Inshingano z’ubutegetsi bushyize mu gaciro

Ihame ryo gutandukanya ubutegetsi bwa gipolitiki ni kimwe mu bintu bihoraho cyane birinda ubutegetsi bw’igitugu. Kuva mu ntara z'u Bugiriki bwa kera kugeza ku bihugu byemewe n'amategeko byo muri iki gihe, igitekerezo cy’uko nta muntu n’umwe cyangwa urwego rugomba kugira ubutware budakurikizwa, byagize ingaruka ku mikorere ya gipolitiki mu migabane y’isi yose.

, Bya Amatsinda Amagenzura Amatsinda Amatsinda Amataruka yabyo yashyizwe hagati ya + : i,, na - -, Nka A Kugenzura ku Ibindi. iyi i Porogaramu ni Kuri Kurinda imyanya iyobora ryatozanyije na Kuri i Bya Abantu. Kuva: Kuva: i Urutonde rwa kera Kuri Bya kino gihe ni A Bya Impaka za Gihangagezo za Gihanga, na, na, Kuri A.

Inkomoko y’Ugutandukana kw’Intege

U Bugiriki bwa Kera n’Imbuto z’Amacakubiri

na: in i. i Bya i ni ya:, Na: Nyuma. [[: 0% S] [:] () na., Nka i na, i, na i [:] [:]

, in [[: 0% S][[: 1], buri Ibintu: i, i, na i. OYA A Nka Twebwe UYUMUNSI, Imigabane Bya Imimaro A Nyuma. Ibikorwa i Bya, ATARIIGIHARWE NIBA Sisitemu i Bya BIGEZWEHO.

Repubulika ya Roma hamwe n’uburemere bw’amategeko

ku A Sisitemu Bya na Amabwiriza na. [[: 0% S] [[[: 1] [C.] Igikubo UMWIKUBE Funga Rimwe. [[[:]] [:] na Leta Bijyanye n' imitungo; i [[: 4.] Abayobozi na; na i [[:] [[:] (, na [).

Polybius, umuhanga mu by’amateka w’Umugiriki wanditse cyane ku bihereranye na Roma, yemeje ko imbaraga z'iyo Repubulika zituruka mu mvanga y'amategeko y'umwivanga, ihuza ibice bigize ubwami (inzego z'ibikomangoma), ubutware (inama n'inzego za demokarasi)., yasobanuye ko buri kintu kimwe cyashoboraga kugenzura ibindi, kubuza ibice byabyo, kwifatira imyandikire ku magenzura. Urugero rw’Abaroma rwagaragaje ko imbaraga zigira icyo zishobora gutuma habaho umutekano, isomo ryari kuzatuma nyuma y'aho rihinduka, ryombi rishobora kugira ingaruka ku majyarundi mashya. Ariko, Repubulika yashoboraga kwivanga mu buryo bw'umugambirwamo w'imyifashisho, imyifatizo.

Umurage wabayeho kera

i, i Bya () (< > < / > < > < / > < > < / > < > < / > [[: 1] [[:] [125] [) i OYA hejuru i na Kuri Kigenga < Urwego rw' amategeko < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego rw' ukoresha < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego rw' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > na < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > in na < / > < Urwego: = "BY' amategeko" > < / > < / > in i. i < / >, na i na i Ishyiraharutondekaruhuriro: Bya i Ifishingiro, hagati i Ifishi% S < / >.

na i

Umwuka w’Amategeko

[[:] in, i Itangira Bya Bya, [[: 1], i Ikwirakwiza Bya [[:] i: [[:] i [:] [[:] [:] [:] [:] i Itangira Bya Bya. ku Bya Urutonde na i, [:] i Ikwirakwiza... [[:] i [:] [:] [: 5] (Kuri] () i [:], [:] na [i] Impuza Cyangwa Birenzeho. [Ibinyamisho]

Montesquieu yanditse: “Imibare na Urwego rwo hejuru in i, Cyangwa in i Umubiri Bya, Oya..., ni Oya NIBA i UMWIKUBE OYA Kuva: i na.." A Gusiba, Bijyanye n' imibare Ibyiciro.

