Table of Contents

Amahinduka Cyangwa Kuri A Inyandiko, Nka Ibyangombwa ya: By' amategeko Kuri Uduciro,, na Birengayoboranya. i Ikiganiro hagati na i Bya. Urutonde, in, na bingana i. i, Na: ku i, By' ingirakamaro Kuva: Ikindi Amahanga i.

Dusobanukirwe Ibyashyizwe mu Nshinga y’Icy’Amateka

A ni A Kuri A, A Kuri Gusa. ni Kuri A hagati i Bya Guhindura... na. in Amahinduka Na: Gushigikira Inzira% s Bya i.

amateka y'ivugurura ry'ibyagiye bihinduka ni amateka y'uburenganzira n'inzego za demokarasi byaguka, na mu i 27 byemewe, ivugurura cyangwa kwagura uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye, hakubiyemo n'uburenganzira bwo gutora. Ivugurura riba rihuje n'uko ubutegetsi bwigenga, rigatuma imiryango y'abantu ikemura akarengane ka kera, kandi igahuza n’ibibazo bishya nta guteshukanywa n’amahame mfatizo yayo.

Uko Isi Ivugurura Yagiye Ikorwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika

Gicurasi na Yoherejwe: Kuri i ya: ku A Kabiri - 3 in Byombi i na i Bya, Cyangwa ku A ku i Porogaramu Bya i Kabiri - 3 Bya i. Inzira% s Bya i, ku - Bya i ( guhera).

Bifata igihe kirekire na urwego rwo hejuru rw'ishyirahamwe ry'inzego y'ikigo n'inzego, kugira ngo isohore ryemewe n'amategeko. Kubera ko i Ishingiro ryemewe mu mwaka wa 1789, Bya Bya bihumbi bibarirwa mu magana byatangijwe igerageza kuryirangiza, 27 gusa isohorezo ryemewe, biturutse kuri 33 ku mwumvikano y'Ikigo n'utumanwa.

Igazeti y’Uburenganzira bw’Ikirenga: Amateka Cumi ya Mbere y’Isi y’ Amerika

Itangira na Yoherejwe: Kuri i ku Nka A Itsinda, na Nyuma ya: Nka i Bya. Bya i 12 Bya Bya i ku 15, 1791, na i Itangira 10 Bya i, Cyangwa i U.S. Bya.

Itondekanya Kuri Gushigikira ya: i Bya i, Gutinya Byahaye Ubutegetsi bw' igihugu ubutware ku Biciro Bya, James Madison yemeye gukora i Porogaramu ya: A Bya i Itangira Umukoro Bya. Inzego z'ibanze zashyizweho imyanya y'imfuruka ya demokarasi na zagize ingaruka ku isi yose.

Umuco wa Mbere w’Ivugurura: Ishingiro ry’Imvugo Itagoragozwa

Ivugurura rya Mbere rishobora kuba ari ryo tegeko ry’inzego y’amategeko y’Abanyamerika ryishimira cyane, rigarinda umudendezo w’ibanze utari muto ugenewe umuryango wa demokarasi.

Iryo hinduka ribuza Amahuriro gushinga idini ryemewe cyangwa kubuza abantu gukoresha idini ku buntu, gutuma Abanyamerika bose bagira umudendezo wo gusenga.

Ihuriro rya Mbere ry’Ivugurura ryabaye ihuriro ry’imanza zitabarika z’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashinjaga amabendera n’imvugo yangwaga, n'amategeko agenga iby’ubukungu na Interineti.

Ivugurura rya kabiri: Uburenganzira bwo gufata intwaro

Isosiyeti ya Kabiri irinda uburenganzira bwo kuguma no gutwara ibirwanisho, i Porogaramu yatangije impaka zikomeye ku bihereranye n'umwanya n'imikorere. Mu gihe cya mbere, inziga za Leta, ibisobanuro bya none byaguye uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye mu gihe cy'amategeko amwe n'amwe. Ivugurura rikomeza kuba rimwe mu matsinda arangwa n'impanuka mu bya politiki yo muri Amerika y'isi, na na kugena irebana ry'umutekano mu rwego rwa rusange ku bantu bose, na buri wese ku giti cye.

