Imashini zihuza inyandiko z’ibitabo: Uko inyandiko z’ibitabo zihuza n’umwimerere wo muri iki gihe

Bya i ku i Bya. i Bya Kuri i, Inyandiko Birenzeho; i Bya. Bya [[:]]] [, OYA [:] Nka A Idirishya i BIHAMYE Igisobanuro Bya i. Ingingo i Amagambo Gukomeza Kuri Umwimerere, i Urufunguzo Akazi, na i BIGEZWEHO Bigyanye Kuri i.

Imishinge y’Inyigisho z’Ubwumvikane: Si Filozofiya Isanzwe

ni A Uburyo Bya Kuri i ku Igisobanuro Ku i Igihe Bya. i ni A Inyandiko Igisobanuro Na: Amahinduka., i Umwandiko A BIHAMYE Igisobanuro NYACUMI Rusange Igisobanuro NYACYO Kuri Gukurikiza. ku i Bya i, OYA Buri gihe in i.

Bya

Impuzandengo ni OYA A.

  • [[: 0% S] [[:]: ku i i Kuri Impuzandengo-. Reba ku By' umwihariko, Ku i, na.
  • [[: 0% S] [[:]: A Ku i Igihe Bya i Umwandiko. Inkoranyamagambo,, na By' amategeko Ikoresha: i By' umwihariko Bya.
  • [[: 0% S][[: 1]: i ikoresha i By' amategeko in Koresha Ku i Igihe. Reba Ku ku Kuva: i Itangiza Igihe.

Nubwo amashuri yose aharanira ko habaho inyigisho z’umwimerere atandukaniyeho, afatanya igitsika ubwato kimwe: inyandiko zashyizweho zitanga igihamya cyiza cyane cy’ibisobanuro by’amategeko.

Abatangije Inzandiko z’Icyitegererezo: Isano ry’Ibihamya by’Ibyahimbwe n’Ibya Kera

Umucamanza wa nyuma witwa Antonin Scalia, ijwi rizwi cyane muri iki gihe rigenga inkomoko y'umwimerere, yatangaje ko ko Amategeko y'ibanze ari umwandiko wemewe n'amategeko, atari inyuguti zirebana na politiki.

Ishingikiriza kuri izo nyandiko si ibintu byo mu rwego rw'ubuhanga. Mu manza zizwi cyane, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwahindukiriye Abatangizi kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo bihereranye n’ubutware bw'ubutegetsi, ubutegetsi bw'ikirenga, na uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye.

James Madison: Umuhanzi w’Iteka

ni Birenzeho in Inyandiko. Ibisobanuro Kuva: i Bya i i. i Byuzuye Icyabitswe Bya i. Far Impugukirwa -., ya: ~Umwimerere. [[:] 10 [:] na [[:]

10 - 10 Biturutse ku i Bya i Bituzuye, na i na. 5 , i na na, na, na, na,.

Nanone kandi, inyandiko za Madison zitanga ibisobanuro ku bihereranye n’impamyabumenyi y'uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga. Disikuru ye imbere y’Inzu y’Abahagarariye mu mwaka wa 1789, igasobanura indi mishinga yari kuba ishinzwe uburenganzira bw'uburenganzira bwemewe n’amategeko, ni isoko y’ingenzi cyane yo gusobanukirwa icyo Ivugurura rya Mbere n’irya Kabiri ryiyumvikaniraho.

Alexander Hamilton: Ijwi ry’Imbaraga Zikomeye zo Hagati

ni i Bya, ni i Bya. Kuri i, [[: 0% S]].[[: 1], Gushyiraho i ya: i Inkirango KURI Isubiramo., i UMWIKUBE Bya i Kuri Gutangaza:% title% amategeko, UMWIKUBE ni in i Bya A. Umwimerere ku iyi Kuri i Bya Isubiramo Bya.

