Urufatiro ruharanira uburenganzira bw’abantu ku isi hose: Umurage udashira w’Impuzamahanga Ishinzwe Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu

i Itangira Kuri i , Nka i Bya - in, A Kuva: i Bya Ku i Igihe. i Itangira Igihe, A i UMWIKUBE Bya i in Itondekanya Kuri Kuri Kuri i Bya. i Bya Kuri Aderesi: i Bya A, $( 5) Bya, Igikorwa, na i Iburyo: Kuri A -. i Kabiri, i Bya Bijyanye n' imipaka ya rusange, Kuva: i Bya A Bya Ibyafatanyije. ni OYA in iyi; ni ya: - 18 Kuri A.

Inyandiko y’uburenganzira: Impimbano y’ubwihindurize

Itangizwa ry'inzego zikomeye za politiki. Mu Isomero ry'Ishingiro ry'Ihame rya 1787, abashyitsi benshi bizeraga ko inyandiko y'uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga yari ikenewe kubera ko ubutegetsi bwa Leta bwari bumwe bwiciriritse, bufite ububasha buciriritse. Abarwanya uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga, ariko kandi, batemeranya ko iyo leta nshya itarinda neza na neza, ishobora kuba igitugu. Ibyatumye abantu batakaza uburenganzira bwo gushyigikira amategeko y'u Bwongereza, byabaye inteko y'ibya mbere na mbere James Madison, yafashe iya mbere mu buryo bw'ihuriro ry'inyanzegobo, ikaba yararekuye kuri Viriginizo y'Uburenganziramuntu 1776 na i Inyandiko y'Umwongereza, nk’inyagiherizo by'amategeko rusange y'Umwongereza.

Iryo hinduka ubwaryo riba riri mu bice bitandukanye. Inzego z'ibanze z'umuryango wigenge: idini, imvugo, ibinyamakuru, itsinda ry'impapuro rya Kabiri n'irya gatatu. Inzego za Kabiri na Inzego z'ihuriro, zitanga disikuru n'ibyago bya kabiri by'abasirikare, zigaragaza ko ibyo birego bya gihanga byatsindiye. Inzego za gatatu na cumi na enye z'abasirikare bishyiraho uburenganzira bw'uburenganzira bwa gihanga n'amategeko, bishyira ahabona uburenganzira bw'uburenganziramuntu n'uburenganzira bw'amategeko, bikabije, bikubiyemo uburinzi bw'ubwihisho, binyuriye mu gushakisha abantu n'ubutware bwinzenze ibihugu, kandi n'ubutegetsi bwibangamiye mu rwego rw’ubutegetsi bwinzego.

Imyifatire y’Amateka Ifite Imitekerereze Mpuzamahanga

Bya Bya Byatangijwe i Nyuma byabaye hagati Kuri Mpuzamahanga Uburenganzira bw' uburenganzira bwa muntu., Byaremwe Ibyifuzo Bishyizweho na OYA Byashyizweho na i ATARIIGIHARWE in i Nta tegeko ryihariye. Bya “Uburenganzira bwihariye" i na in i Bya., Byaremwe Ibyashyizweho Ibyafataranyijwe byemewe n'amategeko ku nyumpapuro nyamuryango., A ya: Ibikorwa in i Na: i Urugero ya: ya Nyuma y'amasezerano Mpuzamahanga Kuri abantu ku imyanyamiryango.

Inzandiko z’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga Rirebana n’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu, n’Ivuka ry’Itangazo Mpuzamahanga Ryerekeranye no Kubogama

Ibyifuzo mpuzamahanga na By' ingirakamaro by'amategeko birebana n'amategeko, ni byo biboneka mu i Bya Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu (), byashyizweho n'Inama rusange y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye mu mwaka wa 1948. Komite y'Imiteguro, yayobowe na Eleanor Roosevelt, ikubiyemo abahagarariye baturutse mu myizerere zinyuranye z'amategeko, i fagitire ya Amerika ni A Indango Akadomo. Roosevelt ubwe yakunze kuvuga ko i “Magna Carta” na ihuza neza n'ibyavuzwe n'Amategeko y'Ikiremwamuntu.