Umuteguro wa Gatatu: Gutwara abasirikare

Mu gihe abasirikare b’Abongereza barwanya amategeko ya kera, barekura ko igihe cyose babyifuzaga, Ivugurura rya Gatatu rigaragara ko ritafite agaciro kenshi muri iki gihe, kubera ko leta idashobora gusaba abaturage bo mu mazu y’abaturage. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ntirwigeze rufata umwanzuro w’urubanza rushingiye ku Ivugurura rya Gatatu, ariko ryerekeza ku burinzi bwaryo mu bibazo birebana n’umutungo n’uburenganzira bwibanga.

Ivugurura rya Kane: Kurinda abashaka ibitagira umumaro

Ihuriro rya Kane ry’Ivugurura ryizeza "uburenganzira bw’abantu bugomba kurangwa mu bantu babo, amazu, impapuro n’ingaruka, bibuzanya gushakisha ibitabarika n’intandara, ” ryaje kwiyongera bitewe n’ibyabaye ku baturage bo mu gihugu cya Amerika mbere y’Intambara ya Révolution, igihe abategetsi b’Abongereza bakoreshaga inyandiko zagenzurwaga muri rusange, zari amategeko y’urukiko abayobozi ba leta bemeraga gushakisha ibintu mu buryo bwitondewe nta mipaka.

i Bya i, i Bya i, Kuri, i, i, Byagutse Kuri Aderesi: Gishya,,,, Akazu Telefone, na Ibyangombwa, Kubaza ibibazo ITSINDA RY' IMIBARE C Bigyanye Agenga in i & Y' imibare.

Icya gatanu mu Mateka ya Minani: Ubutabera bw’abagizi ba nabi burinda

Igikubo ya: Bya Ubukozi bw' amategeko, i Iburyo: -, Irinda Bya MAHARAKUBIRI, na i Oya Bya Ubuzima, Cyangwa Indangakintu: Bya. "i" Kuri i Iburyo: Kuri Kuri.

Ihuriro rya Gatandatu ry’Ivugurura ryemeza uburenganzira bwo gucira urubanza urubanza mu buryo bwihuse kandi rugashingwa na rubanda, urucamanza rutagira ruvanga, uburenganzira bwo kumenyeshwa ibirego, uburenganzira bwo kuvugisha abahamya n’uburenganzira bwo gutanga inama mu by’amategeko.

Ivugurura rya Giheburayo rituma abantu bahabwa uburenganzira bwo gucira imanza imanza imanza z’abenegihugu, mu gihe Ivugurura rya 8 ryo ribuzanya amande arenze urugero, amande arenze ayo, n’igihano cy’ubugome n’igitangaje.

Ivugurura rya Kane n’Irya cumi: Uburenganzira n’Ingufu Bishingiwe

Ivugurura rya Ninth rigaragaza neza ko itondeka ry'uburenganzira bwihariye mu Ishingiro ry'Ishingiro ritasobanura ko abantu badafite ubundi burenganzira bw'ibanze bwihariye.

Dukurikije Ivugurura rya 10 ry’Ibyabaye, ubutegetsi bwa leta buhabwa ububasha mu buryo bwihariye n’Ishingiro, mu gihe ubundi butegetsi bwose bufitwe n’ubutegetsi bwa leta cyangwa abantu, n’ubwo impaka zakomeje ku bihereranye n’aho ubutegetsi buzavanga muri uwo muryango, n’aho imipaka yagombye gushyirwa ku butegetsi bwa leta bwagiye burushaho kwaguka.

Ivugurura ry’Ibyakozwe: Ishinga rya Kabiri rya Amerika

,, na, na Na:, bingana Uburinzi na;, Nka i. i Kuva: 1865 Kuri 1870 RW Ivugurura Ibyiciro Kuri Nka "". na i.