Inyandiko za Hamilton ku bihereranye n'ubutware bw'ubuyobozi na zo zigira ingaruka zikomeye. Ibitekerezo Hamilton yatanze ku bihereranye n'amategeko ya banki ku isonga, hamwe n'intego ze za Banki yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika mu mwaka wa 1791, byavuzwe n'abashyigikiye umuyobozi ukomeye w'ubuyobozi na bamwe baharanira ko umwandiko ugenga ubutegetsi bw'ikirenga w'ubutegetsi. Igitekerezo cya Hamilton ku bihereranye n'amategeko y'iyo banki ni urugero ruzwi cyane rw'igitekerezo cy’impamyandikire y'ubwubatsi, rimwe na rimwe na rimwe inditsi ba mbere bakaba baratandukanye n ’ “ubwubatsi bw'umwimerere bwihuriro bwemewe na Jefferson.

Thomas Jefferson: Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya ku bihereranye n’uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye

N’ubwo Thomas Jefferson yari i Paris mu gihe cy’Amasezerano y’Amateka, yashyize igicucu kirekire mu gihe cy’ishyirwaho. Uwanditse Itangazo ry'Ubwigenge yashyizeho inzego zigenga uburenganzira kamere zishyiramo umwandiko w’Amateka. N’ubwo iryo tangazo ritari mu bigize Amategeko nyiraryo, abahanga mu by’amateka bakunze kurikoresha kugira ngo basobanukirwe amahame iryo Shingiro ryari ryaragenewe kurinda.

Inzandiko za Jefferson zivuga iby’umudendezo wo mu rwego rw’idini, cyane cyane iy’i Virginie Sigment for Religious, ni isoko y’ibyahishwe mu buryo bw’umwimerere ku bihereranye n’Ishyirahamwe rya Mbere ry’Ivugurura rya Claus.

Icyakora, inyandiko za Jefferson zitera inzitizi ku ba structural. Gushigikira ye ku mipaka ikabije ku butegetsi bwa leta, nk'uko byagaragajwe mu ngingo z'ifasitizo za Kentucky mu 1798, zavuzwe n'abashyigikiraga gusoma inyandiko z'ubwihisho bw'ubutware bwa leta. Ibikorwa bye bwa perezida .(byerekeza na i Louisiana Purchase, itahawe uburenganzira nyabwo ku mategeko remezo nyabwo () igaragaza ko n’Abatangizi b'idini batahoragandukira ku mahame nta ho bahuriye na rimwe y'ibanze mu bikorwa.

Inyigisho zo Guhanga mu by’Inkomoko

Impimbano y'umwimerere Nka A Bigenga Amategeko ni A Byahimbwe Bigezweho. Ifishi% S: Bya kino gihe in i na Nka A Bya i na, Abahakanyi benshi batekereza ko barenze ku butware bwabo., i Imizi y'umwimerere itangira i Igihe. Abahanga mu by' ibanze basobanukiwe neza ko barema i Inyandikoporogaramu yanditswe, na Ikitezwe: Kuri Byasobanuwe mu buryo buhuje n'inyurabwenge ku gisobanuro cyayo ku gihe cyo kurera abana.

Uburyo bwo Gushyira Ibintu mu Mwanya w’Imbere

i Kuva mu mwaka wa 1791, igihe Hamilton na Jefferson bajyaga impaka ku gisobanuro cy'ibyashyizweho n'ingirwabuhanga, akenshi batangiraga impaka zishingiye ku cyo bashakaga. Ibyo ni byo byagaragaraga mu impaka za banki, igihe Hamilton na Jefferson ba impaka z'inshingano, niba inzego z'amategeko zaremeweho ko ibanki y'igihugu yandikiwe. Abo bagabo bombi basabye ko imyandiko na ibyifuzo by'Amasezerano.

i Kuva: i. [:] [[[: 0% S] na. [[:1] [, Kuri i Urutonde Bya i Kuri i Ingano: Bya UMWIKUBE i na. ni A Umwandiko ya: BIGEZWEHO, ATARIIGIHARWE Nyuma i Nyuma i Kuva: i.

