Table of Contents

Comment= Kuvuga nta cyo ukivuze ni kimwe mu by'ibanze mu miryango ya demokarasi ikikije isi. Bisobanura kugaragaza ibitekerezo bya kimuntu bitangwa na ruhame, bidafite igenzura, cyangwa bishyizwe mu igenzura rya leta.

Isoko y’Amateka y’Umudendezo wo Kuvuga

Ivugurura rya Mbere ry’Amateka yo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika rigira riti “nta tegeko na rimwe rizashyiraho ku bihereranye no gushyiraho idini, cyangwa kubuza abantu kwitoza gukoresha idini ku buntu; cyangwa kugabanya umudendezo wo kuvuga, cyangwa wo gusohora ibinyamakuru; cyangwa uburenganzira bw’abantu bwo guteranira hamwe mu mahoro, no gusaba ubutegetsi ko hashyirwaho inzigo z’ibibazo." Umwandiko w’ibanze, ugizwe n’amagambo 45 gusa, wahinduye demokarasi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika mu gihe cy’ibinyejana bibiri, kandi ukomeza kugira uruhare mu kurinda abantu batura ku burenganzira bwabo bwo kuvuga.

Mu mizo ya mbere, ishyira ku butegetsi bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ivugurura rya Mbere ryashyizwe ku isomero rya 14, na Urukiko Rukuru rutanga icyemezo cy'uko iryo hinduka rikubiyemo uburinzi bwa mbere bwa Leta (-Franderal, Leta, na) n’iy’iwacu, ryagombye kubahwa ku burenganzira bwo kuvuga. Uko kwiyongera kwabaye nk'uburemerere, kwahinduye uburyo bwo kuvuga burebana n'uburenganzira bwaho bwo kuvuga bwahagaritswe hirya no hino muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.

Kuva mu mwaka wa 1920, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwatangiye gusoma Ivugurura rya Mbere mu buryo bwagutse kurushaho, kandi iyo myifatire yariyongereye mu myaka ya 1960, igahabwa uburinzi bwemewe n’amategeko butangwa n'Ivugurura rya Mbere, ubu rifite imbaraga kurusha mbere hose mu mateka yacu.

Ni ayahe magambo umugabane wa mbere w’isi urinda?

Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwemeye ko umugabane wa Mbere w’Ivugurura urinda abantu buri muntu ku giti cye n’abantu bose, “kugira ngo bakurikirane imyanya itandukanye ya gipolitiki, imibanire y’imibereho, ubukungu, amashuri, imyizerere n’umuco. ”

Bya imvugo

Ivugurura rya Mbere ririnda amagambo yavuzwe, amagambo yanditswe n’ayakoreshwaga mu mvugo y’ikigereranyo, kandi rigakora ibikorwa bihuje n’ibyo umuntu avuga, ibyo yambara, ibyo yambara cyangwa ibyo yambara muri rusange birindwa n’Impeta y’Ubwami ya mbere.

A By' ingirakamaro Icyiciro Bya imvugo Birinzwe. in V. () Ibendera ni A Ifishi% S: Bya "" Birinzwe ku i. Imyifatire, ATARIIGIHARWE Ryari: Cyangwa Icyuhoho Kuri, A & Ubutumwa.

Uburenganzira bw'umwirabura bwo kwambara imikugazo ku ishuri kugira ngo bivugirwe ishyamiranye intambara, bwarinzwe munsi y'ihame ry'uko "Abigishwa badasesa uburenganzira bwabo ku irembo ry'ishuri." iyi ihame rivanywe kuri Tinker v. Des Moines ryahindutse imfuruka y'uburenganzira bw'umwigishwa bwo kuvuga mu bihe by'ishuri.

Amagambo ya politiki: Icegeranyo cy’Ibanga rya Mbere ryo Kurinda

Urukiko rwamaze igihe kirekire rubona ko amagambo ya gipolitiki n’ibitekerezo bya rubanda ari yo y’ibanze y’Ivugurura rya Mbere, hakubiyemo n’amagambo arebana n'imyifatire ya "politiki, gukunda igihugu by’agakabyo, idini cyangwa ibindi bibazo bifitanye isano n’imyizerere." imvugo ya gipolitiki ihabwa uburinzi buhanitse cyane kubera ko ari ingenzi kugira ngo abantu bigire uruhare mu birebana na demokarasi kandi bagire icyo bibaza.

Ubutegetsi ntibushobora kubuza abantu kuvuga uko babona ibintu ku bibazo bya rubanda cyangwa gusesengura ibikorwa by’abategetsi, kubera ko ibyo bishobora gutuma abaturage badahabwa ibisobanuro n’ibitekerezo bitandukanye, kandi bigatuma batabasha kubona ubutumwa n’ibitekerezo bitandukanye.

Isesengura ubutegetsi, kutemerwa na politiki no gutsimbarara ku bitekerezo abantu badashobora kugirira neza, cyangwa kubuza abantu gukurikiza politiki, hafi ya buri gihe biba birinzwe n’Ivugurura rya Mbere.

Amagambo ababaza kandi yanga

Iteka rya Mbere ririnda abantu kuvuga amagambo adakwiriye, nubwo abantu batekereza ko ibitekerezo byavuzwe ari bibi, ari iby’ubwiyandarike cyangwa ko byangwa n’urwango.