Ivugurura rya 13: Kuvanwaho ubucakara

Ivugurura rya 13 rishobora kuba ari ryo ryabaye isohorezo ry’ingenzi cyane mu mateka y’Abanyamerika, ryemejwe mu mwaka wa 1865, ko ari ryo rya mbere ry’amavugurura atatu "Ivugurura" ryahise rishyirwaho mu buryo bushya nyuma y’Intambara y’Abaturage, na n’igihe isonero riba ritarasobanurwa n’inkiko, ingaruka zaryo ku muryango w’Abanyamerika ntizishobora gucibwaho.

Iryo hinduka rikomeye ryavuyeho ryabaye isoko ry’ubucakara muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika hose, uretse gusa igihe cyatanzweho icyaha. Iryo hinduka rikomeye ryatumye iryo shyirahamwe ryabayeho kuva mu gihe cy’ubunyage riba rigaturirwa n’Ishingiro ry'amategeko rya mbere. Ivugurura rya 13th defecta ryagaragaje ko habaye ihinduka ry’ibanze mu mahame y’Abamerika, kandi rigashyiraho urufatiro rwo kurinda uburenganzira bw’abaturage.

Iryo tegeko ribuzanya gukora imirimo y'ubucakara rikubiyemo n'ibindi bikorwa byo mu bubata, kandi na n’ubu ni iby'ingenzi mu bihe bya none, bifitanye isano no kugurisha abantu, gukora imirimo y'agahato, no gukora imirimo y'agahato.

Umuteguro wa cumi na kane: Kurinda no gukora ibikwiriye

Iyo myidagaduro yakozwe ku itariki ya 13 Kamena 1866, kandi yemewe ku itariki ya 9 Nyakanga 1868.

Kuba Claus Umuturage

Ivugurura ryatangiye no gushyiraho igitekerezo cy’uko abantu bose bavukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika cyangwa baremwe, ari abaturage bo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika n’aho baba.

Kurinda Claus

Comment= i Porogaramu ya: i Bya i, ni iyi ni i Ibyiciro Birutanwa, i Leta, i 'nayi, Nta na kimwe ibuzanya umuntu uwo ari we wese muri ubutware bwayo "ingana uburinzi bw'amategeko". iyi nteruro yabonetse nk'Agatabo ku i Ubusumbane bukomezanwa n'ubucakara na ivangura, cyane cyane i.

Nka Nyuma i in, ni i Kuri: Guhagarara Kuva:, i Umwandiko Bya i ni na A Birebire Kuva: ~Umwimerere Intego. Byakoreshejwe na in i ni "Uburinzi Bya i,... in A Bya, v. Bya (), v. (), na Bya (). ().

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasobanuye mu mateka ayo magambo asobanura uburyo butandukanye bwo gutoranya amoko, mbere na mbere rukajya rwibanda ku bibazo bifitanye isano n’amoko, ariko nyuma y’aho rukazagura urugero rwayo rugashyiramo ibitsina hamwe n’andi matsinda.

Impera

Irebana ry'ububiko rya 14 ryihagarike, ibyifuzo by' amategeko, ibyifuzo bya gihumbi, ibyihishe inyuma y' imyanya y' ubuzima, umudendezo, Cyangwa ibintu. iyi i Porogaramu yakorewe iyitandukaniro ya: Bya Bya Leta, A Inyigisho izwi Nka. iyi, Uburenganzira bw'ibanze bugabanyiza i Leta NONEAHA i Igikorwa.

Nanone kandi, Imyifatire ya Claus (Curative Proce Claus Claus) yasobanuwe mu buryo bwo kurinda uburenganzira bw’ibanze runaka butavugwa mu buryo bweruye mu Ishingiro ry’Amateka, hakubiyemo uburenganzira bw'ubwihisho, uburenganzira bwo gushakana n’uburenganzira bw'ububyeyi. Iyo nyigisho isabwa n'ababyeyi, ikomeza kugorana, ariko ikaba ari yo yakoreshejwe mu kwagura uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye.

