo muri iki gihe, bavuga ko igitekerezo Hamilton yari afite cy’ubutegetsi bw’abantu bize, cyagaragaje ibitekerezo bidafite imyandikire ya demokarasi ku bihereranye n’uwagombye kugira ububasha bwa gipolitiki.
Ikibazo cy’ubucakara
Isano Hamilton yari afitanye n'ubucakara rigaragaza ibintu byinshi. Yavukiye muri Karayibe, aho ubucakara bwabaga buri hose, ariko yaje kurwanya iyo gahunda. Yari umwe mu ba mbere mu bashinzwe Ishirahamwe ry'Abacakara ryo muri New York, ryakoze uko ryashoboye kugira ngo ritsembe ubucakara i New York.
Icyakora, Hamilton ntiyarwanyaga ubucakara mu buryo budasubirwaho. Yakoraga irebana ry’abacakara ry’umuryango w’umugore we, kandi ntiyahamije gahunda ye y'ubucuruzi mu mwanya wa mbere.
Ibyo binyuranyo bigaragaza ibintu binyuranye byagutse byabayeho mu gihe cy'itangiriro, igihe abayobozi benshi barwanyaga ubucakara mu ihame ry'ibanze, ariko bakabushyira mu bikorwa. Umurage wa Hamilton, nka wa bandi bashinze, ugomba gusobanurwa muri iyi mimerere yo gutandukira mu by’umuco.
Imihangayiko ku bihereranye n’ubutware abantu bashyiraga imbere
Ishyirahamwe rya Hamilton ku butegetsi bwiganje bwa Leta, ryatumye abantu bahangayikishwa n'amategeko arebana no gukandamiza no gukoresha nabi ubutware. Abanenga be bahangayikishijwe n’uko ubutegetsi bwiganje bwashoboraga guhaza umudendezo n'ubwigenge bwa leta. Ibyo byagaragaje ko hari uburyo bwagiye burushaho kwiyongera, nk’uko rimwe na rimwe byagiye bituma abantu bajya mu butegetsi bwigomeka kandi bakarenga ku burenganzira bwabo.
Imyifatire ya Hamilton y'ubutegetsi bwihamye na shingiro ry'ubutegetsi bwiganje, ikomeza kuba ingirabuzima fatizo mu impaka za politiki z'Abanyamerika. Kubona impagararo ikwiriye hagati y'ubutegetsi bwije n'uburinzi bw'umudendezo, birakomeza kugora abashinga amategeko n'abaturage.
Umwanzuro: Imyifatire Hamilton yagize ku Banyamerika
Impano za Alexander Hamilton ku i Gahunda y'Ikirere ya Amerika zahinduye kandi ziramba. Binyuriye ku nyandiko ze, cyane cyane inyandiko zigenga iby'ubutegetsi bwigenga na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, yatanze urufatiro rw'ubwenge ku butegetsi bwigenga na butegetsi bw'Ikigo. Kubera ko ari we Munyamabanga wa mbere wa Intwaro, yashyizeho gahunda y'Ubukungu yashoboje guteza imbere igihugu. N'umuyobozi wa politiki na muyobozi w'ishyirahame, yashyizeho imyanya y'imikorere n'imiryango genga Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.
Ibyiyumvo bya Hamilton by’ubutegetsi bwiganje bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, bwiyemeje gushyigikira uburumbuke bw’igihugu, butanga ihuriro ry’igihugu, kandi bugatanga inzego z’inzego zihuza abantu bose, byaratsimbataye cyane. Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zaje guhinduka ubwoko bw’igihugu Hamilton mu buryo bwiyumvikaniraho: ifite imbaraga mu by’ubukungu, irangwa n’ubucuruzi, kandi iganzwa n’itsinda rikomeye rya leta rishoboye gukora igikorwa cy’agahihihinyuka.
Nyamara kandi, impaka Hamilton yafashije mu gutangiza + () ku bihereranye n'ubusumbane bukwiriye hagati y'ubutegetsi na leta, hagati y'ibikorwa n'umudendezo wa buri muntu ku giti cye, hagati y'ubuyobozi bw’intwazangarugero na demokarasi izwi cyane, n'ikomeza gutangira politiki y'Abanyamerika. Umurage we si inyigisho ifutuwe, ahubwo ni ikiganiro gikomeza ku bihereranye n'ukuntu ubutegetsi bushobora guteza imbere ubutegetsi n'umudendezo wa buri muntu ku giti cye.
Gusobanukirwa impano Hamilton yafashe ku birebana n'ubutegetsi bw’Abanyamerika, bisaba gushimira ibyo yagezeho bitangaje hamwe n'imyifatire yemewe yazamuwe. Ibyishimo bye mu by’ubukungu, ubushishozi bwigenga bwigenga, n'ubuyobozi bwa politiki, ni iby'ingenzi kugira ngo agire icyo ageraho mu mihati y'ibya politiki y'Abanyamerika. Nanone kandi, imyifatire ye yo kwishyira mu mwanya w'ubutegetsi bwe, hamwe n'ubucakara bwe, bitwibutsa ko n’abashinze imyandikire y’ubucakara kurusha indi, ari abantu b’impaka bari bafite inenge mu gihe cyabo.
Hamilton arenze ibinyejana bibiri nyuma y'urupfu rwe, akomeje kuba umuntu w'ingenzi mu bitekerezo bya politiki y'Abanyamerika. Ibitekerezo bye bikomeza kugira ingaruka ku impaka zerekeye ubutegetsi bwa leta, politiki y'ubukungu, uko amategeko agenga iby'ubuturo n'ubutware. Umuntu yaba yitabiriye cyangwa agerageza gusesengura ibitekerezo bye ku birebana n'ubutegetsi bwa leta, gusobanukirwa impano Hamilton atanga ni iby’ingenzi kugira ngo asobanukirwe ubutegetsi bw’Amerika hamwe n'ishinga rikomeza ryo gushyira mu gaciro mu birebana n'umudendezo.
Ku bashaka gusobanukirwa ifatiro ry'ubwihindurize bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, imibereho ya Hamilton n'akazi byayo, ni byo bituma bagira ubushishozi bw'ingenzi. Inyandiko ze, cyane cyane Pepage de Federali, zisigaye ari ubutunzi bw'ibanze kugira ngo zisobanukirwe amahame shingiro shingiro. Imishinga ye y'iby’ubukungu igaragaza ukuntu politiki ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bihereranye n'ubukungu.
Mu gihe Abanyamerika bakomeza impaka ku bihereranye n’uruhare rukwiriye rufite, impano hagati y'ubutware bwa leta n'ubutegetsi bwa leta, hamwe n’imishyikirano iri hagati y'amategeko n'uburumbuke bw’igihugu, impano Hamilton atanga kuri ibyo biganiro zigifite agaciro kagaragara.
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