Ivugurura rya 13 ry’Ibyabaye: Ibuye ry’ihuriro mu ntambara iharanira Uburinganire

Ivugurura rya 13 ry'Icyapa ry'amategeko ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, ryemewe ku itariki ya 6 Ukuboza 1865, rihagaze nka kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi by'amateka byagiye bihinduka mu mateka muri Amerika.

Amateka y’Ivugurura rya cumi n’itandatu

Ivugurura rya 13 ntiryavuye mu kaburunguru. Byabaye isoza ry'ibyabaye mu gihe cy'imyifatire, ishyamiranya rya politiki, n'intambara y'abenegihugu. Hagati mu kinyejana cya 19., ishyirahamwe ry'ubucakara ryashinze imizi mu by'ubukungu bw'Amajyepfo na gahunda y'imibanire, mu gihe amajwi yo gusesa mu majyaruguru y'Amajyaruguru yakomeje.

i Bya in 1860 ku i Bya i Bya i, Byasubizwa Bya i, Bya i. Byakurikiye ni i Bya i Bya i Bya i. i Bya i Bya i & Ubwigomeke (- 1861-1865). i, Kuri Kubona OYA Nka A Bya ngombwa, na Nka A. Bya i Bya i Byayo Bya i. Byanzwe na Abantu in Bya ngombwa, Kuri Kigenga, na A Bifitanye isano na Bituzuye.

Umuryango wo kuvanaho imyitwarire, uyobowe n'ibitigiri nka Frederick Douglas, William Lloyd Garrison, na Harriet Tubman, wamaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo . Ubuhanga bwabo butaruha, bushingiye ku magambo, ibitabo, n'ibikorwa byo kurwanya.

  • Umuryango wo guhagarika ubutegetsi wagiye urushaho gukomera mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo yabanjirije ivugurura, hakoreshejwe imibare nk’iya Frederick Douglas na Sojourner Sourner Socience Socience Socience Socience Socience Socing Socing Socing.
  • Umukuru w’igihugu witwa Abraham Lincoln yagize uruhare rukomeye mu gushyigikira ivugurura, arerekeza ku Nteko Yicamo ibice, kandi akoresha umurwa mukuru we wa politiki kugira ngo arebe ko ibyo birego bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa.
  • Intambara y’Abaturage yatumye habaho ihinduka rikaze, igahatira ishyanga guhangana n’impamvu z’ibanze zinyuranye ziri hagati y’amahame yayo arebana n’umudendezo hamwe n’ububata bw’abantu.
  • Ibyo bice bitatu by’ibihugu byagize icyo bihindura, ni inzitizi igoye yahawe ubwigomeke bwa vuba aha, n’icyifuzo cyo kongera kubaka ubutegetsi bw’Amajyepfo.

Inyandiko n’Amategeko y’Ivugurura rya Giheburayo rya 13

Inyandiko y’Ivugurura rya cumi n’itandatu isobanura ibintu mu buryo burambuye, igizwe n’ibice bibiri:

[[: 0% S]" 1. Cyangwa Ubucakara, Nka A ya: i Bya, muri i, Cyangwa Icyo ari cyo cyose Ikivugwaho: Kuri. 2. UMWIKUBE Kuri iyi Ingingo ku amategeko."[[[-"]

Ururimi: ni Byombi Gukuramo na. OYA "," A Irengayobora: Ijambo Amafishi Bya Amaderesi. Irengayobora: ya: ya: Ubukozi bw' amaderese,, Byaremwe A in i Iposita - Itunganya i na Kuri Imisusire Bigyanye UYUMUNSI.

Igihano n’ingaruka zacyo

Irengayobora: + : "" Nka A ya: i"" A Byinjijwemo Kuri Gushigikira Kuva: na Impera: Leta. i Igihe, i Bya., i ya: Kuri "" na Nyuma "" na Hanyuma Kuri By' umwihariko,, na. Sisitemu Bya A Ifishi% S: Bya i 20,.

, in - Igitabo [[: 0% S] [[[1:], i Kuri Gumana: Ivanga Igenzura na in i Iposita -. Bya iyi Akadomo Bya in BIGEZWEHO By' amategeko na.