Ivugurura rya cumi na gatanu: Gutanga uburenganzira bwo gutanga uburenganzira bwo kurinda

Itangira Kuri Guhindura... Ibisabwa ni i, in, IMYAKA Nyuma i Impera Bya i, Icyo ari cyo cyose Leta Kuva: i Kuri "Kugera kuri Konti: Bya Ivanga, Ibara:, Cyangwa Ibanjirije Ibisabwa Bya"., i OYA & Kugeza Nyuma i Irengayobora Bya i Bya, IMYAKA Nyuma, in Nyuma Amakuru garagaza neza neza Bya "," Ryari: in ku.

i Gusiba Ururimi:, Kuri,,,,,, Amarengayobora, na. Agace hagati i na i i ya: i ya: na By' ingirakamaro Bya Byombi na.

Ivugurura ryagiye rirushaho kuba rishya: Ivugurura rishingiye kuri demokarasi

Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya mirongo ibiri, habaye ihinduka rinyuranye ryatumye abaturage barushaho kwifatanya mu bikorwa bya demokarasi, kandi ubutegetsi bugahinduka, kugira ngo burusheho kwitabira abaturage.

Ivugurura rya cumi na gatandatu: Imisoro itangwa n’abaturage

Bya i in i i UMWIKUBE Kuri SUKURA, A Guhindura... i Gucurika A "Umukoro" in I Bya i. ya: i U., V. & Trust., Gufata i Tegisi ku Indangakintu: i Bya A na, na Ryari: iyi ku in, IMYAKA na Amahinduka in i na Mbere in.

Iryo hinduka ryabaye isoko ryihuse mu buryo bw'ibanze ryatanzwe na leta, rituma hashingwa porogaramu za none z'imibanire y’abantu n'ubutegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika bukorana umwete.

Ivugurura rya cumi na karindwi: Itoranya ritajenjetse ry’abagabanyi

i Bya i Bya i Bya i, i i Abantu : , i Amafagisiyo. . iyi ivugurura mu, ku Amanamanamanama y'amategeko ya Leta, yateye kururyishaho ruswa mu Leta na A Itsinda Kuri Emera abaturage babo.

Iryo hinduka ryagaragaje ko habayeho ihinduka rikomeye rya demokarasi ryagizwe na leta ya Amerika, rigatuma abashinzwe guhitamo baryoherezwa mu buryo butaziguye aho kuba abashinzwe amategeko. Ihinduka ryagaragaje ko ibyo guharanira gahunda ya gipolitiki bihangayikishwa na ruswa na icyifuzo cyo gutuma ubutegetsi bwitabira ibyo abantu benshi bashatse.

Ivugurura rya 18 na: Itangazo na

Isoza rya 18 ryemewe mu wa 1920, ryabuzaga gukora, kugurisha, no gutwara ibinyobwa biboreza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika hose.

Ivugurura rya Kabiri, ryemewe mu mwaka wa 1933, ryasubijweho isohorezo ryihariye ryakozwe mu wa 1920, ryasenyuye amategeko ya leta abuzanya inzoga zirenze irengero, kandi rigaruka kuri leta ingufu zo gushyiraho amategeko agenga ibinyobwa biboreza, na ryo ni ryo vugurura rimwe rurerure mu buryo butaziguye. Imyifatire yashyizweho yanze ishyirwaho igaragaza ko inzego zigenga imyifatire ya bwite n’agaciro ko gushyigikira amategeko y’umuryango.

Ivugurura rya cumi n’icyenda: abagore baratwaza igitugu

i Igihe i Bya 19 in 1920, i Cyangwa Icyo ari cyo cyose Leta Kuva: Cyangwa i Uburenganzira Kuri Kuri Icyo ari cyo cyose "ku bw' imibare," na Rimwe Umwanya yemereye abagore in Ku.. na Ikindi Bya abagore Nyuma i, Ryari: Kuva: i Urutonde Bya Ibyiciro OYA Byakoreshejwe Kuri Kwanga in i, na Na: A in ya:, ku i, Kuri Kugira Aho bigeze.

Ivugurura rya 19 ryagaragaje ko itsinda ry'abagore ryatsinze cyane nyuma y'imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yo kwivanga, kwigomeka, no kuba baratwawe n’amategeko. Nubwo ari uko, n’igihe bari bamaze gusesagura Ivugurura rya 19 ry'Amacomeka, abagore benshi b’amabara bashyirwaga mu buryo butandukanye bwo guhiga umwanzuro kugeza igihe hashize amategeko arebana n' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga bwo mu mwaka wa 1965, atsindagishirizamo amatsinda menshi y'ivangurano, kugira ngo abahakanye uburenganzira bwo gutoranya.