Urukiko Rukuru rwafashe umwanzuro w'ibyifuzo "" ni Byarinzwe, in Ibyiciro Bya Ibyiciro Bishyigikira Urugomo, OYA Kuri Biturutse Ako kanya Urugomo ni Birinzwe. Ubu buryo butandukanye mu buryo bwihariye n’andi mahanga agenga demokarasi arwanya imvugo.

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, amagambo yangwa abera mu buryo bukomeye mu gihe cy’Ivugurura rya Mbere, ashingiye ku gitekerezo cy’uko nta ruhare rukwiriye rwa leta rugira rwo kurinda abantu ibitekerezo n’ibitekerezo babona ko bidakwiriye, bidakwiriye, cyangwa se ko byanabababaza cyane, bitewe n’uruhare rwa leta, rwo kurinda mu buryo bwagutse umudendezo w’abantu badafite umudendezo wo kuvuga, bashyiraho imihati kugira ngo batume ibitekerezo byabo bineshwa n’abandi kandi bivuguruzanya, kandi bitera abantu inkunga yo kugira impakankane ku bibazo bireba abandi, ndetse n’iyo impakanerizo zigatuma bagira impunge cyangwa bakumva ko bafite inzitizire, cyangwa batinya.

Gusobanukirwa imipaka: Kudakoresha imvugo

N’ubwo imigabane ya mbere y'Ivugurura ari minini, ntiyihariye. Ivugurura rya Mbere ry'Amateka ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ririnda "umudendezo wo kuvuga," ariko uburinzi ntibufite umupaka. Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwavumbuye indi mikoro mito y’imvugo iburamo ubwihisho inyuma y'uburinzi bwihishwe.

Yateye abantu inkunga yo gukora ibintu bidahuje n’amategeko

Ivugurura rya mbere ntiririnda abantu gushishikariza abantu kwica amategeko, ku buryo bakwiriye gukora ibikorwa by'urugomo, na: i in. "ingwati y'ikigo gikuru cy'ubwigenge na Kanda, ntiyemerera A Kuri Cyangwa Kubuzanya Bya i Koresha Cyangwa Bya Bya imyanya Cyangwa Bya amategeko, ni Kuri Cyangwa Igikorwa cy'amategeko na ni Kuri Guteranya + Cyangwa Igikorwa.

A ejuru Umurongo ya: ku Kuri Igikorwa. Kuri Igikorwa na Kuri Igikorwa. Bya Umurimo, i na Ibisabwa, Birinzwe.

Ibyago Nyakuri

Mu rubanza rwa vuba aha rusuzuma "ibyago by'ukuri", i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rusobanura ibintu by'ukuri bidashobora kwiringirwa, ibyihishemo amagambo i i Gutanga igisobanuro Kuri amwe mu magambo y'intego y'impamvu y'impanuka y'urugomo rutemewe n'amategeko ku muntu ubwe cyangwa Itsinda ry'abantu. Impagararo y'ibanze ni ibyifuzo by'ihitisha ihorwa, ndetse n'iyo badashaka gusohoza impanuka.

Gukangisha umuntu mu buryo bwizewe, nta bwo ari amagambo yiringirwa, kandi leta ishobora kugira icyo ibikoraho mu gihe umuntu ushyira mu gaciro aramutse yizeye ko ibyo bintu ari ukuri.

Amagambo arwanya

Itangira i - "- Amagambo" Irengayobora: Kuri i in., iyi Irengayobora: KURI Igihe. Birinzwe NIBA ni Cyangwa na Amagambo.

Amagambo, Nka ku i, ni "[S] Kuri Guteranya + Bya i" ku A, Birebire Nka ni A ", Ryari: Kuri i, ni, Nka A Bya, Kuri A," Na: Kuri "Kuri i Bya i" na "Kuri Nka A 'Bya bwite'."

Imikemurire

Kubeshya ku bihereranye n’umuntu ku buryo yabangamira izina ryabo (iyo banditse, gusebanya mu gihe bavugaga) bishobora kubakururira ingaruka z’amategeko, nk’uko gusebya bidarinzwe n'Ivugurura rya Mbere. Icyakora, amategeko yo gusenya akubiyemo uburinzi bw’ingenzi ku magambo akoreshwa mu ruhame, bisaba ibimenyetso by’ubugome nyakuri mu bihe byinshi.

Ukugira agaciro

Leta ishobora kuyobora ibikoresho biteye isoni, mu buryo bwihariye bidafite agaciro kanini mu by'inyandiko, mu by’ubugeni, mu bya politiki cyangwa mu bya siyansi, n’ubwo abantu bakuru benshi bashyiramo ibintu bitaba biteye isoni birinzwe n’Ivugurura rya Mbere. Ibigerageza byemewe n'amategeko bigamije guhumanya ibintu, byashinzwe muri Miller na Kaliforuniya, bisaba ko ibintu bishishikaza abantu, bibangamira ibintu mu buryo bwemewe, kandi bikaba bidafite agaciro gakomeye.