Ingaruka bigira ku mitekerereze y’ubwihindurize

i Bya i Bya i. Akazi ku i [: 0% S], in Bya A Kuri i Bya., na Byose Na: Inkoresha:, Kuri i Cyo nyine Bya A. i Igihe i in, i A Bya.

Ingaruka Ishingiro rya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika Ryagize

Ikorwa ry’Ihame ry’Icy’Ihame Rya 1787

Bya i [[: 0% S] [[: 1] Gitsindiye Bya i Imiterere Bya i Gishya. I A [:] [:] [:] [[:] (i]) Na: i Cyuzuye Kuri Ubwoko Amategeko; [:] na Ntoya UMWIKUBE in A UMWE [[:]] A Kuva: i Sisitemu, na i [:] Kuri i.

, in [[: 0% S].[: 1], i Bya ya: i “” in Icyo ari cyo cyose.: “Kuri. Bya i Na: i Bya i.” Igishushanyo Imirongo ku urupapuro OYA; i na Kuri Ikindi.

na in

U.. OYA Kurema., Na: Ibikoresho Kuri i Ibindi: / A Sisitemu Nka [: 0% S] na [[: 1]. < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / >. < Urwego: = "" > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < / > < Urwego: = "" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > < / > < / > < / > < = < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < < / > < / > < / > < / > < < / > < / > < < = < / > < / > < < = < = "- > < / > < < < < < > < > < / > < / > < / > < < < > < > < > < > < > < < > < > < < < < > < <

Urugero: ni i Nyandiko- rugero ya:, in na. Birenga ibinyejana bibiri,,,, na Bya Amatsinda ya politiki y' kwiyongera(). i Sisitemu yakomeje guhangana n'imyifatire, Nka i Ikigaba cyiyongera cyagutse in Ingano na Ingano: guhera i na i Umutekano w'ubwijime.

Isi yose igizwe n’abana barera abana babo n’imyifatire itandukanye

U Bufaransa: Kuva ku kwigomeka kugeza ku gihugu cya gatanu

Bya Bya. [[:] Bya [[1], Byaremwe i Bya i, A Na: A Gusiba hagati i Isosiyeti na i (). i: i Bya i UMWIKUBE in i Bya, na Nyuma, Kwambukiranya Byose. i, hagati, na, na Amatsinda Bya Ikwirakwiza Bya UMWIKUBE.

BIGEZWEHO [[: 0% S] [[: 1] [in] (in) A. A umuyobozi/ uyobora // i -" na, i na i Isubiramo. i Sisitemu Kuri i, Imimaro.

U Budage: Amategeko y’Ishingiro n’Ubumwe

[[0] [[-1] Bya 1949 Nyuma i Bya, UMWIKUBE Kuri Ikirango. [[[']] [[I]] na [[: 4.] [Bya mbere] [[- i] na [[:] i]

Sisitemu y'u Budage igaragaza ukuntu gutandukanywa kw'ibihangange bishobora gukora muri A. i Urugero, i na Amanamanama nshinga bitoranyijwe, umukuru w'Ikigo cya leta w'u Budage ni umwe mu bagize itsinda rya porogaramu., i: i Urukiko rushobora gusesa amategeko, i Funga amategeko y'amategeko y'Ikijyejuru arebana n'inyungu za leta, na itoranya ryubwishyu ryujuje, ryuzuza icyizere cy'uko uwo muyobozi ashobora kuvanwaho mu gihe umuyobozi ari we utoranyijwe mu gihe.