Ubutegetsi n’Ubutegetsi bwa Leta Bushinzwe Imbaraga

2 i UMWIKUBE Kuri i Bikorwa ku "ishyirahamwe". Ikigamijwe ni cyo cy'ubwicanyi Kuri in Leta Kuri Kurinda Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga. i ya: Inyandiko y'ubwihisho:, i Bya 1866, i Bya 1875, na Birenzeho, i Bya i Bya i ni Byagutse Bya i in ni OYA Kuri Leta: Kuri Igikorwa cy' umwihariko Nka, A Ubwoko Bya By' umwihariko Bya na Imirimo.

Ingaruka Zitinze n’Imbere y’Ukwongera Gusana

Bya i Bya i Ivugurura rya Giheburayo, byakurikiwe n'igihe cy'ihinduka rikomeye mu by'ishyirahamwe na politiki, bizwi nka Reconsoleon (1865-187). Muri iki gihe, leta yagerageje kwivanga abantu mu myambaro y'ikibano cy'Abamerika, nk'abafite uburenganzira buhwanye n'uburenganzira. Iryo hinduka ryatumye haboneka uburyo bwa Ivugurura rya Gifaransa (1868), ryiyemeza ko ubwenegihugu na uburinzi bungana munsi y'amategeko, na i Ipaji y'ubwikuzimu (1870), byabuzaganirije ivangura ry'amoko mu gutoranya.

, i Bya - Bigufi. Bya Kuva: i in, i Bya, Kuri Umweru Gihinguranya Ikiyega, na. ku A [:] i in nka [: 0% S] [[: 1] - [1] na [:] v. [:] [:]). Kuri Umutekano i Bya, Kuri i Bya i, i, na i, i, i, Bya i, na i.

  • Iryo hinduka ryatumye Biro by’Abaturage b’Imvukira bitangira kwiga, gukora akazi no kurinda abantu.
  • Ryatumye hasohoka Amategeko arebana n’uburenganzira bw’Ikibano cy’Agaciro gashinzwe uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu, yasohotse mu mwaka wa 1866, avuga ko abantu bose bavukiye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika bari abaturage, batitaye ku bwoko.
  • Imvugo y’ivugurura yakoreshejwe mu guhihinyura amategeko yirabura (-) yabuzaga Abanyamerika bo muri Afurika umudendezo no kugendagenda mu majyepfo.
  • N’ubwo habaye amajyambere, indi mipaka zaje kugaragara mu gihe ibihugu byo mu majyepfo byabonye uburyo bushya bwo kugenzura imirimo y’abirabura no kuvanaho ubutegetsi bwa gipolitiki bw’Abirabura.

Ivugurura rya cumi n’itabiri n’irindi tsinda riharanira uburenganzira bw’abenegihugu ryo muri iki gihe

Ivugurura rya cumi n’itandatu ryatumye imiryango y’Abanyamerika yatangiye guharanira uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, kandi igashyiraho urufatiro rushingiye ku mategeko n’umuco.

Umuryango w’Abaturage Uharanira Uburenganzira bw’Ikirenga bwa Gihugu mu Byabaye mu mwaka wa 1950 no mu wa 1960

i na Bya i Bya i Bya i Bya i Byabitswe, i Ibyinjijwe byabaye nk'inyandiko y'ubwishingiro yashyizweho icyemezo cy'ubwigenge bwa kimuntu, yatsindagirijwe n'ibyemezo by'ubwigenge by'ubwigenge. Abayobozi nka Martin Luther King Jr. na Imiryango nka i Bya Byashyizwe ku i Byashyizweho isezerano ry'umudendezo w'isi yose, Kuri kurwanya, gusesanya, na gusesanya ubukungu. "Ifite ijambo", yateje imbere y'itsinda ry'amategeko y'amategeko y'Ihamezo na i, i Inzego y'Ikigabanyirizo ya Orurwe.