Ibisubizo byo Muri Iki Gihe: Inyigisho y’Ishingiro Ikomeza Kubaho mu Gihe cy’Ishingiro

N’ubwo mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ivugurura ry’ingenzi ryagiye rirushaho kwiyongera mu buryo bugaragara, kuva ku Ntambara ya Kabiri y’Isi Yose, rirebana n’uburenganzira bw’abatoranyi, gusiganwa kwa perezida n’ibikorwa bya leta.

Ivugurura rya 20: Imipaka y'Imirongo y'Imirongo ya Prezida

in, i - Imbibi Kuri Kabiri in Ofise. in Kuri. Kuri, i Kabiri - Bikorwa ku. Ibisanzwe in na i Bya UMWIKUBE in A UMWE.

Ivugurura rya Apidosiye 20: D.C.

, Bya i Bya i Ibuganya i Kuri in ku i.

Ivugurura rya 20: Imisoro irebana n’ubutaka

Imyifatire yashyizwe mu mwaka wa 1964, Ivugurura rya Makubiri na 35 ryabuzanyaga imisoro y'itora mu matora ya leta. Imisoro yatanzwe yakoreshwaga mbere na mbere muri leta z'Amajyepfo kugira ngo ice imyitwarire y'umwirabure n'abaturage b’abakene. Iyo mihati hamwe n'Amasezerano y'Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga bwa 1965, yafashije kuvanaho inzitizi mu gutora zakomeje nubwo Ihuriro ry'Ihuriro ry'Iki 15.500 ryavuye ku buturo.

Ivugurura rya 20 - 35: Isohorezo rya Prezida na

, Byashyizwe kuri perezida na ya: Imikoro. Kuri i Kuri Kontirutwa Bya Prezida, NIBA Umukuru w'Ikigo, na ya:. Ivugurura incuro nyinshi, Ryari: Abaperesida.

Ivugurura rya 20: Imyaka y'ihinduranya igera kuri 18

in i Igihe, i - i Kuva: 21 - 18 in Byose. Kuri Inkoresha: NIBA - umwaka: - Amaderesi Kuri na in, ki/ bishaje Kuri. Rimwe Bya i Kinini Bya i in Urutonde.

Ihuriro ry'Ihuriro ry'Amakoraniro

Mu mwaka wa 1992, hashize imyaka 203 nyuma y'itangwa, inyandiko 2 yemewe nk'ibya 27 by' isosiyete Kuri i. Irebana ryakozwe mu isosiyeti ryagiye rivanwaho ku INGARUKA kugeza nyuma y'amatora y'inshingano, indi mishinga ikurikira, igenzura ko abagize Inteko Mpuzamahanga batashobora kwiyongera mu buryo bwihuse. Nka Inzira% s Bya i Bya Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga mu 1789, iyi isohorezwaho yashyizwe mu gihe kirekire cyane kurusha ikindi gihe cyose cy'ifatizo.

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rusobanura ibyemezo by’amategeko

Ivugurura ry'amategeko risobanutse binyuriye ku bisobanuro by'ibyabitswe, cyane cyane ku myanzuro y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, ishyira mu bikorwa amahame y'ibanze adafite ishingiro ku manza z'ibanze. Gusobanukirwa ibi bibazo by'ibyabaye ku rutonde rw'ibisobanuro ni iby’ingenzi kugira ngo dusobanukirwe ukuntu ibikorwa bihindurwa.

Brown v. Bya Inyigisho (1954)

Icyemezo cy'Urukiko Rukuru rwavugiye hamwe cy'itsinda ry'ubwigenge mu mashuri ya leta, i "Bitandukanye kandi bingana" Inyigisho yashyizweho in Plessy - v. (1896). Bya yabaye A Inturo: ya: i Itsinda ry' uburenganzira bwa rubanda na i UMWIKUBE w'Ihame ry'Ihame ry'Ikigo gishinzwe kugira ngo kitume ihinduka mu rwego rw'imibereho.