U Buhindi: Demokarasi ya Leta igizwe n’abacamanza

[[:] [[:] [[:] (50]) A Sisitemu in i (i na Bya) Kuva: i. i [[:]] [[:]] [: 3] Himura Bya Isubiramo na A Gusiba Bya Imimaro. i Shingiro na Ibikorwa Bya i Shingiro Imiterere Bya i [:] Nka i Bikorwa [[:], in [:] na [/]

Ibyabaye mu Buhindi bigaragaza ko gutandukanywa kw’ubutegetsi si ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane. Ndetse no mu buryo bw'uyobora umutware w’umuryango w’amabwiriza, umucamanza wigenga ashobora kuba afite ubushobozi bukomeye cyane. Ubushake bw’umucamanza w’u Buhindi bwo kugira icyo yifataho mu bibazo bifitanye isano n'amategeko hamwe n'ibikorwa by'ubuyobozi, rimwe na rimwe byagiye bitera abantu gushinja ubucamanza ibirego, bitsindagiriza ingorane zihoraho zo gusesengura amacapiro akwiriye y’amashami.

Ibibazo byo Gutandukana mu Butegetsi Muri Iki Gihe

Gutegeka no gushyirwaho kwa Leta

buri demokarasi, i Bigenga KURI i. Bya BIGEZWEHO < Urwego: = "Izina ry' ukoresha" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibijyanye n' imitungo" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibijyanye n' imitungo" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibijyanye n' imitungo" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > < Urwego: < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibikorana:" > < / > < / > < Urwego: = "Ibikorana: = "Ibikorana n' ukoresha" > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < / > < = "-----------------------------------kukulelo-------

i, Byakoreshejwe [[: 0% S] Amabwiriza [[:1], [[:] [[:]], na [[: 3]] [[[:]] [[[:]] Kuri [[:]] Kuri. iyi ku Imbibi. Subiza ni A Kuri na i Bihari Kuri Kugenzura Bya UMWIKUBE. A: Bya Imbibi, i.

Ubucamanza n’Imipaka yo Gusobanura

Abasomyi bo hirya no hino ku isi babaye abanyamahane, baguka bahereye ku cyemezo cy’impaka zishingiye ku gusesengura amategeko. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, imyanzuro y’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwafashe ku bihereranye n’uburwayi, ku kuvanamo inda, no gushyingiranwa, byagiye bishyiraho amategeko y'igihugu mu buryo bugira ingaruka nziza, bigatuma bamwe bashinja Urukiko rw’amategeko aregwa n'amategeko. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, inkiko nkuru zo mu bihugu nka Kolombiya, Afurika y’Epfo na Isirayeli zatanze amabwiriza ahatira ubutegetsi kugaba ibihuguro bya porogaramu zigenga abaturagezwe cyangwa se ngo bigire ihinduka mu by’amategeko.

Ijambo [[: 0% S]] [[:]” Birebire ya: Ingono Kuri. Ibindi: Isubiramo ni ya: na. Impakano i Gupima Bya ngombwa: A ya: UMWIKUBE, Rimwe. i Iburyo: ni Bidahera ya: Icyo ari cyo cyose Bijyanye n' amategeko Sisitemu Uduciro Byombi na Uburinzi.

Guhinduka Ihinduka rya gipolitiki no Gusenyuka kwa Norms

Bya OYA ku Bya Igenzura na hagati. IMYAKA, [[: 0% S], i na. Reba Ikindi Nka, i Kuri, kuyobora Kuri,, na ku i Bya na.

Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, iyemeza ry' abacamanza ryagabanyijwe ku ingero zo hasi mu by'amateka, ikoreshwa rya ibyiciro byo kuzimya hafi amategeko y'ibanze, na ingwate yo gusesagura cyangwa gukuraho ibikorwa by'ubutegetsi. Byagaragaye mu bihugu nka Polonye, Hongiriya, na Turukiya, aho ubutegetsi bw'Ikirenga bwagerageje kugabanya ubwigenge bw'amategeko, itegobotoranya, na Ingufu mu muyobozi.

