Imyifatire yo Gucunga Abari mu Buryo Bwiza: Gutekereza ku ngaruka z’abayobozi

Mu gihe cy'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ikibazo cy'ukuntu umuntu yahana aba yatsinzwe n'ubugizi bwa nabi, abashinzwe amategeko, n'abaturage. Ku mushinga w'iyi impaka, ni ikibazo cy'ibanze: icyifuzo cyo kutahindagurika muri za manza zibarirwa mu bihumbi, na ko buri wese akeneye gushyirwaho n'amategeko.

Tumenye ibyo abashinzwe imihango basabwaga

, Amategeko ashyirirwaho abacamanza amwe n'amategeko ashyizweho ingero zisabwa z'ibihano byatangwa ku manza. Bagenewe gushyiriraho iteka igihano mu gushyira ku murongo uburemere bw'igihano ku kintu cyihariye, + + + + + + + + + + + + + 87, uburemere bw'impanuka y'ubwicanyi na amateka y'umushinjaburenganyi. Amategeko ashyizweho iteka ryitondewe, atanga agapande (G., 60/88. 887 ya: ya: ya: urwego runaka rw'ikosa), mbegeye mu manza y'amategeko, mu gihe bihurirwamo.

Bya

Bitaro Kabiri Bisambutse Ibyiciro:

  • [[: 0% S]: [[: 1] iyi Urugero, A muri i Urutonde, Cyangwa. ~Umwimerere (-), na, na,.
  • [[:][:] i in [: 2.] & U.

hagati na A Ikinyuranyo/ Itandukaniro. Bya na Ibonerana; na. Birenzeho i i i i Kuri Kuri.

Bya a

ku a Urusobetudirishya Cyangwa Matirise Kwambukiranya ku Itondekanya Cyangwa Na: Urutonde Utudomo Ihuriro a Urutonde Gicurasi Gushyiramo

  1. Base Intera Na Urugero, Koresha Bya A,
  2. Ihinduka ry’uruhare mu cyaha, kwemera inshingano cyangwa gucira urubanza urubanza.
  3. Uburyo bwo kuva mu gihugu buha umucira urubanza hanze, kugira ngo bufashe abategetsi cyangwa izindi mpamvu zifatika.

Amateka: Kuva ku buhanga bwo gutandukana kugeza ku buhanga

i Igihe, ku na. A in Rimwe Rimwe A - Igihe Kuri IMYAKA, A in i Ibikurikira > A in A ya: A. i, Bya Ivanga na - - - - - - - - - - A - A Igenda... A Igenda ya: A.

Imirimo yo gucira abantu urubanza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika hamwe n’amategeko y’umwaka wa 1984

Konsitantine yashinze Komishi y'Icyemezo cyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika mu mwaka wa 1984, nk'urwego rugenga muri icyo gicaro. Itangamanza: Gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga amategeko agenga amacarupapuro, “azashyira mu kanwa ukuri kandi atabera mu gusohoza intego zo guciraho iteka, yirinda guciraho iteka abaregwanyaga, bakagira amanza zakozwe n’imyifatire nk'iyabo.”

Abahanga mu by’amateka babanje kwifata mu buryo butandukanye.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

CaseYearHolding
Mistretta v. United States1989Upheld the constitutionality of the Sentencing Commission and guidelines.
Apprendi v. New Jersey2000Any fact that increases a sentence beyond the statutory maximum must be proven to a jury beyond a reasonable doubt.
United States v. Booker2005Rendered federal guidelines advisory, holding that mandatory guidelines violated the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial.
Gall v. United States2007Appellate courts must review all sentences for abuse of discretion, not apply a heightened standard for departures.
Kimbrough v. United States2007Judges may consider the crack/powder cocaine disparity when imposing sentences.

Iyo ngingo yahinduye imipaka ya Leta iciraho iteka akarere kagenzurwaga mu buryo busabwa, ihindukamo indi ice ikomeza gushyirwaho mu buryo bwemewe, ari n’abacamanza basabwaga gusuzuma amabwiriza ariko bafite umudendezo wo gushyiraho ihame rishyize mu gaciro batari ku ruhererekane.

Inyungu Zibonerwa mu Bayobozi Badusezeranya

Abashyigikiye iyo nama berekeza ku nyungu nyinshi zishobora kuruhirwa zatanzwe mu myaka igera kuri mirongo itatu ishize.

Gugabanya Imyifatire

ku,, na. A ku i U.S. Byabonetse i Bya i, ya: i Urusobetudirishya Gusiba Agafashi Utudomo., - urwego in na i i Umwanya hagati Umweru na Kuri -.