Bya i Bya i. 18 Bya i Bya i Itanga uburenganzira bw' ubwihisho Bya,, na Idini − a Gusiba Bya i Bya Kigenga na. 19 i Kuri, A Akira, na Gutanga Ibisobanuro. i,, na Gutanga Ibisobanuro:.,, Cyangwa, i, i Uburinzi., i. 10 Irinda i. 10 kunyuranya n' umwandiko na i Na: i Na: i.

Abakoraga imyitwarire ya UDHR bagombaga kwitondera cyane kuba bashyiramo uburenganzira bw'ubukungu, ubw'ikibano n'ubw’umuco (nk'uburenga uburenganzira bwo gukora akazi, amashuri, n'uburinzi) burenze uburenganzira bwa gipolitiki bwa buri mu mugi bushinzwe uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga na politiki bwa Lwikirame. Ariko kandi, imiterere y'ishyira ku burenganzira bwa UDHR, n'uburenganzira bwa kidaciye mu ruhande, bukurikirwa n'ibyanditswe, n'ibyakorwa ku buryo budasubirwaho, nk'inkomoko byakoreshwa hose.

Uretse UDHR: Isezerano Mpuzamahanga

Iryo sezerano mpuzamahanga ry'amategeko mbonezamuco (ICCPR) na Isezerano Mpuzamahanga ku Uburenganzira bw'Ikiturage, (ICCR), ryashyizweho mu mwaka wa 1966. Iryo tsinda ry'Ikiremwamuntu, cyane cyane, risomwa nka indi dini mpuzamahanga y'uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga bw'Ikiremwamuntu n'uburenga bw'Ikiremwamuntu, remeza uburenganzira bwo kubaho (ACCCPR), na Isezerano Mpuzamahanga (7), ribuza uburemere (Ariclée), uburetwa (ARésce 8), ririnda umudendezo n'umutekano by'umuntu (ARICLE,) bitanga uburenganzira bwo gushyigikira no gushyigikira ubutegetsi bw'ingirwamosogo rukumbi n'uburenganzira bw'impagaragwa bya kimuntu (inze impagaragara n'ike, bikubiyemo na uruhutso rw'inde rw'ifatiro rw'ibanga ry'inya, bikubiyemo bigizwe n'uburenga 1811, bikubiyemo bikubiyemo n'uburenga bw'uburenga

Comment=Imirimo y'Umuryango w'Agaciro ka ICC, isuzuma raporo za Leta na buri wese ku giti cye, garagaza uburyo Abanyamerika bagenzura uburenganzira bw'amategeko cyangwa ubw'uburenganzira. Mu gihe i Inyandiko y' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga yishingirije ku nkiko z'umuryango, ingirabuzimafatizo mpuzamahanga ifite uburenganzira bwo guhinyuranya ibisobanuro na ibyataburuwe.

Ingaruka zagize ku bikoresho bishinzwe kurinda uburenganzira bw’abantu

Iryo tsinda ry’ibya Bibiliya ryibanda ku burenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu ryagize uruhare rugaragara mu gushyigikira gahunda zigenga uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu z’akarere, cyane cyane mu Burayi no muri Amerika, kandi mu buryo butaziguye ryagize ingaruka ku buryo bwo muri Afurika.

Amasezerano y’Abanyaburayi Arebana n’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu

Isezerano ry'u Burayi ry'Ubwigenge bw'Uburasirazuba ku Burayi, ryashyizweho mu mwaka wa 1950 mu gihe cy'inama y'Amasezerano y'Ikigo cy'u Burayi, ribonwa cyane ko ari ryo sezerano ry'intara rifite ingaruka nziza cyane mu mateka y'uburenganzira bwa kimuntu. Abakora inteko y'umwanya, bavanye kuri demokarasi y'Abanyaburayi y'Uburengerazuba, bari bazi neza na demokarasi y'Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga. Ishamikoro y'Uburenganzira bw'Ikirengazuba (B). Urutonde rw'uburenganzira bw'Ikirenganzira bw'Ikirengamuntu (C) rwatezo rw'Urushyanga rw'Ikirenga rwatezo rw'Ikirenganzira cy'Uburaya) rwatejwe guha abantu uburenganzira bwo gushyigikira Uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu, igitekerezo cyifatizo ku majyaruko y'amategeko y'Amajyaruguru y'amajyarunde, kirende y'isuzuma ku bihereranye n'amarenga y'amategeko, ku inze y'inze