Andi Matsinda Atarinzwe

Amatsinda y’imvugo ahabwa uburinzi buke cyangwa buke n'ubundi buke bwigarurirwa n'Isohorezo rya Mbere (nabwo rero, bishobora kubuzanywa) bikubiyemo ibikorwa bya porunogarafiya, porunogarafiya, amagambo atuma habaho ibikorwa binyura ku mategeko atemewe n’amategeko, amagambo arenga ku mategeko y’iby’ubukungu, ibitezo by’ukuri, n’amagambo y’ubucuruzi, urugero nk’amatangazo. Buri muryango wagiye usobanurwa mu buryo bwitonderwa mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga.

Uko inkiko zirinda abantu kuvuga nta cyo bishisha

Icyo kibazo gikomeje guhihibikanwa, kigaragaza ukuntu gushyira mu bikorwa amahame agenga amategeko y’amategeko mu buryo buvuguruzanya uburyo bwo gushyikirana n’imimerere irebana n’imibereho y’abantu, ari na byo bivuguruzanya.

Inzego z’Ubucamanza

Ihuriro rya mbere ry'Icyegeranyo ryatangiye mu gihe cya none, ryagiye rikururwa ku ishyirwaho ry'isuzuma ry'amategeko rishingiye ku ifatiro ry'ifashizo ry'ifashishwa (icy'ibanze cy'amategeko), rikabije gusesengura mu buryo butajenjetse (ihame rigoye cyane rya leta kwishyura). urwego rw'isuzuma ryakoreshejwe rishingiye ku miterere y'imvugo na uko ubutegetsi burimo buyigenzura.

Urukiko rugenzura ibintu mu buryo bwitondewe, bishobora kuba bikoreshwa mu gusesengura amategeko agenga imvugo irinzwe, hakurikijwe igitekerezo gishingiyeho, ni ukuvuga ingingo cyangwa ubutumwa bukubiyemo, rugasuzuma mu buryo butajenjetse, rugasuzuma ihame rigoye cyane leta yahazaniye, kubera ko rukeneye igihamya cy’uko amategeko ari bwo buryo buciriritse buke bwo guteza imbere inyungu za leta zishishikaza.

, Amategeko agenga imvugo ku Ibirimo: (i., Ikivugwaho:,, Cyangwa) Akira Isuzuma ritajenjetse, ya: Bya (G., IGIKUBO), Akira Igenabihe. Itandukanya i Reba - Ibirimo: Amabwiriza i Kuri Kigenga imvugo.

-. -

Amategeko ashingiye ku byo umuntu avuga muri rusange ntahuje n'amategeko. Leta ntishobora gushyigikira ibitekerezo bimwe na bimwe cyangwa abayoboke b'abandi mu gihe igenzura. Abayobozi ba leta n’abategetsi ba leta babujijwe gushyiriraho amategeko cyangwa gushyiraho imipaka imvugo cyangwa ikindi gihamya gishingiye ku byo irimo cyangwa ku mitekerereze yayo.

, Ibirimo: - isura Birutwa Isubiramo. ku OYA i Ibirimo: Bya i Birenzeho Kuri Isesengura i, Nka "Igihe,, na" Amabwiriza, Na: Ibirimo: - i Ingano: na Ishyira mu mwanya Bya ku Indangakintu:, Cyangwa i Indanganturo na Ingano: Bya, i amasaha Ryari: Gufata, Cyangwa i Igice Bya - Amapareye.

, A Amabwiriza:, Ibirimo -, Kuri i & Ubutumwa; ISEGONDA, Kuri A Leta, Nka Umutekano public; na, i Gufungura ya: Kuri & Ubutumwa.

Bya Ibivugwaho

Nanone kandi, imimerere ikikije ibyo ubutegetsi butegeka mu bihereranye no kuvuga ni iy’ingenzi, kubera ko Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwashyizeho ibizamini byihariye cyangwa amabwiriza arebana no gusuzuma ko amategeko agenga ijambo ry’umwigishwa abuzanya amabwiriza mu mashuri, ko abakoresha bahabwa igihano cyo kuvuga, n’amategeko agenga abashobora kuvuga ku bintu by’umutungo wa leta.

Inzego za mbere z'Ivugurura zirinda buhoro ubutegetsi, hakubiyemo amashuri ya leta n'andi mahuriro ya leta. Muri iyo mimerere, inshingano ya leta yo kuba umwigisha cyangwa umukoresha ishyigikira ubundi butware buciriritse bugenga imvugo idashobora gukurikizwa mu mishinga ya rubanda.

Uruhare rw’Inzego mu Gurinda Amagambo Adafite Umudendezo

Inkiko ni zo zishinzwe mbere na mbere kurinda uburenganzira bwo kuvuga, zigasobanura amategeko agenga amategeko y’amategeko, kandi zikamenya igihe amategeko ya leta yabuzanyaga amategeko agenga iby’ubutaka.

Isuzuma ry’Icyacamanza n’Inshingano

Iryo suzuma risaba gushyira mu bikorwa amahame akwiriye atangwa n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga, kandi akenshi risaba gushyira ayo mahame mu bikorwa ku birebana n’ibitekerezo bishya n’abapfumu, hagakoreshwa indi mitekerereze yo gusesengura ibitekerezo ku bushake, kugira ngo haboneke amahame akwiriye arebana n’amategeko ahitiwe, cyangwa igikorwa cya leta, mu gihe umuntu ushinzwe guharanira ko ibintu bivuguruzwa mu buryo bwa mbere cyangwa ngo yiregurwe mu rukiko rw’abakiko.