Na

Ubwoko i Bibonerana Birenzeho ku Kuri ya:. A A Hanze i Urutonde, Ibonerana Guhagararira. Igaragaza public na Kuri Isubiramo ya:.,, na Na: A (% PRODUCTNAME) y' Ishusho Bya Ikitezwe:, Birenzeho.

Imyifatire no gukora ibintu mu buryo budahindagurika

Imyifatire yashyizweho neza, igenzura ko umuntu yashinjwe icyaha cy'ibiyobyabwenge n'ibibi by'amateka, ingingo z' amateka, zihabwa igihano kimwe n’abandi na bimwe, uko umucamanza yaba yumva ikibazo cyose.

Ibibazo n’Ibitekerezo Binenga

N’ubwo batsinze, amabwiriza yo gucira abandi urubanza yagiye ajorwa mu buryo bukomeye, ahanini akaba yari ashingiye ku ngaruka zitateguwe.

KUGIRA Imyifatire Iteye Ibyishimo Birenze 93

Ibitekerezo bivuguruzanya bishobora kugabanya iganduro ryaba rishingiye ku imyitozo isanzwe, bakirengagiza imimerere y'ibyabaye ya kimuntu. Urugero, umuregwa wakoze ubujura bukabije cyangwa bitewe n'indwara yo mu mutwe itavuwe, ashobora kongera guhabwa impano muri i Urutonde ruyobora rwihishwa, kubera ko amabwiriza adafite icyo abazwa ku bintu birebire.

Imyifatire Irangwa n’Amacakubiri mu Bihereranye n’Amahanga n’Imibanire y’Abantu Inyuranye mu Bukungu Ikomeza Gushishoza

Gicurasi [[: 0% S] [[: 1],. Kuva: i na i Urusobetudirishya Na: Itsinda na Urwego: /] Nka Urutonde / na Gukomeza Kuri Akira Umweru Na: Ikosa. Gicurasi A Bya in.

Iryo tapi ritanga uburoso

, i, i Urutonde, i, i Ihitamo Ihitamo na NYACYO. Gutanga i Amabwiriza Kuri Kuri i Bya A Birebire NIBA Gyayo Kuri na.

Imanza zo hasi cyane n’ubuyobozi

Mu nzego nyinshi, mu gihe abashinjacyaha bafitanye ikibazo n'amategeko agenga ibintu bikoroshye. Mu gihe umushinjacyaha atwaye ku gipimo Gito gisabwa, i Urutonde rushobora kuba rufite agaciro munsi y'aho hepfo. Iyo miyoboro y'urutonde yafashije mu gufungwa, cyane cyane mu biyobyabwenge. Urugero, mu gihe cy'urwego rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, umushinjacyaha waciriweho icyaha cyo kuba afite grams 28 za gihagariti cya Crack, bikaba byarigeze kuba byararenzeho ubuto bw'umwaka butanu bwagenzuwe, nk’uko byanditswe mu buryo bwa mbere, bwaruta ubwinyongeraho.

Uruhare rw’ubwenge mu by’Amacamanza

hagati na i Umurongo:. [[: 0% S], in A umuco i Nka i Itangira... Akadomo. Icyegeranyo Kuri muri i Urutonde Kuri ku Cyangwa Kuva: na i public.

Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku bwenge bw’abantu

  • [[: 0% S] na Bya i:[[: 1] muri i Urusobetudirishya, (GUS.,,) Gushigikira A NIBA.
  • [[: 0% S] na:[[1], Icyabitswe,, na, Byose, i Kugera akagera ku.
  • [[: 0% S] ku na i:[[: 1] na A Kuri i Hejuru: Bya i Urutonde Cyangwa A.
  • [[: 0% S]: [[[: 1] A, Gicurasi Kuri A, na Kuri.

Imyifatire yo gusoza ibintu yageze ku bintu bivuguruzanya: abacamanza ubu bafite umudendezo winshi, ariko amabwiriza yahindutse “umucamanza ” ukomeye cyane ku myanzuro yo guciraho iteka. Iperereza ryakozwe mu rwego rw'imyifatire y'imyifatire, ryagaragaje ko ndetse no mu butegetsi bw’inzego, inyinshi mu nzandiko zirenze urugero, na n’ubu zigica mu rutonde rw’ubuyobozi.

Ingaruka zagize ku mubare w’abafunzwe no kugarura ubwigenge

OYA in A; i Gupima Bya gereza. < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > Kuri Impuzandengo ya:, na. na 2010, i Impuzandengo < > Kuva: 50% Kuri Amezi, Kuri Ibice.

i urwego Bya Leta, i Ibihamya ni Bivanze. Na:, nka Minnesota na Washington, Abaturage bo muri gereza barushaho kwiyongera kurusha uko bagendera ku ntare nkeya., Ikindi ubushakashatsi bugaragaza ko amabwiriza ashobora kuyobora ku “ruhinja” Ingaruka, iyo abacamanza bajya hejuru ku i Ibice Kuri Ku ikerekezo, Cyangwa ku Birenzeho Intera Kuri Ibice Bihanitse.