Ihinduka ry’Icy’Icy’I Scalia

Igihe umucamanza Antonin Scalia yashyiriweho urukiko rw'Ikirenga mu mwaka wa 1986, byagaragaje ko habayeho ihinduka ry'ibanze ry'ubuhinduzi. Scalia ntiyahimbye iyo nyigisho, ahubwo yayihaga ijwi n'itsinda ry'impapuro ryatumye riva ku kugira amatsiko y'urusobe rusanzwe, riba filozofiya y'inzego z'inzego. Scalia yiyise “umuhanga mu by'inyandiko” n ’“ umwimerere,” na we yashyize hagati ya byombi avuga ko umwandiko w'umwandiko w'umwandiko w'umwimerere w'amategeko, n'umwandiko w'umwimerere wifashirije ku mategeko.

Byuzuye Na: Indango Kuri i. [[: 0% S] Bya v. [[: 1] [, ku i -: Inkoranyamagambo, Ikinyamakuru, KURI i, na i Bya i. ni A in Uburyo, A Imbonerahamwe Bya Byakoreshejwe Kuri i ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro Bya A.

[[: 0% S] Ibikorana: ya: i Inyandiko. Abakoresha Kuri Kugereranya# na - ku, Na: amahuza Kuri - Inyandiko.

Igitekerezo Kishya cy’Ubwihindurize

i Imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo uhereye igihe Scalia yashyiriweho, imyandikire yakomeje kwihindukiza. “Inyandiko nshya y'umwimerere,” ifitanye isano na intiti nka Randy Barnett na Lawrence Solum, itsindagiriza ~Umwimerere igisobanuro cy'imbere ku gihagararo cy'umwimerere. Gusunika ni a Kuri Ibyifuzo by'umwimerere Intego ni na OYA Kuri. Bishingiye ku gisobanuro rusange, abahanga mu bya Bibiliya bashya bahakana ko bashobora kwirinda ibibazo byo kwinjira mu byihishwe by'imyifatire y'igihe kirekire.

Impinduka i Bya ~Umwimerere. na Kwanga ~Umwimerere Nka OYA Akazi ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro rusange Nka A Birenzeho na Uburyo. Gishya & ~Umwimerere Gushyiraho ku i Umwandiko Bya i, ku Birenga nka i., ATARIIGIHARWE in iyi Birenzeho Umwandiko -, i ya: i Imvugiro in i Umwandiko na.

Ibyanditswe n’Uwabitangije mu Rukiko: Porogaramu Nyakuri y'Isi

Itangiriro ni OYA; Imisusire Bya ngombwa Na:. Imyanzuro y' itangira ry' Urukiko rw'Ikirenga itangira i Inyandiko z' umwimerere. ikoreshwa in i UMWIKUBE na i Imbibi Bya Ishingiro Nka A Uburyo.

Iteka rya Kabiri ryo Kuvugurura

Urugero: Bya ~Umwimerere in Igikorwa ni i Bya [[: 0% S]] Bya v. [[: 1] [] na [[:]] v. Bya [[:]] (0% S), i Iburyo: Kuri Gumana: na ya: -. Umwimerere, ku Bya -.

, na na ku i Inyandiko z'ubwigenge,.

Abahanga mu by'amateka, bavuga ko Scalia yatoranyije inyandiko z'amateka na yirengagije ibihamya by'ibyashyizweho bya kabiri by' isoko ryihariye kugira ngo barebe uburenganzira bufitanye isano n'inzego z'abasirikare.

Urwego rwo hejuru n'Ikigo gishinzwe ubuyobozi

Nanone kandi, inyandiko z'itangiranya zigaragaza cyane mu impaka z'ibigenga. Abahanga mu by'umwihariko bashyigikira ko Hamilton, umuyobozi w'Ikirere, ingingo yashyizwe kuri za paji mu itsinabitsina, 70, cyane cyane, ya: “in i umuyobozi w'ikirenga.." Nanone, bavuga ko “Inteko y'Ikirenga ihabwa perezidari, itangwaho imipaka idasanzwe mu by'Inyandiko ya II.

Icyo kibazo cyari ku i Bya i [[Akitso]. [[FLT: 1] v [2004], aho urukiko rwemeje ko abahoze ari ba perezida barinda abagizi ba nabi mu buryo bukomeye bazira ibikorwa by'amategeko. Igitekerezo cya Clarence Thomas cyafashwe mu buryo bukomeye mu birebana n'inyandiko y'umwimerere, kivuga ko abahinzi b'Inteko y'ubuyobozi nk'imiterere yashyizweho n'amategeko.