Gufata umwanzuro w'ibibibi n'ibibibibibibibibibibitswe ku nkiko z'amategeko. Ubutegetsi bw'amategeko butuma abatware ba leta badashobora kwiyemeza neza icyo imvugo yemewe, biyemeza neza ibibazo bitangwa ku buntu bwo kuvuga byakira isubiramo ryigenga ku ijanjakwica.

Imyanzuro Ikomeye y’Urukiko

Imyanzuro y'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga yagiye igenda yagura uko igihe cyagiye gihita. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro mu rukiko rwa Bantam Ibitabo by'inyandiko na Sullivan, w'utanga umwanzuro w'uko leta idashobora guteza akaga ko kugira ingaruka ku mvugo kandi ko yashyigikiye iyo ngingo mu macamanza yakurikiyeho.

Mu buryo bwitondewe, Minnesota (1931) na New York Times Co na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika (1971), Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Mbere rwafashe umwanzuro w’uko Ivugurura ryabaye inzitizi mbere y'aho ribuzanya kugenzura imyanya y'iperereza (/* hafi ya zose. Izo myanzuro zagaragaje ko ubutegetsi bufite umutwaro uremereye ukabije igihe bugerageza kubuza ko hasohoka mbere y’uko bwandikwa.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga yongeye kwemeza ko uburenganzira bwo kwakira amakuru ari uburenganzira bw'ibanze bwirinzwe munsi y'Ishingiro rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, igihe yasuzumaga niba itsinda ry'abayobozi ry' ishuri rya hafi ryarenze ku ihame ry'amategeko, bivanye mu bitabo, byiyemeje ko "uburenganzira bwo kwakira ibitekerezo ari ngombwa ku buryo uwabihawe akwiriye gukoresha uburenganzira bwe bw’ingirakamaro bwo kuvuga, gusinda, no kugira umudendezo wa gipolitiki."

Gushyira mu gaciro Igerageza na Amahame

Ndetse n’igihe ubutegetsi butegeka ibyo umuntu yigomwa kuvuga, urukiko rusuzuma ikibazo cy'Ivugurura rya Mbere, rushobora gufata umwanzuro w'uko iryo tegeko rihuje n'Impera ya Mbere niba rishyigikiwe n’inyungu za leta zihagije hamwe n’uburyo bukwiriye bwo kubikora. Inkiko zigomba gusuzumana ubwitonzi inyungu zigamije kurushanwa, zirebe agaciro k’imvugo n’impamvu leta ikwiriye ifitiye abantu.

ni Oya Rimwe - Ingano: - Byose Igerageza ya: A Amabwiriza Na: i. Kuri Kuri Kuri ya: Kigenga imvugo.

A Ivugurura

Iryo tegeko rigenga umudendezo rikubiyemo itandukaniro riri hagati y’amategeko ya leta n’ibikorwa by’ubwiherero.

Icyo Leta Ikora

Hari indi ngingo y’ingenzi yabuzanyaga ubutegetsi gushyiraho amategeko agenga imvugo ya bwite, ibuzanya amagambo ashyizweho n’imiryango yigenga, kandi leta ikaba ishyiraho imipaka ku birebana n’imvugo yayo bwite, ubusanzwe ikaba idashyira mu bikorwa Ivugurura rya Mbere.

Ivugurura rya Mbere ribuza leta kubuza abantu kuvuga amagambo runaka, kandi ntiribuza abantu cyangwa abacuruzi kuvuga amagambo ashyizweho.

Ibitangazamakuru n’ibishushanyo by’abantu

Amatsinda manini, nka Amashyirahamwe y' amakuru y' amakuru, muri rusange ni inzego z' umwihariko na Byanze ibikubiyemo, Konti, Cyangwa Bishyizwe ku rutonde rw'amategeko y'umurimo, Na: Ibikorwa, akenshi bitanyuzwe, kuba imyitozo y'inyandiko y'uruhuka na OYA ku i Ivugurura rya Mbere. Abakoresha b'ibigo by'Ikigo by'ubwigenge ntibagira uburenganzira buturutse ku nyirabo bwo kuvuga ku i platifomu ubwabyo.

Ivugurura rya Mbere ririnda abaturage kugenzura ubutegetsi, ariko ntiryerekeza ku bantu bashinzwe gukina amasenema, urugero nk’abakoresha babo cyangwa amashyirahamwe ashinzwe inzego zigenga imiyoboro y’imibereho y’abantu, ibyo bikaba bisobanura ko isosiyete yigenga ishobora guturira umukozi mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, ingaruka zashoboraga kuba zitemewe iyo umukoresha wayo aba ari ubutegetsi.

Imishinga ya leta n’abakora ibikorwa bya leta

Inzego za leta nka Iowa zigendera ku birego by'amategeko bishyizwe mu itangiriro ry'amategeko, byombi mu mategeko ya mbere n'amategeko, kandi bishobora kudaca ku mudendezo w'umuntu ku giti cye. Ibyo bisobanura ko amashuri ya leta na za kaminuza agomba kubaha uburenganzira bwo kuvuga nta kiguzi mu buryo imiryango yigenga itarasabwa kubikora.

