Ivugurura rya gatanu ry' imbitso ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika rimeze nk'imwe mu nyungu za ngombwa cyane z'umudendezo wa buri muntu muri i Isosiyete y' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga. Ishyirwaho mu mwaka wa 1791, ishyiraho gahunda y'uburinzi burinda abaturage ku burenganzira bwa leta, kandi ikemera ko butabera mu manza. Abajura b'amategeko, isosiyete ya gatanu y'Icyumvikaniraho ni ngombwa, OYA gusa kugira ngo hagire abaguzi bagire inama za gicamanza, na ko bashyira mu rwego rw'amategeko, cyangwa se mu rwego rw'ubucungamirango.

Amateka y’Umutekano wa Gatanu

Imishinga y'Isubizwa rya Gatanu ry'Imibare ya Gatanu yashyizwe mu mategeko y'Abongereza n'ibyabaye mu gikoroni. Inkiko zo mu Bwongereza za mbere, urugero nka icumbi ry'inyenyeri, zahatiye abaregwaga gusubiza ibirego bahiwe, akenshi bakoreshaga impamo kugira ngo bagere ku byaha.

James Madison, umuhanga mu by'ihimbiriro ry'impamyabumenyi y' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga, yavuye ku i Magna Carta yatangaga icyizere cy'uko hazabaho ibyemezo bya ngombwa na bijyanye n'amategeko ya kiliziya yirinzwe ku buryo ibyirinda. Iryo hinduka ryashyizwe mu bikorwa bya Anti - Féderali, ryashyizwe mu bikorwa byanze shingiro bya kera by'amategeko y'Ubwongereza, ariko noneho riba ryararinzwe mu buryo bwitondetsweho ku buryo bugaragara bwa kirongozi cyo kurinda abantu.

Mu gihe runaka, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Gatanu rwerekana isohorezo ryatumye haboneka uburinzi butanu bwa bwite: uburenganzira bwo gucira urubanza abantu bose mu cyicaro cy’inguriro cyangwa mu manza zizwi cyane, ibuzanya ko hashobora kubaho amakuba y'ubwicanyi, ibyifuzo byo kwishyira mu mwanya w'ikirenga, ingwateje, ingwangwa ry'amategeko, na ibyemezo by'umutungo wibanga bishobora gufatwa kugira ngo bikoreshwe na rubanda ku rubanda.

Impano z’ingenzi z’Ivugurura rya Gatanu

Ivugurura rya gatanu rigizwe n’amagambo anyuranye ahuza n’amategeko.

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Ikintu cy' inyuranyo cy' itsinda rya gatanu ni i i Uburenganzira bw'ubwigenge bwihanishwa ku buryo umuntu wese ahatirwa kwinenga. Uburenganzira buremerera umuntu wese kwanga gusubiza ibibazo cyangwa gutanga igihamya kijyana n'ubugizi bwa nabi. Ntibyumvikanisha ubuhamya mu nkiko gusa, ahubwo nanone bireba abapolisi, ibibazo byashyizwe mu ishyingura, na komite y'ubuyobozi. ni igikundiro ni cya bwite na kigomba gushyirwaho; nticyitirirwa undi muntu.

Ibanga ryo kwirinda kwishyira mu mwanya w'undi, rigera no ku ishyikirana iryo ari ryo ryose rishobora guhishura ibihamya bishobora guhamya. Icyakora, ntiritanga ibimenyetso biboneka, urugero nk'ingero zifatika z'amaraso, inyuguti zigize inyuguti zicapwe, cyangwa inyandiko, kubera ko zibonwa ko zidafite agaciro. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwavuze ko iyo nshingano irinda umuntu kuhatirwa kuba umuhamya wo kwiregura, aho kuba umutegetsi ikoresha ubundi buryo bw'ibihamya.

Mu buryo bwa none mu rwego rw'amategeko, iyo nshingano ikunze gusebwa cyane mu gihe cy'inama z'abarindaga. Iburira ryasabwaga n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga mu mwaka wa 1966, ni itsinda ry'umuvumo rya Gatanu ryitondewe. Abashinzwe amategeko bagomba kumenyesha abashinjacyamategeko uburenganzira bwabo bwo guceceka n’uburenganzira bwabo ku mucamanza mbere y'uko batangira kubaza ibibazo. Kunanirwa kubikora bishobora gutuma hakoreshwa amagambo ayo ari yo yose yabonetse.