[[: 0% S] Bya[[: 1] A Bya i kiri kuri interineti, Kuri i Cyuzuye Umwandiko Bya Byose. Ibikorana: ni ya: i ~Umwimerere ingingo Bigyanye i Imiterere Bya i.

Umudendezo wo mu rwego rw’idini n’ishyirwaho rya Claus

Kuri i Ishyirwaho rya Claus de l’Icyuzure ryatangiye kwiyongera mu ngingo za vuba cyane. [[: 0% S] v. [[[: 1]] [[[:]] i Igerageza [()] (222), i yemeraga ko Umupira w'amaguru w' imyitwarire ya rusange ufite A Uburenganzira bw'umukono Kuri gusenga ku Hagati y'umuhanda Nyuma imikino. [-"") i Igerageza in i Kuri i. - - Igerageza - Kuri i Isuzuma Imyifatire ya mbere ya Clausce ku mashingiro na i Imyifatire ya kidini.

Igitekerezo cya Geragezaga cyane ku mateka y’igihe cy’ishyirwaho, hakubiyemo n'igitabo cya Virginie Sigment for Religious Umudendezo n'urwandiko Jefferson yandikiye Ababatisita ba Danbury. Yavuze ko mbere na mbere iyo gahunda ya Claus yafatwaga ko irinda umudendezo w’idini ku gahato ka leta, aho gusenya amagambo ya kidini mu mibereho ya rubanda.

Ibitekerezo n’Imibare: Imipaka yo Gushingira ku Ijambo ry’Imana

Ibitekerezo by'umwimerere bifitanye isano n'ibyanditswe n'inyandiko bidafite ishingiro. Abahanga mu birebana n'inkomoko, bavuga ko inyandiko z'uwabitangije zidasobanutse neza ku buryo zidashobora gutanga ibisubizo bisobanutse neza by'ibibazo bishingiye kuri gahunda y'amategeko ya none. Nanone kandi, bagaragaza ko Abatangije iyo myizerere yanduye mu by’umuco ya none, mu buryo bwagutse ku bihereranye n'ubucakara hamwe n'uburenganzira bw'abagore, na ko kuba bakurikiza mu buryo butajenje ibisobanuro by'umwimerere, byazana ingaruka zirangwamo akarengane.

Ikibazo cy’Ibitekerezo Bishya Bivugwa mu Mateka

Bya i Kidahinduka Bya ni Kuri i ~Umwimerere Igisobanuro Bya i Na: Icyo ari cyo cyose. Bigyanye i. Ku i, Cyuzuye na, na Bya i By' ingirakamaro Nta na kimwe. Urugero:, i i Kuri? OYA ku iyi Ikibazo, na Gushigikira ya: i i.

Abahanga mu by'umwimerere bisubiza ku inyandiko i Umwandiko A Igisobanuro, ATARIIGIHARWE NIBA igisobanuro ni Ikomeye Kuri Gushaka. Bagaragaza uburyo bw'amategeko bwakoreshwaga mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 18, bwashyizwe mu rwego rwo hejuru bwakoreshwaga mu gusesengura inyandiko zigenga imyandikire., bajya impugukirwa ku i "" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Ikibazo cy’Ubucakara

Igihagararo cy'umwimerere kigorana cyane mu birebana n'inkomoko, ni uko Itangiriro y'amategeko yatangijwe, yari ifite intego zinyuranye zarindaga gahunda y'ubucakara, hakubiyemo na Claus wa FNT, na Nolaus, na ibuzanya kubuza umwuga mu bucakara mbere ya 188. Niba umwandiko w'umwimerere usaba ko umuntu akurikiza ibisobanuro by’umwimerere by'Ishingiro, icyo gihe na byo bisa n’aho bisaba ko akurikiza ayo mateka.