Nubwo mu buryo bwihariye inyandiko yemewe n’amategeko ibuza Inteko Nshinga Amategeko kubuza abantu gutangira umudendezo wo kuvuga no gusohora itangazamakuru, Ivugurura rya Mbere rireba abantu bose bashinzwe gukina amafilimi mu rwego rwa leta, muri leta no mu karere k’iwabo.

Imvugo in imyandikire

Gusobanukirwa uko ayo magambo anyuranye akoreshwa biterwa n’imimerere n’imishyikirano iri hagati y’utanga disikuru na leta.

Amagambo y’abanyeshuri mu mashuri

Abanyeshuri bafite uburenganzira bwo kuvuga mu buryo bwihariye mu bihereranye n’inyigisho, n’ubwo ubwo burenganzira butari bumeze nk’ubw’abantu bakuru bashinzwe ku mugaragaro mu mazu y’akataraboneka.

Iyo kaminuza ishobora guhitamo mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro igihe, ahantu n’uburyo bwo kuvuga kugira ngo itangire neza ibikorwa bisanzwe bya kaminuza.

Icyakora, amashuri ashobora gushyiraho amategeko amwe n’amwe adashobora gukurikizwa mu bindi bijyanye n’imyifatire. Abigisha bashobora guhanwa ku bihereranye no kuvuga amagambo atera abanyeshuri inkunga yo kwishora mu bikorwa bitemewe n'amategeko cyangwa bidakwiriye.

Ikiganiro

Mu gihe cy’amategeko agenga ibibazo by’impimbano ya mbere, leta ifite ubutware bwagutse cyane bwigenga mu byo abakoresha bayo bavuga. Abakozi ba leta ntibatakaza uburenganzira bwose bwo kuvuga nta cyo buvuze, ahubwo baterwa inkunga n’uko umukoresha we arekura ko ashyiraho amategeko adahuje na politiki, mu gihe yaba ashyiriweho kugengwa na rubanda muri rusange.

Ivugurura rya Mbere ntiribuza ikigo cya leta gusaba umukozi kuzigama ibanga ry'ibigega by' amakuru, ya: Urugero, nubwo iyi ari inzitizi ishingiye ku magambo arangajwe n'ibikubiyemo. Imishyikirano y'akazi ituma abantu barushaho gushishikarira ibintu byemewe, mu ibanga, na mu mwumvikano w’akazi, bitanga impamvu ibyemezo byo kuvuga.

Amazu ya leta n’imyitwarire y’abantu

Mu bibuga bya rusange, nka mu nzira z'ubwihisho, na mu mazu ya leta, indimi yawe ni irinzwe cyane, nubwo leta ishobora gushyiraho igihe, aho ijya, na mu buryo bwabyo ibuzanya amagambo kugira ngo bitume abantu badahagarika gahunda. Amazu ya rusange ahabwa uburinzi buhebuje bwa gihanga bwa gihanga bw'umurimo.

Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwashyizeho imyitwarire itandukanya hagati y' ihuriro ry'Ikirenga, amazu ya rusange yagenwe, imyitwarire ya rubanda, na imbuga z'imikino zidafite aho zihuriye na leta. itsinda rimwe na rimwe ryigira imigabane inyuranye y'uburinzi, na mu ruhame rusanzwe, nka amabara n'ubusitani, bihabwa uburinzi bukomeye cyane kurusha ubundi ku bw'imiringo y'ivuga.

Imvugo y'Ikicuruzi

. - A Cyangwa Kuri i na i Ubukungu - - BYAhawe Birutwa Uburinzi Ikindi Amafishi Bya Birinzwe. i Reba imvugo,, ni Birutwa Kuri - Bijyanye na politiki.

Uburinzi bwo kuvuga bukoreshwa mu rugero ruto cyane mu kwamamaza, cyane cyane iyo iyo iyobye abantu, mu gihe hakoreshejwe Ivugurura rya Mbere, ntibubuza leta kubuza abamamaza ibishuko biyobya abantu, n’ubwo ubutegetsi bushobora kuba budashobora kubuza abantu kuvuga amagambo ya gipolitiki ashobora kubayobya.

Ibibazo byo kuvuga nta cyo bivuze

Imibanire y'Ikigo cya none ishyiraho ibibazo bishya kandi bikemura ibibazo by'uburenganzira bwo kuvuga. Amateka y'amategeko agomba gushyirirwaho amahame mbwirizamuco ashingiye ku buryo bw'ifashizo, binyuriye ku miyoboro ya elegitoroniki, amakuru y'uruhu, na iterambere ry'ubuhanga.

Na

i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga (Reno na ACLU), i Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwafashe umwanzuro w'uko i Interineti ikwiriye kurindwa mu buryo bwuzuye nk' kohereza ubutumwa bw' imyandikire. Icyemezo cyemewe ko kuri interineti irinzwe n' amategeko, kwanga impaka za za za rugariro ruke rushingiye ku buryo bwo gushyikirana.

i Igenzura i Ibirimo: ku na Webu, i Ibirimo: ku, Bwite Cyangwa Itsinda Amapaji, Cyangwa,, Cyangwa, Icyo ari cyo cyose Birenzeho, Na: OYA Kuri Gucapa Ibikubiyemo, Ibanga & Ubutumwa. Kuri Kuri kiri kuri interineti imvugo.