Bya

Bya i Bya i Ivugurura i Leta ibuzanya i Leta kwiha umuntu uwo ari we wese w'ubuzima, umudendezo, Cyangwa umutungo Byashyizweho n'amategeko. iyi gahunda yombi igizwe n'ibice. Gukurikira amategeko amwe na Mbere yo gukora igikorwa kidakuka. Birenzeho, birinda uburenganzira bw'ibanze ku butegetsi, ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: Amagenzura y' inyurabwenge yakoreshejwe.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwakoresheje inzego zatanzwe na Claus mu buryo bwihariye, kuva ku manza z'ubugizi bwa nabi kugeza ku ziciro za leta, kuva ku manza z'ubutegetsi, kugeza ku manza z'umuryango. Inyandiko isaba ko abantu bahabwa amabwiriza y'amategeko ategereje ko bikorwa n'umwanya wo kumvikana. Urugero, mbere y'uko leta ishobora guhemba amafaranga adakuka, gufata amatungo, cyangwa kuvana uburenganzira bw’ababyeyi, igomba guha umuntu ufite icyo kibazo uburyo bwihariye bwo kwirekura muri icyo gikorwa.

Nanone kandi, Ihuriro rya Claus Claus (Cereke) ni ryo rishingiye ku gitekerezo cyo “kutabera kw’ibibaho.” Urukiko rusuzuma imimerere yose uko yakabaye kugira ngo rumenye niba ibyo umuntu yarebye byari bidakwiriye ku buryo byarenze ku burenganzira bw'amategeko bw'ingirwabuhanga bw'ingirwabwenge bw'inzego.

Kurinda imitego ibiri

Ibyiciro Bibiri Bibiri Birinda leta gucira umuntu urubanza incuro ebyiri, bitewe n'ikosa rimwe nyuma y'icyizere cyangwa icyemezo.

Mu gihe abajanisha imanza bashyizweho imihigo y'impanuka ebyiri, mu gihe mu rubanza rw'imanza, cyangwa igihe ubuhamya bwa mbere buhishwe mu gihe cy'imbeba. Mu gihe umuregwa arenzwe yarenzwe, leta ntishobora kwiregura ko umwanzi yarekuwe cyangwa ashya arekuriwe urwo rubanza, ndetse n'iyo habaye ibihamya bishya. Icyakora, igatabo ntibuhuza abatware batandukanye n'abategetsi ba leta hamwe na leta, bombi bashobora gucira urubanza iyo myifatire imwe mu gihe yaba yishese n'amategeko ya Leta.

Nanone kandi, akaga kabiri gafitanye isano no gukemura ibibazo bya rubanda n’ubugizi bwa nabi, mu gihe ibyo birego biciriweho igihano.

Bafata Claus – Uburenganzira bwo gushyigikira abandi mu buryo bukwiriye

Incuro nyinshi, mu biganiro bihereranye n'Ivugurura rya Gatanu, ni imyitwarire ya Claus: “Nta n’umutungo w’umwihariko ugomba gukurikizwa mu ruhame, nta nyungu.” Iyi nshinga ibuzanya ubutegetsi kugabanya ubutegetsi bwihariye. Iyo leta ifashe ibintu byayo bwite ku bw'intego ya rubanda, [1] nko kubaka umuhanda, ishuri, cyangwa ubusitani bwa leta, ni bwo bugomba guha nyirabyo igiciro cyiza cy’isosiyete.

i Gutangiza imyanya, A Itegeko rya leta, Kuri Kuri Nyirabyo Bya Byose Koresha mu by'ubukungu Bya ifasi Bya. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'amategeko rufite itsinda ry'amategeko rihanitse ryo kumenya igihe A Itegeko A A. ni Umwanya Bya, Koresha, Amabwiriza agenga ibidukikije, na. Inzego zirinda uburenganzira bw'umwanya w'ibituro mu gihe yemerera leta gusohoza Imimaro yayo y'ibanze.

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Inzego za gatanu z'uburinzi z’Ivugurura zikoreshwa hafi mu buryo bwose bw'amategeko, kuva ku marembo ya buri munsi, kugeza ku magenzura y'urusobe ahanitse y'inzego. Gusobanukirwa ukuntu izo nkuta zikoreshwa mu mimerere itandukanye ni iby’ingenzi kugira ngo zishobore kuba iz’amategeko.

Ibigeragezo by’abagizi ba nabi

Mu manza z’abagizi ba nabi, Ivugurura rya gatanu rigira uruhare rw'ibanze kuva ku gihe cyo gufatwa, binyuriye ku mabwiriza ya nyuma y'isubizwa. Mu gihe abapolisi baba babaza ibibazo, abapolisi bagomba gukekwa ko badafite uburenganzira bwo kubikora. Abapolisi baramutse batakoze ibyo bintu, inyandiko iyo ari yo yose bahawe ishobora kuba ibuze ku gihamya., abaregwa baba bafite uburenganzira busesuye bwo guhamya, kandi abashinjacyaha ntibashobora gutanga ibisobanuro kuri icyo kibazo.