Miranda na Arizona (1966)

Urubanza rwashyizweho ko abapolisi bagomba gukebanya Bya na Mbere Insobanuro. "Iburira" A Ikiranga Bya, i Iburyo: - na i Iburyo: Kuri.

Virginia (1967)

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashenye amategeko abuzanya ishyingiranwa rishingiye ku moko, ruvuga ko ayo mategeko yicaga amategeko arebana n’ishyingiranwa ry’amoko atandukanye, kandi ko yicaga amategeko arebana n’Umushinga wa Claus (Gutegeka kwa Gihe Kuri 14).

Na: i & Game.

< > < / > < > < / > < > < / >. Wade (Icyangwa Uburenganzira bw'ibyashyizweho na Isomero ya: i, i Porogaramu irengera Leta irebana n'umudendezo. Imyaka igera kuri 50 nyuma, < > < / >. < > < / >. < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < > < / > < > < / > < / > < > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < > < / > < > < > < / > < / > < > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < > < / > < < < > < > < <

Obergefell v.

Ihuriro rya 14 ry’Impetanura ryasabye leta kwemera ko abantu babiri bahuje igitsina bashyingiranwa, kandi ko bagomba kwemera ko abantu babiri bahuje igitsina bashyingiranwa, mu gihe ishyingiranwa ryabo ryemewe n’amategeko kandi rigafatwa mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko kandi rigakorwa hanze y’igihugu.

Ivugurura ry’Amategeko mu Bindi Bihugu

N’ubwo Ishingiro rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika ryagiye ribera icyitegererezo ibihugu byinshi, ibihugu byo hirya no hino ku isi byashyizeho imigenzo yabyo bwite ishingiye ku mategeko n’ivugurura ry’ingenzi rigaragaza amateka n’amahame byihariye byabyo.

Kanada: Ishami ry’Uburenganzira n’Umudendezo

Mu mwaka wa 1982, Kanada yafashe indinduro yayo, yongeraho Ishami ry'Ikirenga ry'Ikirenga na Umudendezo wa Kanada, ryizemeza uburenganzira bw'ibanze, uburenganzira bwa demokarasi, uburenganzira bwo kugenda, uburenganzira bw'amategeko, uburenganzira bw'uburinganyi, na Uburenganzira bw'indimi. Ishati yabaye ibanze ku mategeko ya Kanada na icegeranya ku burenganzira bw'Ikigo ku isi hose. 15 Bya i Trearter, yemeza uburenganzira bw'ubwikurire, byabaye iby'ingenzi mu kurindwa kwa matsinda arengero areshya.

Afurika y’Epfo: Ivugurura ryavuye ku mategeko nshinga

, Nyuma y'isomero rya 1996, ryashyizweho nyuma y'isoko ry'ivangura rya giparke, rikubiyemo kimwe mu bisabwa by'uburenganzira bwiyongera ku isi. Amategeko abuzanya ivangura rishingiye ku mpamvu nyinshi ziterwa n'ibara ry'uruhu, igitsina, inda, ishyingiranwa, inkomoko y'ishyingiranwa, inkomoko y'imiterere y'ibitsina, imiterere y'umwanya, ubumuga, ubumuga, imyizerere, umuco, ururimi, n'ivuka. Ishingiro y'amategeko y'amategeko y'amategeko yashyizeho ayo mabwiriza ashingiye ku ihame, ishyingiranwa, inkomoko y'imiterere y'imibereho n'icyubahiro by'abantu.

U Buhindi: Amarengama y’ibanze ahereranye n’uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu

Cyagutse na Gihinguranya. (6) Kyongewe i Amagambo "" na "" Kuri i Intangiriro, Amahinanzira ya: Amatsinda, Indangakintu:, na i Iburyo: Kuri. (2) A Iburyo: ya: 6 - 14.

U Budage: Amateka y’Ishingiro y’Amategeko

: () Birinzwe ku "Igamiriro" Cyangwa. Ibyinjijwe by' ibyinjira,, na Ibyatanzwe Ubwihisho.