Imiryango yo muri iki gihe: Imiyoboro y’abantu b’ingunguru ifite icyo ivuze n’ibindi

i Imyifatire yakorewe ku i Imiryango nka Black Lives , garagaza cyane i i Gihoraho Bya Ubusumbane bw'ivanga mu i Sisitemu. Itangarubanza ry'igihano ryabaye cyo gishingiye ku gipimo cy'abashinjacyaha, i Irengayobora rya gihamana ry'abaturage, i Irengayobora ryagiye rikoreshwa mu mfungwa, i Irenganya rya gihanga ryagiye rikorwa mu rwego rw'amategeko na, Nka i in Leta Zunze Ubumwe z' akazi, abantu barenga 1. 9 miriyoni in i, Na: Bya Abiraburaburabura ku i Times i. Ingero 13 ku iheruriro ry'ubwishyuhare bw'ubwihisho:

[[: 0% S] [[: 1] () ku < > < / >) public < / > Kuri iyi Itangwa, i Umurongo: Kuva: i Kuri i Igihe Bya. i < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > Sisitemu Byakoreshejwe Nka A Bya Ivanga Igenzura, i Kuri Impera.

Ibibazo by’Amategeko n’Imipaka Mishya

Amacapa Gukomeza Kuri Igerageza i Bya i. yakorewe iyi i Kuri, Imirimo, na Indangabintu. Bya na, i Gushushanya ku UMWIKUBE 2 Kuri Bigezweho Bya. [: 0% S] v. [[:] [[:] [), i Byose Ingero Bya, public Cyangwa By' umwihariko, na i Ibindi Ibihango Kuri Akazi Gihinguranya Cyangwa By'amategeko.

  • Iyo nyungu yakoreshejwe mu gukemura ibibazo by’abacakara n’inzego z’ubuhinzi, cyane cyane mu gihe baba ari abakozi b’abimukira n’abakozi b’abahinzi.
  • Amatsinda y’abanyamabanga, urugero nk’ishyirahamwe ry’igihugu rishinzwe iby’amategeko ku butegetsi, yagiye yinginga ivugurura mu bihe byabaga bifitanye isano no gushyira hamwe mu buryo buhanikirijwe, atsindagiriza ko ibyo bintu bisabwa ari ububata nta wubishatse.
  • Iryo hinduka ritanga urufatiro rushingiye ku mategeko agenga kurwanya ibikorwa by’ubugizi bwa nabi, rigatuma leta yemera gucira urubanza abakora imirimo y’agahato no gucuruza imibonano mpuzabitsina.
  • Intiti mu by’amategeko zasuzumye niba icyo kibazo cyashoboraga kwerekezwa ku bibazo bisabwa, urugero nk’umurimo wa gisirikare cyangwa ku matorero adahembwa, n’ubwo ibyo bitekerezo bigikomeza guharirwa.

Imyifatire yo Guhuza Abantu mu Kinyejana cya 21

Ivugurura rya 13 rigifite agaciro cyane mu gihe Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika zirwana n'ubusumbane bushingiye ku moko n'ubukungu buhoraho. Umurage waryo ugaragara mu mpaka z'ubucamanza burengeranya, uburenganzira bw'abakozi n'ubucuruzi.

Gukabya no guhana Noël

Ikibazo cy'ibyago gifitanye isano na Ivugurura rya 13 ry'isi yose ni iheruriro ry'imfungwa. Inyandiko, iremerera abantu gufungwa ku bubata bwaho bwahanwa n'ubugizi bwa nabi, yashyizeho inzego y'amategeko ihatira abantu gufungwa gukora ku nyungu nke cyangwa ntibabahembwa. Mu bihugu byinshi, imirimo ya gereza ikoreshwa mu gusohora ibintu n'ibikorwa bishyamirana n'abahinzi, gatuma haboneka amafaranga menshi yo gukosora amazu.

Ibyinjijwemo amategeko ya mbere yo guhindura amategeko yabo agenga iby'ubucakara in Byose, Nka ya:.,,,,,,,,,,, na, Byose Kuri Gukuraho i Irengayobora: Kuva: Leta. Imihati i ni na Bya none Uduciro Bya kimuntu na.

Uburenganzira bw’Umurimo n’Ubucamanza bw’Uruciro

Imyifatire ya: ku Ibanga ry'ubucakara ku i gereza. Ku bihereranye n'imimerere y'akazi, kwiba, na gushyiraho imihati ku kirungo, akenshi imyitwarire y'ibyashyizwe ku itangira ry'ubwihisho. Igitekerezo cy'ubucakara" gikoreshwa n'abakoresha b'abacakara, kugira ngo barebe amasano hagati y'ibikorwa by'umuhimbyi bikoreshwa nabi n'imyifatire iteguro itejwe. Ingo zanzego zanze kwiyanga impagararira hasi cyangwa imimerere y'akazi y'ubwishake, imyifatire ikoreshwa mu rwego rw'ubukungu, na ingirangano y'amategeko y'uburenganzira bw'uburenganzira bw'ubukungu.

Ishirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Umurimo rikomeza kugurisha abantu muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika no hirya no hino ku isi, ritanga imibare ivuga ko abantu barenga miriyoni 40 ku isi hose bakorerwaho imirimo y’ubucakara yo muri iki gihe, hakubiyemo n’ishyingiranwa rya gipande. Ihuriro rya 13 n’irya Amerika ryatumye habaho urufatiro rushingiye ku mategeko agenga ibikorwa byo kubuzanya ubucuruzi, kandi Inama abayobozi bashyizeho amategeko agenga ibikorwa byo kugurisha abantu n’ubugizi bwa nabi. Imiryango nka Polariss hamwe n’inzego z'ubucakarasi (CAST) zikora ku bw'ubucakara no gufasha abahoho, zikora ku buryo bwo gusesengura abahohorwa n’amategeko byashyizweho n’uwo murimo.

Amacakubiri Ashingiye ku Rukunde n’Ubusumbane Bukomeza

Nubwo i Ivugurura rya 13 ryavuyeho, ntiryakuyeho inzego z'ubucakara bushingiye ku moko bwashyizweho. Isezerano ry'umudendezo ryashyizweho ryashyizwe hasi bitewe no kurobanura abantu ku butoni, ivangura, no guhohoteranya ubutunzi, byakomeje kurenza ikinyejana nyuma y'ishyirwaho. Bya iyi ivugurura ritararangira, ni ibigaragara mu bihari by'amoko mu butunzi, amashuri, amagara mazima, n'amategeko y'ubucamanza.

  • Iryo hinduka riba ari ikintu cy’ibutsa ko ihinduka ryemewe n’amategeko ryonyine ridahagije kugira ngo rigere ku rugero rureshya mu birebana n’imibereho y’abantu n’ubukungu, na ryo ni ngombwa.
  • Imiryango ishinzwe gukemura ibibazo by’amoko, urugero nk’ishyira ku rutonde rw’Ubucamanza Bungana n’Ubucamanza, ikoresha Ivugurura rya 13 kugira ngo ihitemo imihati ishyiraho kugira ngo ihihihishemo akarengane gashingiye ku moko no gufungwa kw’abantu benshi.
  • Iryo tegeko ritanga urufatiro rushingiye ku mategeko y’amategeko kugira ngo leta igire icyo ikora mu gukemura ivangura rishobora kuvuka, n’ubwo ritagishoboka rwose.
  • Inzego mpuzamahanga zigenga uburenganzira bw’abantu, hakubiyemo Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu, zishingiye ku mahame ahuje n’ayo aboneka mu Ivugurura rya cumi n’itandatu.

Uburyo bwo Kwigisha ku bihereranye no Kwigisha Ivugurura rya Gitatu

Abarezi bafasha abanyeshuri kumenya uko babigenza, bakagira icyo bahindura ku mateka y’uwo mwandiko, bakagira icyo bahindura ku bihereranye n’uko ibintu byagiye bihinduka, bakagira ibibazo bikomeye ku birebana n’umudendezo, ubutabera n’umurimo wa demokarasi utararangira.

Gukoresha Isomero Nyangenze

Na: Kuri i na Bya i. [[: 0% S] Amakopi Bya i ~Umwimerere, Na: Ibyabitswe, na Kuva: i Injyakuzimu., Nka i," i na Bya Abantu., ibyumweru Mbere, A na ya: i na.

i Umwandiko Bya i Na: i Kuri i Ikinyuranyo/ Itandukaniro hagati A na A Bihoraho Guhindura.... i ku in in i. Inyandiko Ifashayobora Urutonde ni OYA A Byoroheje Bya Aho bigeze: A Bya na.