Abashinjacyaha bagomba kuba maso kugira ngo batarenga ku burenganzira bwa gatanu w'Icyegeranyo mu gihe cy'isuzuma. Ntibashobora kubaza ibibazo byatuma umushinjacyaha yicuza icyaha cyangwa yemeza ko ibintu byashoboraga gukoreshwa mu gishingo gitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, niba umuregwa yahamyaga ko ari we waregwa, hanyuma akaza gusaba uburenganzira bwo guceceka ku bibazo runaka, urukiko rushobora kubuza umuregwa urundi ruzamujyamo.

: & Ubutumwa Kuri: -., A Cyangwa A, Gicurasi Kuri Ikibazo. i Ububiko Mbere A. i: i: i: i Ishinga ya: i Ikosa in Ikibazo, na Koresha, i Kuva: ikoresha i Cyangwa. ni Birenzeho i Kuri i Na: Na:.

Komeka

Nubwo i Ivugurura rya gatanu rifitanye isano cyane n'amategeko y'ubugizi bwa nabi, uburinzi bwaryo bugera no ku mateka ya leta. Abantu bashobora guha igikundiro cyo gukemura ibibazo byo kwishyira mu mwanya w'amategeko, ibibazo, ndetse no mu gihe cyo gucira urubanza urubanza mu rubanza rw'abanyagihugu. itsinda ry’abaturage ryiyemeje ntirigomba kugaragaza ko ari icyaha nyacyaha, gusa kugira ngo igisubizo cyaryo kibone ko ari cyo cyabateza umucamanza.

, i Ivugurura rya gatanu mu rubanza rw'inyandiko rusanzwe, rifite akaga gakomeye. . . . . . . Kudasubiza mu manza,, mu gihe nta gitekerezo cy'ibyaha, inkiko z'abaturage zihagarariranya, zumva ko guceceka ari icyaha cyangwa ko hari icyo umuntu yagirizwa. Ibyo bishobora kuba byangiza umushinjacyaha mu rukiko rw’abagizi ba nabi cyangwa umuntu ku giti cye, kandi akaba ashobora guhanwa n’ibirego by’ubugizi bwa nabi bifitanye isano n’iyo myifatire.

Ikindi gikoreshwa mu rwego rw'igiturwa cya gatanu Ivugurura ry'Ikirenga, ni i Byashyizweho na Cyatsina. Abafite imyanya y'imitungo bizera ko itegeko rya Leta ryafashe neza ibintu byabo nta murimbo ritanzwe, bishobora gutuma bagira ikibazo cyo “kugena n'impamvu” cyangwa“ mu buryo bwakoreshwa.

Amakuru y’Ikoraniro n’Amakuru y’Umuyobozi

Ivugurura rya gatanu rishobora no gukoreshwa mu mishinga idafite ishingiro, urugero nka amakuru y'amategeko na Amagenzura. Abahamya bashinzwe gutanga ubuhamya imbere ya Konsitantine cyangwa Urwego rwa Leta, bashobora gutangira ibyishimo bibuzanya na bo ubwabo. Abayobozi ba leta ntibashobora guhatira abantu gutanga ubuhamya badatanze inzego zirinda indwara. Uburinzi bwamamajwe cyane mbere ya komite z'amashyirahamwe yihweza iby'ubugizi bwa nabi, na, vuba aha kurushaho, mu gihe cy'isuzuma mu matora na mu bibazo by'iperereza.

Abayobozi b'ubuyobozi, urugero nka i Komishoni y'Ubutegetsi bw'Ikirenga na Inzego y'Ubwigenge, na bo bagomba kubaha uburenganzira bwa gatanu bw'Isubizwamo. Abantu ku giti cyabo bashobora kwanga gutanga inyandiko zizabaha uburenganzira, nubwo inyigisho y ’ “ibyabishinzwe byabigenewe” ishobora kugabanya icyo gikundiro mu gihe ubutegetsi busaba amakuru runaka, nk'imimerere yo gukora umurimo ugengwa n'amategeko. Inkiko zakoze ibyihishe mu buryo buciriritse, aho ubutegetsi bufite inyungu zifatiweho, ariko igikundiro kigakomeza kuba ari cyo cyose.

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatanze ibitekerezo byinshi bisobanura Ivugurura rya Gatanu, bikaba byaratumye imipaka yaryo irushaho gusobanurwa no kugaragara neza.

Miranda na Arizona (1966)

Mu mugi wa Miranda na., Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rw'u Bushingiro rwitiriweho gukemura ibibazo, rwavuze ko amagambo atangwa n'umuntu ukekwa mu gihe cy'isuzuma, adashingirwaho, keretse amenyeshejwe uburenganzira bwabo bwa gatanu bwo gusubizwamo na. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwavuze imyabuzi: impamyaburo yo guceceka, ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose kigomba gukoreshwa mu buryo buhagaritse umuntu, ibyemezo by'ibanze, na ibyifuzo by'ibanze, bigumaho kuba bigenywe n’uburenganzira bwagenzuzi bwagenzujwe niba umuntu adashoboye kumuha umwe..