- Amerika

Bya i na Bya in 1948 (Mwezi Mbere i), ni i Itangira Mpuzamahanga Inyandiko Bya i Bihereranye n' Uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu Bya. Bya Bya. - Bya, i ku 1. 0% S (), Inzego z' uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu (1.), yakomeje i Ihuriro ry'Ikirenga). Urutonde Bya na Inzego mpuzamahanga (() Kuri, Iburyo: Kuri Ubuzima, Iburyo: Kuri, i , Iburyo: Kuri, Byabwe, Iburyo: Kuri, Kuri Bwitenzwe n'ubwihisho, Iburyo:, Kuri A cyiza, Umudendezo w'ubwihisho, Bya Ibyifuzo by'umutima, na Inze Bya Gihe, Ibyashyizwe na Inze in i Bya i Byanzwe, na Bya i Bya i Bya Inze , na Bya i Bya i Bya i.

Inyandiko yo muri Afurika ivuga iby’uburenganzira bw’abantu n’ubw’abaturage

Iresitora yo muri Afurika (1981) irebana n'uburenganzira bwa gipolitiki na Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga bwabonetse in i (-). Nka i Uburenganzira bw' uburenganzira Kuri Icyitegererezo, Bya imvugo, na Umudendezo w'idini (-). i Sisitemu ni Birutwa Bya i Bya i Cyangwa -, Bya Bya i & Rusange Bya i Urugero, Kuri Uduciro Bya Bya hafi.

Amahame y’ingenzi yarenze ku nkuta

Hari amahame menshi asobanutse neza akomoka mu gitabo cy’Uburenganzira bw’Ikiremwamuntu cyagiye gishyirwa ku isi hose, buri mahame akaba yaragiye agendera ku mategeko agenga uburenganzira bw’abantu, ahereye ku mategeko agenga amategeko y’inzego z’Abanyamerika, akajya ku mategeko mpuzamahanga agenga uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu.

Umudendezo wo Kuvuga n’Uwo Kuvuga

The First Amendment’s protection of free speech has been enormously influential. The UDHR (Article 19), the ICCPR (Article 19), and the ECHR (Article 10) all protect freedom of expression. While international law permits more restrictions than U.S. law (e.g., prohibitions on hate speech, defamation, and incitement to violence are more common), the default presumption in favor of free speech—and the prohibition on prior restraint—is a direct legacy of the Bill of Rights. The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964), which established robust protections for criticism of public officials, has influenced the European Court of Human Rights’ approach to political speech.

Kurindwa kugira ngo tudatotezwa kandi ngo tudahanwa mu buryo bw’ubugome

, i (7), i ('Ibihano) na"). na imyanya y' shingiro.

Uburenganzira bwo gucirwa urubanza ruzira uburyarya

, i Uburenganzira bwihariye bw'ubwihisho bw'ibyaha: i Uburenganzira Kuri A na public (), i Uburenganzira Kuri (), i Uburenganzira bwo gutanga inama (), irinda (), na i Uburenganzira bwo kwirinda uburenganzira bwo kwishyira mu mwanya w'undi bushya (), na iburyo bwo kwirinda ubwigenge (- Ishingiro ry'Ikirenga). Amahame yashyizwe ku isi hose, ku buryo ibanga ry'ubwihisho, uburenganzira bwo kumva neza, uburenganzira bwo guharirwa ibirego, ibanga ryikwiriye, iburenganzira bw'umwanya n'ibikoresho byagenewe kwirwana, iburyo bwo gusuzuma abahamya, na iburyo Kuri.