Amakuru y' ikinyoma

Gukwirakwiza amakuru y’ibinyoma kuri interineti, bitera inzitizi zikomeye ku mateka. Muri rusange, ibinyoma birindwa, uretse gusenya, amatangazo y’ibinyoma, ububeshyi, no kubeshya mu gihe leta ikomeza gushyirwaho, n’ibinyoma byakozwe nkana, bishaka kuvuga ko ubutegetsi burinzwe mu buryo bwuzuye.

Ikibazo cy'ihihihibikano gishingiye ku gukemura amakosa yangiza mu gihe dukomeza kurinda isoko ry’ibitekerezo no kubuza leta gusesengura. Amateka agomba gutuma abaturage bashishikazwa n’amakuru aboneye, bashyira hamwe n’ihame ry’ibanze ry’uko ubutegetsi bugomba kutagira icyo buhindura ku bitekerezo by’abaturage bashobora kubivuga cyangwa guhabwa.

Kubuzwa amahwemo no gukoresha nabi interineti

Kaminuza ishobora kubuza umuntu kuvuga amagambo ashyira umugayo ku muntu runaka; akaba ari akaga nyako cyangwa akababaro; kandi birashoboka ko yatuma akora igikorwa kinyuranyije n’amategeko, cyangwa se akaba arenga ku mategeko.

Amategeko ashingiye ku mategeko agomba gutandukanya amagambo asesereza ahora arinzwe n’ayo guhangayikishwa by’ukuri, agera ku bantu mu buryo bw’uko baba babangamiye abantu cyangwa bagatuma ahantu harangwa n’ubugome mu mimerere runaka, urugero nk’akazi cyangwa amashuri.

Imbaraga zo gukemura amagambo

Mu myaka ya vuba aha, umudendezo wagiye usuzumwa cyane; uhereye ku impaka zihereranye no kwigomeka ku mashuri ya kaminuza, ukagera no ku bibazo bya leta ku bihereranye no kwihorera abanyamakuru n’abaharanira ko ibintu bihinduka.

Amashuri yiga muri rusange ahanganye n’ibibazo byihariye, kubera ko agomba kubaha uburenganzira bwa mbere bwo gusubizwaho imitekerereze, mu gihe asohoza inshingano ze zo kwigisha no gukomeza umutekano, inzego z’uburere zikubiyemo abantu biga.

Uko Ibindi Bivuga Bishingiye ku Burenganzira bw’Ikinyabupfura

N’ubwo iyo mpamyabumenyi yerekeza mbere na mbere ku butegetsi bwo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika, gusobanukirwa uburyo mpuzamahanga bwo kuvuga nta cyo butwaye bitanga ku mimerere y’ingirakamaro.

Uburyo bwo Kugereranya Imvugo

Buri kindi gihugu kirekura ko imvugo igenga ibintu, kandi mu by’ukuri, ibuzanywa ku gitekerezo cy’uko idakomeza amahame agenga uko umuntu ashatse kuvuga, kandi ko idahuje n’andi mahame y’ibanze y’umuryango w’abantu. Urugero, demokarasi nyinshi z’u Burayi zirwanya urwango n'imyivumbagatanyo, zigaragaza imanza zitandukanye ku bihereranye n’uko umuntu yashyira mu gaciro ku birebana n’icyubahiro n’uburinganire.

:, na. Ibinyuranyo. i in Icyo ari cyo cyose Sisitemu ya: i Kuri Kigenga na i - in.

Amategeko Mpuzamahanga Arebana n’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu

Ibikoresho mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga by’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, hakubiyemo Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu n’Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga ku Burenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu, yemerera umudendezo wo kuvuga ko ari uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwa kimuntu.

Iyo mishinga mpuzamahanga igize ingaruka ku kuntu inkiko n’amanama mashya bifata ibibazo byo kuvuga bidafite umudendezo, bikaba byaratumye habaho ikiganiro ku isi hose ku bihereranye n’urugero rukwiriye hamwe n’imipaka ikwiriye y’umudendezo wa demokarasi mu miryango y’abantu.

Ibitabo by’Ingenzi Bigenewe Abanyagihugu

Kumenya uburyo bwo kwirinda umudendezo wo kuvuga bikubiyemo ibintu by’ingenzi bishobora gufasha abaturage mu birebana n’uko bakoresha uburenganzira bwabo no gukoresha amategeko mu mibereho yabo ya buri munsi.

Kumenya Uburenganzira bwawe

Gusobanukirwa icyo Iteka rya Mbere ririnda ni iby’ingenzi cyane kurusha ikindi gihe cyose.

Kumenya aho uburenganzira bwo kuvuga bugarukira, bishobora gufasha abaturage gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo mu buryo burangwa no kubaha uburenganzira bw’abandi no kumvira amategeko yemewe n’amategeko.