Kaliforuniya (1965)

Mu mugi wa Griffin na California, Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Gatanu rwafashe umwanzuro w'uko Ivugurura rya Gatanu ryibuza umushinjacyaha gutanga ibyemezo ku bihereranye n’uko umushinjacyaha yananiwe gutanga igihamya. Urukiko rw’impamyabumenyi rwavugaga ko ubwo buryo bwo gutanga igifungo buhagarikwaho uburenganzira bwo kwihananya n'uburenganzira bw'umwanzi.

Kastigar na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika (19972)

Kastigar na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, berekeje ku gipimo cy'ibihamya byo kwirinda ibihamya. Urukiko rwavuze ko ubutegetsi bushobora guhatira leta guhamya ubuhamya bw'uburenganzira bwa gatanu bwihitiyeho gusengwa, iyo butanga uburenganzira bwo “kurinda” aho kuba buha uburenganzira bwose bwo kugura. Gukoresha ubutegetsi bubuza gukoresha ubuhamya bwashyizweho, cyangwa ibihamya byose bitangwa na bwo, mu gihe cy'igishingo cyakurikiyeho. Urukiko rwavuze ko ibyo ari byo bihagije kugira ngo rurinde igikundiro, kubera ko ubuhamya budashobora guhatirwa kwiregwa kwirekuraho ubwarwo, kandi ko imbuto zabwo zibuzanyijwe. Kastigari ikomeza itegeko rigenga ku birebana no kwirinda kwirinda kurwanya ibihamya kandi rigambiriza leta, igahagararira ko ibihamya biturutse ku bunze.

Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, Pathane (2004)

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Ibitabo by’abahanga mu by’amategeko

Abacamanza babona ko Ivugurura rya Gatanu atari isomo gusa, ahubwo ko ari igikoresho cy’ingirakamaro gigomba kuba gifite ubushobozi bwo guhagarariye abakiriya neza.

Abakiriya bashinzwe gushyigikira uburenganzira bwabo

Kuri i i Bya i Kuri i, i Bya i.

Ingirwabunzirizo Zishingiye ku Burengerazuba bwa Gatanu

Koresha i Bya i Nka A Bya i. Kuri Kuboneza Amakuru OYA NYACYO Iburira ni isanzwe. Abakoresha bajya bajya inama yo kwikingira mbere y'abakiriya batanze ibihamya ku banyamushinga cyangwa abyiyandikisho. Bya Bya Mushinja Ku cy/ byagarajwe ni Rimwe Bya i Ibyihishobozwa Bine. i Bya Bya i Bya i Kwambukiranya na. Imitako: Imitako: Gicurasi Gufatanya ya: ya:, ku.

Tumenye Imipaka y’Iteka ryo Kuvugurura

Ivugurura rya gatanu ni OYA. Leta ihatira abantu gutanga ubuhamya mu gutanga ibyifuzo birinda. Amatsinda n'ibindi bikoranabicuruzwa ntibyishimira ibyifuzo; abantu bonyine ni bo bashobora kubyiyumvisha. Byongeye kandi, i igikundiro gishobora gucibwa mu gihe umuntu asubiza ibibazo ku bushake atabyihuse. mu manza za leta, amategeko y'uruhushya atuma abantu baceceka. Abacuruzi bagomba kwitegura gucengeza inama ku bihereranye n'aho bahagarara, no kugira amayeri yo kugabanya ingo.

Ibibazo n’impaka zo mu gihe cyashize

Kuri in Kuri na Amahinduka. Urugero, i Bya Bishunzwe: Amatumanaho Amatumanaho ku i Kuri Amagambo banga Cyangwa Amapareye. Gutandukanya ku i -. Kuri Kugaruza ku i Ikibazo.

Ubuso Bya ni i Porogaramu Bya i Kuri Bigezweho. i Bya ngombwa in. Gishya Na: Guhindura..., Koresha - Amabwiriza, na i Bya Urwego: ya:. i A na Umwanya Bya.

Igisoza

Isoza rya gatanu ni rirenze kure amategeko y'igihamya; ni isoko ry'ibanze ry'umudendezo w'Abanyamerika. Kuva kuri iyi nkomoko yanze ihatira umwami, ku ngingo ziranga icyiciro cy' icyitonderwa cy'urwego, kugeza ku ihuriro rya buri munsi mu mazu y'ikirango na makuru, isosiyete irinda abantu ku butware bw'ikirenga bwa Leta. Ubwihibagirwa mu modoka, umushinjacyaha w'urufatiro, umuhamya ujyanwa imbere y'amategeko, cyangwa umutungo uhagararira leta, inze ko ubutegetsi bugomba gukora mu buryo bukwiriye, kandi bugomba kwitondera ibirego by'ubutware.