Umudendezo wo Kwizera

Umuco wa Mbere w’Ivugurura washyizeho Itangaruhuro rya Free Express Claus na Claus, rishyiraho ingero yihariye yo muri Amerika y’ibanga ry’idini n'ubutegetsi n'ubwigenge. Mpuzamahanga hose, UDHR (Artle 18), ICPR (Artle 18), na Itanga ry’Amasezerano yo gusesagura Imyifatire yose y'Ubwigenge n'Imyifatire yo Kwinubana n'Imyifatire Ishingiye ku Idini cyangwa Imyifatire (19981), ririnda uburenganzira bwo kuba umuntu afite, kugengwa no kugira idini cyangwa kwishyira mu bikorwa imyizerere. Mu bihugu byinshi, nubwo kuba nta ibihugu byinshi bikurikiza ihame ry’ubwihisho bw’ubwihisho bw’ubwihisho bw’ubwihisho n’uburenganzira bwo gusenga, ni ikintu cyifatiye mu rwego rwa Bill Bill w’uburenganzira bw’uburenganzira bw’Arande.

Ibihagararo n’Imyifatire

Byaba ari ukwiyoberanya kuvuga ko imbitso y' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga yimuwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga. Ibinyuranyo by'ibanze. Itangwa ry'uburenganzira bw'Ikiremwamuntu ryabanje kwerekezwa kuri leta y'ubwigenge gusa, OYA kuri leta (byahindutse muri Ivugurura rya Gihuriro). Amategeko mpuzamahanga y'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, mu buryo bunyuranye, arebana n'amaziko yose ya leta. Itangwa ry'Ikirenga ry'Ikirenga ryihuriro mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu, ridashingiye ku buryo bwihishwemo uburenganzira bwifatiwemo ibihugu byinshi.

, i Bya in A, i Abakoresha i, na Ibigabanyijwe Kuri - Umuteguro. Mpuzamahanga Ishyirahamwe, ku i Urugero, i Kuri Birutanwa ku, -, na i Bya Byose. Uburenganzira bw' umutungo bureba “byose mu muryango w'abantu”.

Kuba abantu barangwa n’ibitotezo muri iki gihe kandi bagakomeza guhura n’ingorane

Muri iki gihe, i Inyandiko y' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga ikomeza kuba ikintu gifite agaciro ku bashyigikira uburenganzira bwa kimuntu ku isi hose. Igihe abaharanira uburenganzira bw' uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu i Hong Kong basaba umudendezo w'isosiyeti, igihe abanyamakuru bo muri Megizike barwana intambara yo kurinda abagenzura inyandiko, Ryari: imfungwa zo mu Burusiya zihisha imimerere nk'itoteza, ziba zisuzuma amahame akurikira kuri za za 1791... Intekozi z'Ikirenga z'Ikirenga z'Urukiko rw'Amateka zikomeza gutangira gushakisha amakuru y'amategeko y'iburengerazuba. Urugero, imyanzuro y'urukiko, irebana n'imyifatizo y'ifatizo y'ibutaka (G. g., '[FLT: 091.], mu mwaka wa 2014, isaba korondero yakorewe n'amategeko y'igenzura ry'iburayi.

i ni OYA Rimwe. i Kuri Ongera usubiremo Ibikorwa byayo. i Bya U.S. in Na:, Kuri i Bya i, ku i.. Bigaragaza cyane Ubuso, Nka Ivanga ry' amacakubiri, na i. i Bya ni OYA Inkomoko Bya, ariko kandi igice Bya Ikiganiro Gikomeza Bigyanye i Impamvu y' uburenganzira bw'abantu in A.

Igisoza

Bya Bya Byaremwe mu gihe cyayo .A ku mpera y'ikinyejana cya 18 cyatangiye gahunda yo kwikorera umudendezo mu gihugu gishya. OYA abahanga mu by'ubwubatsi bayo bashoboraga kwitega ko umunsi umwe umurimo wabo wari kuba ikitegererezo ku isi yose. i Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry' Uburenganzira bw'Ikirenga bw'Ikiremwamuntu, inzego mpuzamahanga ku Uburenganzira bwa Giturwa na politiki, na gahunda z'ibice by'uturere mu Burayi, Amerika, na Afurika, amahame y'ubwigenge, umudendezo w'ubwikunde, umudendezo w’idini, na uburinzi bw'uburenganzira bw'irenganzira bw'abantu, byahindutse impanukabuswa, byabaye impamyanya y'ubwigenge.