Abahanga mu by’inyandiko z’umwimerere, kimwe na Porofeseri Randy Barnett, batsimbarara ku gitekerezo cy’umwimerere cy’uko ibisobanuro by’ibanze by’Ishingiro by’Amategeko mu by’ukuri birwanya ubucakara, bumvikanisha ko nta na hamwe ko ko ko ko ko Amategeko nyirabyo yashyizweho ijambo “ubucakara” kandi ko kurinda abacakara byatewe n’uko byari bigamije kuba iby’igihe gito. Abandi, kimwe n’Umucamanza Scali, bemeraga ko Amategeko y’ibanze yirinda ubucakara, ariko ko ikibazo gifitanye isano n’umucamanza wa none ari cyo kuba umucamanza wara w’ubucamanza wahinduwe.

Comment=' Impamyabushobozi: na ni ku Nka A ya:. Urugero:, [[: 0% S] [[[: 1]] Bya i, in i ~Umwimerere Ihangagishusho Bya i. Na: iyi Urutonde NIBA ni Kuri.

Impaka zishingiye ku nyigisho z’umwimerere zifitanye isano n’icyo abantu batekerezaga mbere

~Umwimerere, hariho impaka zikomeye hagati y' ~Umwimerere n'umwimerere Igisobanuro. Ishuri ry' ibanze, na Na:, i Urufunguzo ni i Kuri Impuzandengo. Umwimerere Igisobanuro, ku na, i Urufunguzo ni Icyo i Umwandiko yashakaga kuvuga ku muntu ushyira mu gaciro ku gihe cy'ibyashyizwemo.

. Mu gihe umuntu abajije icyo James Madison agamije Ivugurura rya Mbere risobanura, umuntu ashobora gusuzuma ibyo yanditse n’ibyandiko bye bwite. Mu gihe umuntu abajije abantu icyo amagambo ya mbere y'Ivugurura yasobanuraga mu mwaka wa 1791, umuntu yareba ibisobanuro by'insobanuro n'ikoreshwa ry'inkoranyamagambo. Ibyo bibazo byombi bishobora gutanga ibisubizo bitandukanye, cyane cyane ku bibazo aho ibitekerezo bya Madison bwite bivana ku bantu bose.

Abahanga benshi mu by'umwimerere bo muri iki gihe bagiye biyemeza ku buryo bwa mbere bwa public igisobanuro, ku ruhande rumwe bitewe n'uko birinda ko bishingirwaho kwishingikiriza ku bitekerezo by'ibanze by'abayoboke bake b'intwazangarugero.

Umwanzuro: Imbaraga idashira y’Ijambo ry’Uwatangije Bibiliya

Inyandiko z'Imibare si inyandiko zisanzwe. ni inyandiko zikomeza gutangira kugena iz'amategeko y'ingenzi cyane muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika. Kuri abahanga mu by'umwimerere, izo nyandiko ni zo rufunguzo rw'ingenzi kugira ngo basobanukirwe ibisobanuro bifatika by'Ishingiro ry'Amateka.

Nanone kandi, inyandiko z'Abatangiza si igitabo cyoroheje ku bibazo bigezweho bishingiye kuri paragarafu. Biragoye, rimwe na rimwe bivuguruzanya, kandi akenshi bivuguruzanya. . . . Byaba birebana n'ubunini bw'ubutware bwa leta, uburinzi bw'uburenganzira bwa buri wese, na uruhare nyarwo rw'abacamanza n'inshingano zigikomeza. Muri ubwo buryo, Abatangizi b'idini si abategetsi gusa bagomba kuvugwaho; ni bo bagize uruhare mu kiganiro ku bihereranye n'intego shingiro y'amategeko, na n'uruhare rugikomeza.

For anyone seeking to understand originalism—whether as a judge, a scholar, or a citizen—the Founders’ writings are an indispensable starting point. They are the primary source of evidence about what the Constitution originally meant, and they remain the benchmark against which all originalist claims are measured. As the nation continues to debate the meaning of its founding document, the words of the Founders will undoubtedly continue to play a central role in that debate. The challenge for modern originalists is to use those words honestly, recognizing both their authority and their limitations, in the ongoing effort to interpret the Constitution faithfully.