Ibisubizo n’ibitekerezo binenga, bitera inkunga

Ivugurura rya 13 rituma havuka ibibazo bijyanye n'impaka n'impano. Mbese, igihano cyashyizwe mu mategeko kigomba kuvanwa mu bucakara bwa none? Ni izihe nshingano leta igomba gusohoza mu buryo bwitondewe isezerano ry’umudendezo? Ibyo bibazo ntibitanga ibisubizo byoroshye, ariko kubyivanga bifasha abanyeshuri kugira ubuhanga bwo gusesengura imitekerereze no gusobanukirwa mu buryo bwimbitse kurushaho uko amategeko asobanura.

Imishinga yo kwirangaza ishobora kuba ifite akamaro. Abanyeshuri bashobora kuba ari bo bashinzwe guhihibikanira ivugurura ryabaye mu mwaka wa 1865, cyangwa abashyigikira ihinduka rya gereza na inzego zikoreshwa mu mirimo y'imirimo. Ibikorwa bisaba abanyeshuri gusobanukirwa ibintu byinshi n'ibitekerezo bishingiye ku gihamya.

Bikoresha Ibikorana

Ibikorana i Kuri Ubuzima ya:. [[: 0% S] ni Bihari ku na A Kigaragara Bya i. Kuva: nka, i, Cyangwa i [:] [[:] [:] Kuri i Urutonde na Igisobanuro. na Amakarita Ifashayobora i Bya, i Bya i, na i Bya.

nka [[: 0% S] ku[[: 1] ["" Ibyiciro na [[:]] [[: 3] Kuva: in - Ubujyakuzimu Igerageza Bya i Imizi Bya Ivanga Ubusumbane in i. Ibikorana: na Igikubo Icyinjijwe Utudomo ya: Na: Imisusire.

na

Rimwe Bya i Ibyiciro Bikomeye Kuri i ni Kuri Kuri. Ibyatanzwe ku iboherwamo abantu benshi, kuganira ku mihati iriho yo kurangiza imirimo ya gereza, Cyangwa igenzura amarenga y'ubucuruzi ya kimuntu, bifasha abanyeshuri kubona ko ivugurura ry'ibicuruzwa by'abantu atari inyandiko y'amateka, ahubwo ko ari inyandiko nzima ikomeza kuba ingirakamaro. Imishinga ikorana n'imishinga y'ubucamanza ishinzwe imyitwarire irebana n'amategeko y'amategeko cyangwa ibuzanya kwangiza abantu, bishobora guha abanyeshuri amahirwe yo kwifatanya n'ibyo bibazo.

[[: 0%] Ibikorana na A in,, i Urutonde Bya ivanga Kuva: Kuri. Icyegeranyo ku i Bya na i ya: n'Isubizaho A Bitangizwa: A ya: i Nka Inzira% s Bya A Kinini Bya na.

Umwanzuro: Umurimo Udafite Umudendezo Waciwe

: i Bya i Bya i Bya i Bya i, na i Bya i Bya i, na i, i Bya i Bya i Bya i. i Bya i Bya i, na i Bya i Bya i. i Bya i Bya i, na, na, i Bya i, na. i Bya i, na.

Gusobanukirwa i Ivugurura rya 13 risaba kwemera agaciro karyo kanini cyane n'inshingano zigaragara cyane. Byari ngombwa ariko ntibihagije kugira ngo habeho ivangura n'ubukungu bingana. Umurimo wo kubaka umuryango w'abantu uhuza n'isezerano ry'umudendezo ushingiye ku isi yose ukomeza muri iki gihe. Abarezi, kwigisha i Ivugurura rya cumi na gatatu ry'imbonerahamwe, si uburyo bwo gusesengura amateka, ni ubutumire ku banyeshuri kugira ngo babe abaturage bamenya n’abashyizwemo ibyeyija imbere, bashobora gusohoza umurimo w’ubutabera utarangiye.

Umurage w'ibyashyizwe ku Ivugurura rya 13 utwibutsa ko umudendezo utazigera ushyirwaho rimwe na rimwe. Ugomba kuburanirwa, gusobanurwa, no kwaguka muri buri runganwe. Binyuriye mu kwiga amateka yaryo, ingaruka zaryo, n'akamaro karyo gakomeza, twe n’abanyeshuri bacu, tuduha ibidutunga kugira ngo twifatanye mu buryo bufatika muri uwo mushinga w’ingenzi wa demokarasi.