Gusubiza amagambo ababaza

Louis Brandeis Umucamanza w' Urukiko Rukuru rwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, aha abantu baba mu gihugu cya Amerika inama yo gukemura amacakubiri ashingiye ku mahame n’imyizerere yabo binyuriye ku "kwagura amagambo menshi, OYA guhatira umuntu guceceka." iri hame ryumvikanisha ko igisubizo gikwiriye mu magambo umuntu abonye ko adakwiriye, ari ubusanzwe ari ukuvuguruza aho kubagenzura.

Abaturage bashobora kurwanya ibitekerezo bibabaza binyuriye ku mvugo yabo bwite, kwigomeka mu mahoro, kudohoka, n’ubundi buryo bwo kuvuga amagambo anyuranye.

Gushaka Inzandiko Zihuje n’Amategeko

Iyo imiryango ya leta yishe uburenganzira bwo kuvuga nta cyo bivuze, abaturage bashobora gushinja amategeko.

Imiryango igizwe n’Amatsinda y’Amashyirahamwe y’Ibihugu Bishinzwe Impuhwe z’Abanyamerika hamwe n’andi matsinda aharanira uburenganzira bw’abaturage, rimwe na rimwe bitanga ubutunzi, kandi rimwe na rimwe bigaha uburenganzira bwemewe n’amategeko ku bantu baregwa uburenganzira bwabo bwo kuvuga nta cyo bashaka.

Igihe kizaza kirangwa no kwirinda kuvuga nta cyo wishisha

Mu gihe inkiko zihanganye n’ubuhanga bushya, zigahindura imitekerereze y’abantu n’imyitwarire y’abantu, hashobora kubaho ibibazo byinshi.

Ubuhanga na Gishya

Ikoranabuhanga rihuza abantu, urugero nk’ubuhanga bwijimye, ibibaho nyabyo, n'ibitabo bishya by' amakuru, bizatanga ibibazo bishya ku bihereranye n’ukuntu amahame agenga umudendezo yo kuvuga ashyirwa mu bikorwa.

Ku birebana n'ibikubiyemo gushyira mu gaciro, ubusitani, na Indimi zihihibikanira ibyiciro by’umuco na inkiko zisaba ko amahame agenga amategeko agenga iby’ikoranabuhanga ahuza n’ibintu bidashoboka ko abayakoresha babyitega.

Ivugurura rya leta rishingiye ku itangazamakuru

Ihinanzira ku na Leta Bigenga Ishyira mu mwanya Bijyanye n' Imyifatire Ibikorwa. Igerageza i hagati Umukoresha,, na Igenzura.

ya: Kinini Nka Cyangwa public Ibyerekeye i hagati By' umwihariko, Umukoresha, na Ingenga in i & Y' imibare.

Jya ushyira mu gaciro mu gihe ukoresha ubundi burenganzira ufite bwo kuvuga

Intambwe zikomeza guhangana n’uburyo bwo gushyira mu gaciro ku bihereranye no kuvugana umudendezo n’izindi nshingano z'ingenzi, hakubiyemo ubwihisho, uburinganiso, na umutekano. Ibyo bibazo si bishya, ahubwo ni bishya mu mimerere mishya ikikije iyi.

i Kuri Byo hasi Agaciro: ni Ibikorwa ya: "Bya Ibanga" ("": na i, Nka ya: ku i "" Ibisobanuro: Bigyanye Ikindi. i Inyandiko nshinga Kuri Uduciro.

Dukore umuco wo kuvuga nta cyo twishisha

Nubwo ari iby’ingenzi ko turinda abantu kugira ngo bagire umudendezo wo kuvuga, ntiduhagije kugira ngo dukomeze kugira umuco ukomeye wo kwishyira mu mwanya w’abandi, abaturage, imiryango n’abaturage, byose bigira uruhare rukomeye mu gutuma abantu bashyikirana n’abandi, aho bashobora kugaragariza ibitekerezo bitandukanye kandi bakajya impaka.

Uruhare rw’Abaturage

Imiryango y'umuryango w'abenegihugu, amashyirahamwe y'uburezi, ibitangazamakuru, na Amatsinda y'umuryango mpuzamahanga, bifasha mu kurema ibibanza byashyingirwaho ibiganiro na impaka.

Abahanga mu by’imirimo, inzego zishinzwe kugenzura amashuri n’indi miryango, bashobora gukurikiza amategeko n’imirimo bishyigikira imvugo yo gushyikirana nta kiguzi, kandi binatuma abantu baganira mu buryo burangwa no kubahana no kugirana na bo ibitekerezo bihuje n’ubwenge mu gihe batumvikana.

Uburezi n'ubuhanga mu binyamakuru

Kwiga ibirebana n’amahame agenga umudendezo wo kuvuga, ibyo gusoma no gutekereza neza, bifasha abaturage kumenya aho amakuru aherereye muri iki gihe.

Amashuri, ububiko bw’ibitabo n’imirya y’imiyoboro y’umuryango bishobora gutanga ubutunzi na porogaramu bifasha abantu kwitoza ubwo buhanga, bishyigikira ubushobozi bwa buri muntu ku giti cye n’ubwo bukoreshwa na demokarasi.