, i Ibyatanzwe OYA Gushigikira i. in [[: 0% S] [[: 1] Byabonetse Oya hagati i Bya na in. i, Birenzeho.

Imirebere

Ubuyobozi bwo gupfusha si bwo bwonyine muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika; hari n’andi mahanga menshi yatangiye gukora ibintu nk’ibyo, akenshi bikaba bifite imico itandukanye.

CountrySystem TypeNotable Features
United KingdomAdvisory (Sentencing Council)Guidelines are presumptively advisory but highly influential; emphasis on proportionality and rehabilitation.
CanadaNo formal grid; appellate guidanceRelies on principles of proportionality and case law; recently adopted mandatory minimums for certain firearms offenses.
AustraliaState‑based, mostly numericalSome states (e.g., NSW) use guideline judgments from appellate courts; no federal commission.
GermanyBroad discretion with statutory rangesNo formal guideline grid; judges must consider aggravating/mitigating factors; parole board provides structure.

Uburyo butandukanye bwo gushyikirana bugaragaza ko gucira abantu urubanza ari igikoresho, si umuti. Uburyo bukubiyemo imyitozo ikomeye y’iby’ubucamanza, isuzuma rya buri gihe, hamwe n’imikorere y’ubutabera irebana n’ubutabera, usanga ari byiza cyane mu buryo bwizewe n’abantu bose.

Imihati yo guhindura ibintu n’igihe kizaza cy’abayobozi b’abansi bahowe mu buryo bw’impimbano

Abashinzwe amategeko, abacamanza n’abashyigikira iyo nama bakomeza gutanga ihinduka kugira ngo bakemure amakosa yabo, kandi bakomeze kugira imbaraga.

Ibihamya bihamya ko gucirwa urubanza n’ibishuko byashoboraga guteza akaga

A Ishyirahamwe Ishaka kwishingikiriza ku bikoresho bya ngombwa byakwihariwe Kuri ku imyanya y' icyiciro. Ibikoresho Suzuma inshuro ya shingiro na imyanya y'ubwihisho bw' umurego mu gihe bikwiriye. Abahanga mu gukemura ibibazo by'imyifatire bishobora kwivanga y'ivangura ry'amoko biturutse ku porogisi Ibihinduka (G., Urutonde rw' akazi, imibare y'ubugizi bwa nabi mu karere), abashyigikira amateka y'ubwihihisho.

Gusubizaho Ubutabera n’Imico Inyuranye

Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe birimo bigerageza “guteranya na” ingero zihuza amahame y'ubutabera avugurura, urugero nk'ibyaha byakorewe nabi cyangwa imirimo y'umuryango, nk'ihitamo rya nyuma y'ibyaha. Ishingiro ryiyemerera ko gereza atari bwo buri gihe ifite ingaruka nziza cyangwa ikemangwa ku bwicanyi.

Isubiramo ry'ibyatanzwe

. na Leta Ikitezwe: Kuri Bya,. Kuri i Urusobetudirishya, Nka Ikosa Intera ya: Cyangwa Urutonde Bya i Bya Ibara:.

Na kugirango

Kubera ko imyanzuro ifatwa n'umushinjacyaha akenshi ishyiraho igihano nyacyo cy'isi, abaharanira ivugurura bashyigikira ko umushinjacyaha atanga amabwiriza agenga amabwiriza, cyane cyane arebana n'imyitwarire ya kiliziya na ku mabwiriza asabwa ku mabwiriza. Ubu, amwe mu mafasi amwe na amwe asabwa kugarurirwaho abashinjacyaha, azabasaba ko bakwandika ibyemezo byabo byatuma habaho urutonde rurerure.

Igisoza

i Sisitemu. A Bya Igiteranyo Na: A, Ibonerana, na Iryo suzuma. [[: 0% S]] [[: 1]] [Kuri]: $(-"Kundi, Ryari: Na: na UMWIKUBE. OYA in Gushibura in: Birenzeho Kuri, Birutwa Kuri Ibyatanzwe, na Birenzeho Kuri i Bya. i Bya A na Bigezweho, i Gusigara A Ibyangombwa na.

[[:][: 0% S], i [[:] U.[[:] ya: Raporo na. Kuva: [[:]][[:]] [[:] ku Ivanga, na i [:] Bya Ibyatanzwe. [[:] ya: Ibyatanzwe. [[:]] A Itegeko Aho bijyaniranirana na [[:]