U Buyapani: Ishingiro ry’amahoro

9 Bya Iposita - na ya:. Nta na rimwe, iyi Ikivugwaho: Kuri ya: -. KURI 9 Gukomeza Kuri Imisusire na Ikiranga.

Ingingo Zikunze Gushingirwaho mu Bihereranye n’Imihati Ikosowe ku Isi Hose

N’ubwo habayeho gahunda zitandukanye za politiki n’imigenzo y’amategeko, ihinduka ry’amategeko rikorwa hirya no hino mu bihugu, akenshi rirebana n’impamvu z’ingenzi nk’izo:

Kwagura Uburenganzira bwo Gutanga Uburenganzira

Imyitwarire myinshi y'inzego y'inzego yaguye, ivanaho imipaka ishingiye ku gutunga ibintu, ibara ry'uruhu, igitsina, na imyaka.

Kurindwa ku Burenganzira Buke

Imyifatire ikorwa ku mategeko, akenshi isobanura uburenganzira bw’amoko y’abantu bake, baba bakomoka mu moko, bakomoka mu moko, idini, ururimi cyangwa ibindi bintu.

Gutandukana n’ubutware n’imihangayiko n’uburinganire

Akenshi amabwiriza avugurura atuma imbaraga zikwirakwizwa mu nzego za leta, agashyiraho imikorere ikomeza cyangwa igatuma abantu badakomeza kugira ububasha kandi bakazaryozwa ibyo bakoze.

Uburenganzira bwo mu rwego rw’imibereho n’ubukungu

Inshingano nyinshi zo muri iki gihe zikubiyemo ihinduka ry’uburenganzira abantu bafite bwo kumenya uburenganzira bwo gutura mu rwego rw’imibereho no mu rwego rw’ubukungu, urugero nko kwiga, kwita ku buzima, kuba no gushaka.

Kurinda ibidukikije

Uko ivugurura rigenda rirushaho kunonosora amategeko y’amategeko, rigafasha abantu kurinda ibidukikije no kubungabunga ibidukikije, rigasobanukirwa akamaro ko kurinda ubutunzi bw’ibidukikije mu bihe bizaza.

Ibihe Bizaza Bihereranye n’Imiteka y’Ishingiro

Kuva: i Iheruka in i, ku i, ku i Bya i, i i Bya i Bya i. Bya i Bya ngombwa ya: ya:, Bisobanura ihinduka Rwiyongera Biturutse ku Isobanura ry' Inyandiko.

Mu mpaka z'ibyashoboraga kunonosorwa mu rwego rw'amategeko muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, harimo impano zirebana n'ibijyanye na gahunda y'ubucuruzi, Kolishi y'Amakoraniro, Ijambo, ibyifuzo bishyize mu gaciro, hamwe n’uburenganzira burebana bwo gukoresha imari, uko imikoreshereze y'ibitsina yaba iri kose.

Ku isi hose, ihinduka ry’amategeko rikomeza mu buryo bwihuse kurushaho, kubera ko ibihugu byinshi bihora bivugurura amategeko abigenga kugira ngo bikemure ibibazo byavukaga.

Ibibazo no Gusesengura Ibihereranye n’Amateka y’Amateka y’Ishingiro

Nubwo ivugurura rishingiye ku mategeko rifite akamaro, rinateza ibibazo kandi rigashidikanywaho.

Ibyago by' itsinda ry' Abaturage

, Rimwe, Kuri Guhindura..., in Amabwiriza Oya Ibyahiswemo. - Bijyanye n'ibyatoranyijwe Bigyanye, Ryari: Ivugurura Cyangwa in.

Ingaruka Zitari Ziteguwe

Ivugurura rishobora kugira ingaruka zitunguranye zigaragara gusa ku buryo bikoreshwa na mu gusesengura iby'amategeko. Ivugurura ry'Imishinga ritanga urugero rugaragara rw'ihinduka ryananiwe kugera ku ntego zaryo zateguwe na kurema ibibazo bikomeye bitari byateguwe.