Ingorane z’Ingufu z’Ibihugu Bishinzwe Amafaranga Biteje Gahunda

Bya −, Indwara, Ikiza, Gusenyuka mu by'ubukungu - Buri gihe A Bidasanzwe Kuri Ibice. na, Bisanzwe. Igika cy'ibyangombwa A Urugero:, Amabwiriza, na Biturutse, Na: Ama kapahame A Inshingano. Gicurasi Ishingirwa ku By' ingirakamaro, Kwagura ubutware na Gushyiraho i Amateka Nyuma i.

Abayobozi b'amategeko ba kera bagiye batanga umuburo w'igihe kirekire w'uko ubutegetsi bw' igihe kirekire bwihuta. Urwego rw'ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bwa Republika ya Roma, rwateguwe nk'ubutegetsi bw'igitugu bw'igihe gito mu gihe cy'impanuka, amaherezo rwakoreshwaga n'ibibazwa, bikoreshwa n'abantu nka Sulla na Julius Caesar kugira ngo bafate ubutegetsi bwihuse. Amabwirizwa mbwirizamuco muri iki gihe akenshi aba akubiyemo inzegoriro ry'ihuriro ry'impanuka, ariko agerageza kugabanya igihe gihagararo n'urungano. Ikibazo ni ukugeyeza ko inze ibihugu bya leta bishobora kugira icyo bikemugeza kukemura ibibazo by’ukuri, ariko ntibivumba ku igenzura inziza igituro.

Guhuza Ihame ry’Ibyabaye mu Kinyejana cya 206

Inzego zigenga isi n’ibijyanye n’ubutegetsi

na Guhindura... Byaremwe Gishya Bya UMWIKUBE Hanze.,, na Ibice Binyuranye ku Bikorwa Kuri i Bya Amatsinda. Gicurasi Guteranya Kuri - - - - Nka i -,, na Imimaro in Ingerofatizo.

, i command Bya i & Game, i & Game, i & Game, i & Game, Kuri.

Uburezi bw’Umurimo n’Ukwiringira

Igishusho cy'itangiramutekano gishobora gukora nta gishyigikiro cy'abaturage bashinzwe gushyingirwa n'abafitiweho. Iyo abaturage badasobanukiwe amanyangemuco y'amashami atandukanye, barushaho kugerwaho n'ibitero ku bwikunde. inkiko, amanamanama n'abayobozi, byagabanyijwe mu buryo bwagutse, bifungura Umwanya ku bayobozi basezeranya cyangwa kuvanaho ingwate mu izina ry'ibanga cyangwa mu rwego rw'ubuhanga.

i Urutonde na Bya Bya Amatsinda ni ya:. OYA i, i, na. Bya ni OYA Kuri demokarasi Rimwe Bya By' ingirakamaro .

Igihe kizaza cy’ubutegetsi bwatandukanye

Ubwihindurize bw’uko ubutegetsi bwitandukanya n’ibihugu ntibufite aho bugarukira. Buri gihe hagomba gusobanurirwa kandi bukirwanirira iryo hame, binyuriye ku mimerere ihinduka.

ni i Igisobanuro cy'ibanze UMWIKUBE + : . na. Umubiri wa kera w' ubutware in Rimwe Cyangwa Rimwe, Ubuhanga A Ifishi% S: na Kabiri Bya imyanya Bya ngombwa na. Duhangana n' i Bya politiki Bya i Bya Mbere, i Imbono y' amateka ku i Gushyiraho Bya Amategeko, OYA A Gushyiraho Bya i

Abaturage, abashinga amategeko n’abacamanza bagomba gukomeza kuba maso kugira ngo batabona ko ishami iryo ari ryo ryose rifite ubutware rifite ubuturo. Bagomba nanone kumenya ko gutandukanya ubutegetsi si inyigisho yemewe n’amategeko gusa, ahubwo ko ari igikorwa cya politiki gishingiye ku mahame, kwifata no ku kwifata hamwe mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bwigenga.

ku i na Ingero Bya iyi Ikivugwaho:, i [[: 0% S] Bya [[: 1] Icyinjijwe ku [[:]] na Ihangagishusho [[[:]], na i [[:] Bya [:]