Inshingano ya buri muntu ku giti cye

N’ubwo amategeko arinda uburenganzira bwo kuvuga amagambo arangwa n’umudendezo, abantu ku giti cyabo bafite inshingano yo guhitamo kuba abantu bubaha, bagatega amatwi ibitekerezo bitandukanye, kandi bagatanga imfashanyo mu buryo bwubaka mu gutanga disikuru, bikomeza umuco wa demokarasi ndetse n’igihe amategeko yabarindaga, byaba bishobora gutuma bavuga amagambo arangwa n’urugomo cyangwa asesereza kurushaho.

Ivugurura rya Mbere ririnda umudendezo utanu w’ingenzi: kuvuga, gusohora amakuru, idini, guteranira hamwe no kwinginga ubutegetsi, utarinze uburenganzira bwawe bwo kuvuga ibyo wizera gusa, ahubwo nanone ririnda uburenganzira bwawe bwo kudahatirwa kwemera ikintu utemeranya na cyo.

Kuri

in Birenzeho Bigyanye Kigenga Kuri Ibikorana. [[: 0% S]. Webu [[: 1] Bigyanye, Kigenga. [[:]] Ibikorana Bigyanye na KIGEZWEHO Kigenga.

Ibigo, na, Tangaza na ku Kigenga. nka i [: 0% S] [[: 1] i igaragazarikeye ku na.

Udutabo twemewe n’amategeko hamwe n’imiyoboro ya interineti y’urukiko, bituma abaturage bashimishijwe bashobora kubona ibitekerezo by’imanza, kandi bikabaha uburenganzira bwo gusoma ukuntu inkiko zagiye zisubiza ibibazo byihariye bidafite icyo zitanga ku burenganzira.

Igisoza: Bya

Amategeko agenga iby’amategeko agomba gukomeza guhuza amahame y’amategeko n’imimerere ishya, mu gihe akomeza kugira amasezerano y’ibanze yo gushyigikira umudendezo. Inkiko zisobanura kandi zigasobanura mu buryo bushya amategeko, zigasuzuma amategeko mashya, kandi abaturage bakagira icyo bakora kugira ngo barwanirire uburenganzira bwabo.

Ivugurura rya Mbere ni ifatiro rya demokarasi ya Amerika, rituma dushobora kuvuga uko tubona ibintu, kuvuguruza ubutegetsi bwacu no kujya impaka za rubanda.

Gusobanukirwa ukuntu amategeko ashyigikira imvugo irangwa n’umudendezo bifasha abaturage kumenya uburinzi bafite n’inshingano zijyana n’umudendezo wabo, bigatuma bagira uruhare mu mikorere ya demokarasi, kandi bakarushaho kugirana ibibazo by’urudaca ku bihereranye n’uko bakwiriye kuvugana n’imipaka bafitiye abantu.

Mu gihe umuryango w’abantu ukomeza kwihindukizanya, uburinzi bw’umudendezo buzahura n’ibibazo bishya kandi busaba ko abaturage, inkiko, n’imiryango biyemeje kurinda iryo burenganzira ry'ibanze. Binyuriye mu gusobanukirwa amategeko arinda imvugo itagira umupaka, abaturage bashobora kurinda neza umudendezo na kugira uruhare mu kiganiro gikomeza ku bihereranye n’ukuntu bashyira mu gaciro imvugo irangwa n’umudendezo n’ibindi bintu by’ingenzi mu muryango w’abantu batandukanye, bakurikiza demokarasi.

Ibanga ryo gufatira abaturage

  • [[: 0% S]:[[: 1] Kigenga Kuva:, iyi Uburinzi ni OYA na OYA Gushyiraho Kuri By' umwihariko.
  • [[:] [[:] OYA Amagambo imvugo,, na Ifishi% S: Bya.
  • [[: 0% S] Ibyiciro Bya Hanze Irinda, nibyo, Kuri Igikorwa,,, na Amagambo.
  • [[: 0% S]:[[: 1] Gukina i Inshingano Bya Kigenga na Ryari: Amabwiriza.
  • [[: 0% S]: [[[: 1] urwego Bya Irinda ku i Imvugiro, Na: in,, public, na Ikindi Igenamiterere.
  • [[: 0% S]:[[[: 1] ku i Ibirimo: Cyangwa Bya i kirekire kurusha ibindi urwego Bya na.
  • [[: 0% S]:[[: 1] Ibitangazamakuru na Ikindi By' umwihariko ku i.
  • [[: 0% S] -:[[:] Kuri ni Birenzeho Ibinyuranyo Cyangwa By' amategeko.
  • [[0] Kuri Nka Kosora amakosa Aderesi Gishya Na
  • [[: 0% S] Ishinga:[[[: 1]] Kigenga na na ya:.

Binyuriye mu gusobanukirwa ayo mahame no gukomeza kumenya iterambere mu bihereranye n’amategeko agenga umudendezo wo kuvuga, abaturage bashobora gukoresha neza uburenganzira bwabo, bakamenya ko barenze amategeko, kandi bagafasha mu gukomeza umuco ukomeye wo kuvuga mu buryo bushyize mu gaciro, uhuje n’amahame ya demokarasi hamwe n’umudendezo wa buri muntu ku giti cye.