Intera

Nk’uko amateka y’Ivugurura rya Cumi na gatanu avyerekana, amategeko agenga amategeko agira ingaruka nziza mu buryo bufatika mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.

Kuba umuntu ahuza n’uko ibintu biba bimeze, binyuranyije n’uko ibintu bimeze

Bya A na A. na Amahinduka, Ubwoko Kuri Guhinduranya Imimerere, Nyobora Kuri Cyangwa ku.

Uruhare rw’Imigabane Ishingiye ku Nshinga y’Amateka mu Rubanda Ruharanira Demokarasi

Ibihinduka byo mu rwego rwa demokarasi bikorana Igikubo Imimaro mu itsinda rya demokarasi. ya: Guhindura, Inzego Kuri. Kuri Kuva: By' igihe gito, i Ibigenga na i. na Imisusire Uduciro, Nka Bya imyanya y' ibyimbi.

Nanone kandi, imiteguro ituma havuka gahunda yo gushyikirana, bityo buri munyabugeni akaba ashobora kugira uruhare mu guteza imbere amategeko, mu gihe arebana n’imikorere y’abantu bo mu bihe byashize.

Gusobanukirwa uko amategeko y'ibanze ahindura ibintu kugira ngo ubwenegihugu bugire icyo bugeraho. Ibyo bihindura ku burenganzira dufite, imiterere ya leta yacu, n’amahame umuryango wacu uha agaciro.

Ibitabo byadufasha gukomeza kwiga

Hari ibintu byinshi bikoreshwa n’abantu bashishikazwa no kumenya byinshi kurushaho ku bihereranye n’ivugurura ry’amategeko:

  • [[: 0% S] [[[: 1] Kuri Umwimerere Inyandiko na Ibyerekeye
  • [[: 0% S][[[: 1]] Biganira, Porogaramu, na Ibikorana ku
  • [[: 0% S][[: 1] Kuva: i Bya na
  • Ibinyamakuru bitanga inyigisho, urugero nka Harvard Law Review, Yale Law Journal, na Constitution Commentary, bitanga ingingo z’intiti ku bihereranye n’ivugurura ry’amategeko
  • nka i [[: 0% S] Ibisobanuro: ku

Igisoza

Ivugurura ry'amategeko rigaragaza imihati ihoraho yo kurema porogaramu ziruta za leta na zindi. i Bya Kuri i Amarenga y' uburenganzira bw'ikirenga, Kuva: Byavuye ku i Byahawe uburenganzira bwo gutora uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, indi mihati yaguye umudendezo na kuri gahunda y'ibanze y'amategeko ihuza na gahunda z'ibice bihinduka.

Ingero zavuzwe muri iyi ngingo, ni ukuvuga amateka y’Abanyamerika, hamwe n’ihinduka ry’ingenzi rituruka mu bindi bihugu, bigaragaza imbaraga n’imipaka biterwa n’ihinduka ry’amategeko. Amateka yo gukosora ibintu ashobora guhindura imikorere y’abantu, ariko bisaba gushyiraho imihati myinshi, guhuriza hamwe no gukomeza kuba maso kugira ngo amasezerano yabo asohore.

Mu gihe duhanganye n’ibibazo by’ihungabana ry’ikoranabuhanga, urugero nko ihinduka ry’ikoranabuhanga, imiterere y’ibidukikije hamwe n’ihinduka rirebana n’uburenganzira butangwa n’uburinganire, ihinduka ry’amategeko nshinga rizakomeza kugira uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma imibereho yacu yose ihinduka.

Binyuriye mu ivugurura ryemewe cyangwa rigahinduka, amabwiriza agenga amategeko akomeza kuba inyandiko zigaragaza ibyifuzo byacu bihanitse cyane, mu gihe bishyiraho gahunda z'imyifuzo igoranye cyane kurusha ibindi. Inkuru y'ivugurura ryifatizo ishingiye ku mategeko, ni inkuru irebana na demokarasi ubwayo (- demokarasi itunganye, ivugurura, ariko buri gihe iharanira ibitekerezo by’ubutabera, uburinganire, n’icyubahiro cya kimuntu.